Amino Acids, Vitamins, and Metabolism, Exams of Nursing

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CURRENTLY TESTING SOLUTIONS OF Irene Gold BOARDS PART 1 BIOCHEM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS How many amino acids are incorporated into proteins? - ANSWER-20 All amino acids exist in what form, EXCEPT for glycine? - ANSWER-L-form All amino acids are in L-form EXCEPT for what? - ANSWER-glycine Glycine is not in L-form because? - ANSWER-it doesn't contain a chiral carbon define chiral carbon - ANSWER-different compounds at each binding site All amino acids are what? - ANSWER-amphoteric define amphoteric - ANSWER-can act as an acid or base What are the essential amino acids: **PVT TIM HALL - ANSWER-→phenylalanine →valine →tryptophan →threonine →isoleucine →methionine →histidine →arginine →leucine →lysine Histidine is __________________ in a child but not an adult - ANSWER-essential What are the purely ketogenic amino acids? - ANSWER-leucine and lycine What does lysine do? - ANSWER-precursor to carnitine What does carnitine do? - ANSWER-takes FA into mitochondria for B-oxidation What are the AROMATIC amino acids? - ANSWER-→phenylalanine →tyrosine →tryptophan "Phen from house tyro-L trypt" →norepinephrine →epinephrine What is the a.a. derivative of: tyrosine → L-dopa → - ANSWER-melanin (skin pigmentation) What happens if L-dopa can't convert to melanin? - ANSWER-albinism What is the amino acids derivative of: tyrosine - ANSWER-T3, T4 What is the amino acid derivative of: histidine - ANSWER-histamine What is the amino acid derivative of: tryptophan --->serotonin - ANSWER-melatonin What is the amino acid derivative of: tryptophan --->niacin - ANSWER-nicotinamide For every 10kg of body weight, how many grams of protein are needed? - ANSWER-8 g Define Isoelectric point: - ANSWER-pH when an a.a. has no net electrical charge (neutral) Define Zwitter ion: - ANSWER-an amino acid at its isoelectric point Define Glutathionine: - ANSWER-Tripeptide of glycine + glutamate + cysteine Selenium (Se) is the mineral for what? - ANSWER-enzyme glutathione peroxidase Insulin is made up of what? - ANSWER-2 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bond Insulin is not part of the animal cell membrane, but helps what? - ANSWER-helps glucose enter the cell What are compound classifications examples for polypeptide hormones? - ANSWER-→insulin →glucagon What are compound classifications examples for catecholamines? - ANSWER-→epinephrine →norepinephrine What are compound classifications examples for steroids? - ANSWER-→testosterone →cortisol →estrogen →progesterone What is the characteristic bond of all proteins? - ANSWER-peptide bond The peptide bond is a type of what bond that is specific for proteins? - ANSWER-amide bond What are AKA's for peptide bond? - ANSWER-→C-N bond →Carboxyl-Amino bond What is the structure for primary structure? - ANSWER-linear sequence of amino acids What is the structure for secondary structure? - ANSWER-alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets are held together by what? - ANSWER-hydrogen bonds (between atoms of the polypeptide backbone) What are examples of secondary structure? - ANSWER-→fibrous protein's collagen →silk →e.g. 2 DNA strands together What is the structure for tertiary structure? - ANSWER-folding of a single polypeptide chain in solution What is a classic example of a globular protein w/ tertiary structure? - ANSWER-myoglobin (DISULFIDE BOND) What is the structure for quaternary structure? - ANSWER-association of 2 or more polypeptide chains to make a fxnl protein What is a classic example of quaternary structure? - ANSWER-→Hemoglobin →Hydrogen and disulfide bonds delta G = 0 What does this mean? - ANSWER-equilibrium delta G = (+) What does this mean? - ANSWER-rxn is non-spontaneous/unfavorable endergonic(not sure if that's spelled correct...get over it lol) delta G = (-) What does this mean? - ANSWER-rxn is spontaneous/favorable exergonic Vitamins are converted to what in the body? - ANSWER-coenzymes Minerals are converted to what in the body? - ANSWER-cofactors What are the water soluble vitamins? - ANSWER-B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, Vit C What is the aka for B1? - ANSWER-thiamine What is the active form of B1? - ANSWER-Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) What is the reaction for B1? - ANSWER-decarboxylation (-CO2) These are diseases for what vitamin: →beri-beri →wet=cardiovascular →dry=PNS →Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom - ANSWER-B1 These are associated with what vitamin? →numbness of legs →psychosis w/ dementia (not sure what Donofrio meant for this) - ANSWER-B1 What is the aka for B2? - ANSWER-riboflavin What is the active form of B2? - ANSWER-Flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) These are reactions for which vitamin? →redox →dehydrogenase enzyme - ANSWER-B2 (riboflavin) These are diseases for what vitamin: →cheilosis →angular stomatitis (cracking on sides) "magenta tongue" - ANSWER-B2 (riboflavin) What vitamin is destroyed by light? - ANSWER-B2 What is the aka for B3? - ANSWER-niacin These are active forms of what vitamin? →NAD+ →NADP+ →Nicatinamide →Adenine dinucleotide - ANSWER-B3 (niacin) These are reactions to what vitamin →redox →dehyrdogenase enzyme - ANSWER-B3 (niacin) These disease are linked to what vitamin: -Pellagra -4 D's (dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death) - ANSWER-B3 Notes for B3: - ANSWER-Tryptophan ---> niacin ---> nicatinamide What is the active form of B5? - ANSWER-pantothenate What is the reaction for B5? - ANSWER-structural component of CoA What is the def. disease for B5? - ANSWER-burning foot syndrome (paresthesias) What vitamin is heat liable? - ANSWER-B5 What is the aka for B6? - ANSWER-pyridoxine What is the active form of B6? - ANSWER-pyridoxal-5-phosphate -destroyed by heat -brussel sprouts=one of the highest sources - ANSWER-Vitamin C What are Fat Soluble Vitamins classified as? - ANSWER-isoprenes OR isoprenoids What are the fat soluble vitamins? - ANSWER-Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K KADE What is the active form of Vit A? - ANSWER-retinal retinoid acid = most active form What is the function of Vit A? - ANSWER-vision, growth These diseases are linked to what vitamin? -night blindness = 'nyctalopia' -keratomalacia = degeneration of the cornea -xerophthalmia = dry eyes - ANSWER-Vitamin A What vitamin is this linked to? vitamin for the immune system - ANSWER-Vitamin A What is the active form for Vit D? - ANSWER-1, 25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol What is the function of Vit D? - ANSWER-calcium and phosphate metabolism These diseases are linked to what vitamin? Rickets in young Osteomalacia in adults - ANSWER-VitD What vitamin can the body make? - ANSWER-VitD What is the active form of Vit E? - ANSWER-alpha-tocopherol What is the function of Vit E? - ANSWER-lipid antioxidant What is the def. disease for Vit E? - ANSWER-excess = diarrhea What is the best source of VitE? - ANSWER-wheat germ oil What is the best source of Vit K? - ANSWER-green leafy vegetables What is the function of Vit K? - ANSWER-blood clotting, precursory to CoQ What is the def. disease for Vit K? - ANSWER-def = increased clotting time These are linked to what vitamin? -converts prothrombin to thrombin -made by flora - ANSWER-Vit K What is the fxn of the mineral chromium? - ANSWER-glucose tolerance factor What is the metabolism for chromium? - ANSWER-helps bind insulin to cell What is the deficiency disease/symptoms for Chromium? - ANSWER-impaired glucose tolerance What is the function for cobalt? - ANSWER-constituent of Vit B12 What is the def. disease/symptoms for cobalt? - ANSWER-pernicious anemia (B12) These are the function for what mineral? -binds to ATP -mm contaction/relax -protein production -many enzymes - ANSWER-Magnesium (mineral) What is the metabolism for magnesium? - ANSWER-Mg: Ca ration = 1:2 These are diseases for what mineral? -hyperexcitability -mm weakness -sleepiness - ANSWER-magnesium What are the functions for iodine? - ANSWER--thyroxine (T4) -triiodothyronine(T3) What is the metabolism for iodine? - ANSWER-stored as thyroglobulin What is the def. disease/symptoms for iodine in children ? - ANSWER-cretinism What is the def. disease/symptoms for iodine in adults? - ANSWER-goiter, myxedema What are the functions of Iron? - ANSWER-Heme enzymes: hemoglobin, cytochromes Selenium (ACEs) Glutathione Lipoid Acid CoQ10 PTH increases what? - ANSWER-serum calcium Calcitonin decreases what? - ANSWER-serum calcium (calcitonin 'tones' down calcium in blood) Monosaccharides are categorizes as what? - ANSWER-aldehydes ketones The aldehyde group is always on ___________________ and the ketone is ___________________ - ANSWER--Carbon #1 -Carbon #2 How to know what type of monosaccharide you have? - ANSWER-1. Count # of C's (5 C's =pentose, 6 C's = hexose) 2. Where is the Carbonyl (C=O) group? Carbon #1 = aldo (aldehyde) Carbon #2 = keto (ketone) The most relevant monosaccharides have how many C's? - ANSWER-5 (pentose) 6 (hexose) What is the monosaccharide name for glucose? - ANSWER-aldohexose What is the monosaccharide name for galactose? - ANSWER-aldohexose What is the monosaccharide name for mannose? - ANSWER-aldohexose What is the monosaccharide name for ribose? - ANSWER-aldopentose What is the monosaccharide name for fructose? - ANSWER-ketohexose What is the Monosaccharide formula? - ANSWER-Cn(H2O)n n= # of C's ex. ketopentose = C5H10O5 aldohexose(glucose) = C6H12O6 Define Isomers: - ANSWER-different compounds w/ the same chemical formula (Glucose, Fructose & Galactose) (C6H1206) Define Epimers: - ANSWER-Monosaccharides which differ in their configuration around one specific C Glucose and Galactose are what? - ANSWER-C-4 epimers Glucose and Mannose are what? - ANSWER-C-2 epimers Define Enantiomers: - ANSWER-mirror images of the same compound (L and D-glucose) Define Anomers: - ANSWER-Anomeric C's are formed when sugars cyclize What is the anomeric carbon for aldehyde (glucose, galactose)? - ANSWER-C-1 What is the anomeric carbon for a ketosugar(fructose)? - ANSWER-C-2 What are the two designations for anomers? - ANSWER-→alpha OR →beta Describe the Fischer projection in regards to representations of monosaccharides: - ANSWER-linear stick figure Describe the Haworth projection in regards to representations of monosaccharides: - ANSWER-→cyclized form (eg. picture of ribose and deoxyribose) What is sucrose made up of and what is their linkage? - ANSWER-→glucose + fructose Linkage: alpha 1, beta 2 What is lactose made up of and what is it's linkage? - ANSWER-→galactose + glucose Linkage: beta 1, 4 What is maltose made up of and what is it's linkage? - ANSWER-→glucose + glucose linkage: alpha 1, 4 What is isomaltose made up of and what is it's linkage? - ANSWER-→glucose + glucose linkage: alpha 1, 6 What is cellobiose made up of and what is it's linkage? - ANSWER-→glucose + glucose linkage: beta 1, 4 Lactase can break what linkage in lactose? - ANSWER-beta 1, 4 Glycerol comes from what? - ANSWER-glucose What are fatty acids composed of? - ANSWER-→nonpolar hydrocarbon (-CH2-) tails attached to →polar carboxylic acid group (COOH) (head) What do unsaturated fatty acids contain? - ANSWER-double bonds Double bonds _________ the melting temperature of fatty acids and ____________ the freezing point. - ANSWER-decrease; raise What helps maintain the fluid nature of the membrane? - ANSWER-the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid bilayer Naturally occurring double bonds exist in what configuration? - ANSWER-cis-configuration What 3 things do hydrogenation accomplish? - ANSWER-1-raise the melting point and decrease the freezing point 2-increase the shelf life 3-makes trans fats Oxidation involves ___________ of electrons or hydrogen - ANSWER-loss Reduction involves _____________ of electrons or hydrogen - ANSWER-gain To generate an unsaturated fat from a saturated fat-what process is needed? (OIL RIG) - ANSWER- →Oxidation b/c you want to fewer hydrogens (OIL) What are the essential fatty acids? - ANSWER-→linoleic acid →linolenic acid →arachidonic acid Where is linoleic(Omega-6) found? - ANSWER-sunflower, safflower, corn oil Where is linolenic (Omega-3) found? - ANSWER-flax oil Where is arachidonic acid (Omega-6) found? - ANSWER-animal products (dairy products & red meat) Arachidonic acid is the precursor to what? - ANSWER-prostaglandins T/F The more unsaturated an oil is the greater chance to go rancid (perioxidation) - ANSWER-True more C=C therefore greater chance to go rancid Most rancid would be what? - ANSWER-→PUFA's the MUFA's (anyone know what these stand for?) What is the most and 2nd most saturated fats? - ANSWER-→1-coconut oil →2-palm kernel oil What fatty acid makes up 55-80% of olive oil? - ANSWER-Oleic acid (Omega-9) Every 2 carbons in fat get how many Acetyl CoA? - ANSWER-1 What are the saturated fats we're responsible for? - ANSWER-→auric acid →myristic acid →palmitic →stearic What are the unsaturated fats we're responsible for? - ANSWER-→loleic acid →linoleic →linolenic (alpha and gamma) →arachidonic Laurie acid has how many carbons? - ANSWER-→12 saturated Myristic acid has how many carbons? - ANSWER-→14 saturated Palmitic acid has how many carbons? - ANSWER-→16 saturated Stearic acid has how many carbons? - ANSWER-→18 (derives corticosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone and estradiol) Cholesterol is eliminated in the? - ANSWER-feces Cholesterol --> bile salts --> - ANSWER-→reabsorbed OR →GI system --> feces Fiber binds bile salts to do what? - ANSWER-increase elimination of cholesterol What is the function of HMG-CoA synthase? - ANSWER-rate limiting enzyme of Ketone body synthesis What are lipoproteins comprised of? - ANSWER-a monolayer shell of polar lipids and proteins that surround a hydrophobic core containing cholesterol esters and/or triglycerides Chylomicrons are produced and secreted from what? - ANSWER-intestinal mucosal cells Chylomicrons are produced in response to what? - ANSWER-→the dietary intake of fats (dietary fats are absorbed and repackaged as chylomicrons) Chylomicrons carry what to peripheral tissues? - ANSWER-→triacylglycerides (carry dietary fats and cholesterol) VLDL is synthesized and secreted from what? - ANSWER-the liver VLDL transports what to peripheral tissues from the liver? - ANSWER-→triacylglycerides (transports endogenous TAG's) LDL is derived from what? - ANSWER-VLDL (VLDL→IDL→LDL) What is the function of LDL? - ANSWER-→transport cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues →LDL: Leaves Da Liver; LDL is Hell (Sue Ray-ism) What contains the greatest amount of cholesterol? - ANSWER-LDL HDL is synthesized and secreted where? - ANSWER-the liver What is the function of HDL? - ANSWER-to transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver What happens when there is a high plasma levels of LDL? - ANSWER-increased risk of heart disease What happens when there is high plasma levels of HDL? - ANSWER-decreased risk of heart disease What is lipoprotein lipase required for? - ANSWER-uptake of triglycerides/fatty acids that are carried by VLDL and chylomicrons Density of Lipoprotein is equal to what? - ANSWER-Density of Lipoprotein = Protein/TAG ratio What is the density of lipoprotein molecules from greatest to least? - ANSWER-→HDL →LDL →IDL →VLDL →Chylomicrons What are the components of RNA and DNA? - ANSWER-→phosphate →pentose sugar (ribose for RNA, deoxyribose for DNA) →nitrogenous base The formation of deoxyribose from ribose is what type of reaction? - ANSWER-Reduction ('gain' a hydrogen-RIG) The nitrogenous base purines include what? - ANSWER-→adenine and guanine (pure as gold/all girls are pure) Nitrogenous bases: What are the 3 a.a.'s derived from purine nitrogen? - ANSWER-→aspartate →glycine →glutamine What are intermediates in purine metabolism that lead to uric acid? - ANSWER-→hypoxanthine →xanthine What is the function of xanthine oxidase? - ANSWER-rate limiting enzyme of purine breakdown What are the three pyrimidines involved w/ nitrogenous bases? - ANSWER-→thymine(DNA only) mRNA repeated info: - ANSWER--single-stranded -contains ribose as the pentose sugar -uracil instead of thymine Transcription Every three bases in the mRNA is called what? - ANSWER-codon Transcription A codon encodes for what? - ANSWER-a single amino acid What is the enzyme used during transcription? - ANSWER-RNA Polymerase Transcription: What is the 1st amino acid always coded for? - ANSWER-methionine Transcription: What are the start codons? - ANSWER-AUG, GUG Transcription What are the stop codons? - ANSWER-UAA, UGA, UAG Where does translation(mRNA-->protein) occurs? - ANSWER-cytoplasm Translation occurs on what? - ANSWER-the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) What does translation involve? - ANSWER-mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) & ribosomes In translation the ribosomes surround the mRNA and expose what? - ANSWER-expose 2 codons at a time Translation The codon of the mRNA is recognized by the anticodon present on what molecule? - ANSWER-tRNA molecule tRNA molecules are also bound to what? - ANSWER-a specific amino acid The enzyme peptidyl transferase links two a.a.'s together begins what? - ANSWER-the synthesis of a polypeptide chain (a protein) In what direction do ribosomes read mRNA for protein synthesis? - ANSWER-5'→3' direction Protein synthesis synthesis proceeds from N-terminum to what? - ANSWER-C-terminus Protein synthesis: What is always added @ C-terminus during translation? - ANSWER-always add amino acid Define catabolic: - ANSWER-→breakdown of macromolecules to simple precursors →(used to generate ATP & reducing power NADH, FAD2) What are some examples of catabolic pathways? - ANSWER-→glycolysis →lypolysis (FA oxidation) →glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) Define anabolic: - ANSWER-synthesis of macromolecules from simple precursors What drive anabolic reactions? - ANSWER-→ATP →reducing power (generated from catabolic pathways) What are examples of anabolic pathways? - ANSWER-→gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose) →lipogenesis (FA synthesis) →glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis) →nucleic acid synthesis Function of phosphatase: - ANSWER-removed phosphate Function of phosphorylase: - ANSWER-adds phosphate Function of kinase: - ANSWER-moves phosphate around Function of dehydrogenase: - ANSWER-Redox rxns Function of Carboxylase: - ANSWER-adds a carbon Function of Decarboxylase: - ANSWER-removes a carbon Where does glycolysis occur? - ANSWER-cytosol(cytoplasm) What results from aerobic glycolysis? - ANSWER-aerobic = glucose →2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex What is the reaction for this? - ANSWER-conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Pyruvate + NAD+ +CoA→acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex What is the reaction type? - ANSWER-oxidative decarboxylation (NADH is produced and CO2 is lost) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex What is the hormone process? - ANSWER-stimulated by insulin, inhibited by glucagon Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex What are the coenzymes? - ANSWER-→NAD+ (B3) →FAD+ (B2) →Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) →Lipoid acid →CoA (B5) What are AKAs for Krebs Cycle? - ANSWER-→Citric Acid Cycle →Tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA) Krebs cycle: location? - ANSWER-mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle: What are the regulatory enzymes? - ANSWER-→citrate synthase →isocitrate dehydrogenase →alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex How many steps are in the Krebs Cycle? (not including the production of cis-aconitate) - ANSWER-8 steps Krebs Cycle How many ATP do you get per turn of the TCA cycle (1 acetyl-CoA)? - ANSWER-12 ATP Krebs Cycle How many ATP do you get per molecule of glucose oxidized (2 acetyl-CoA)? - ANSWER-24 ATP Krebs Cycle: What are the energetics for this? - ANSWER-→3 NADH = 9 ATP (via ETC) →1 FADH2 = 2 ATP (via ETC) →1 GTP = 1 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) →Total = 12 ATP Electron Transport Chain The synthesis of ATP in the ETC is referred to as what? - ANSWER-oxidative phosphorylation ETC location? - ANSWER-INNER mitochondrial membrane ETC Each NADH results in the production of how many ATP? - ANSWER-3 ATP (6 protons are pumped out) ETC Each FADH2 results in the production of how many ATP? - ANSWER-2 ATP (4 protons are pumped out) ETC What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons? - ANSWER-oxygen ETC _______________ is a component of the ETC. _______________ is similar in structure to Vit K. - ANSWER-→Coenzyme Q →CoQ ETC is coupled to what? - ANSWER-ATP synthesis ETC What is the hypothesis which couples the ETC to the synthesis of ATP is called what? - ANSWER- Chemiosmotic hypothesis (Mitchell hypothesis) ETC What is the aka of CoQ10? - ANSWER-→ubiquinone →structure is based on cholesterol →similar structure to Vit K Gluconeogenesis All transamination reactions require the coenzyme ____________ that is derived from _______________. - ANSWER-→pyridoxal phosphate →B6-pyridoxine Gluconeogenesis - ANSWER-alanine ↔ pyruvate (glucose-alanine cycle) aspartate ↔ oxaloacetate (aspartate transaminase AST) glutamate ↔ lpha-ketoglutarate (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase GOT) Gluconeogenic enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase: What is they reaction? - ANSWER-pyruvate + CO2 + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP Gluconeogenic enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase: What is the type of reaction? - ANSWER-carboxylation rxn; bioten =coenzyme Gluconeogenic enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase: - ANSWER-mitochondria Gluconeogenic enzymes: PEP carboxykinase: What is the reaction? - ANSWER-oxaloacetate + GTP → PEP + GDP + CO2 Gluconeogenic enzymes: PEP carboxykinase: What are needed to bypass pyruvate kinase in glycolysis? - ANSWER-pyruvate carboxylase AND PEP carboxykinase Gluconeogenic enzymes: Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase: What is the reaction? - ANSWER-fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase → fructose-6-phosphate +Pi Gluconeogenic enzymes: Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase: This enzyme bypasses what in glycolysis? - ANSWER-PFK Gluconeogenic enzymes: Glucose-6-phosphatase: What is the reaction? - ANSWER-glucose-6-phosphate → glucose + Pi Gluconeogenic enzymes: Glucose-6-phosphatase: Where is this present? - ANSWER-liver NOT mm Gluconeogenic enzymes: Glucose-6-phosphatase: What is the function of this? - ANSWER-allows liver to generate free glucose from glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenic enzymes: Glucose-6-phosphatase: Glucose-6-phosphatase bypasses what in glycolysis? - ANSWER-glucokinase Where is glycogen stored? - ANSWER-in the cytoplasm of both the liver and mm Glycogen synthesis: What is the regulatory enzyme? - ANSWER-Glycogen synthase Glycogen synthesis: hormonal regulation: - ANSWER-stimulated by insulin, inhibited by glucagon Glycogen synthesis: Major intermediate: - ANSWER-UDP-glucose Glycogen degradation: Regulatory enzyme - ANSWER-Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen degradation: Hormonal regulation - ANSWER-stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine, inhibited by insulin What are AKA's for HMP shunt? - ANSWER-pentose phosphate pathway, phosphogluconate pathway HMP Shunt Location? - ANSWER-cytosol HMP Shunt Regulatory enzyme: - ANSWER-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase What are the functions of HMP Shunt? - ANSWER-1. Production of NADPH for both fatty acid synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis 2. Production of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide (DNA/RNA) synthesis →NOTE: NO net gain/loss of ATP in HMP shunt What is an aka for FA synthesis? - ANSWER-lipogenesis