An introduction to community health nursing, Exams of Nursing

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Introduction to

Community

Health Nursing

Winne CHN 1

Learning Objectives On completion of this of this unit, students will be able to: ❖ Define concepts and terms in community health nursing ❖ Historical development of community health nursing ❖ Describe factors that influenced the growth of community health nursing ❖ Describe the scope and component of Community Health Nursing. ❖ Explain some of the roles of community health nursing Winne CHN 2

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A Community

❖Is a collection of people who interact

with one another and whose common

interest or characteristics gives them a

sense of unity and belonging.

❖A group of people in defined

geographical area with common goal and

objective and the potential for interacting

with one another.

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❖A collection of people, although they are

widely scattered geographically, can have an

interest or goal that binds the members-

together called common interest community.

(e.g., Disabled individual scattered through

out a large city may emerge as a community

through a common interest in their need for

improved wheel chaired access or other

handicapped facilities).

Winne 5 ‘ct ❖ A community is often defined by its geographic boundaries and thus called a geographic community. Example, a city, town or neighborhood is a geographic community. ❖ A community demarcated by geographic boundaries becomes a clear target for analysis of health needs to form basis for planning health programs and a geographic

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The function of a community

❖ Members’ sense of belonging and shared identity, values, norms, communication, and supporting behaviors. ❖ Some communities who may share almost everything, while other communities (large, scattered and composed of individuals) who may share only their common interests and involvement in certain goals. ❖ Community can also be identified by a common interest or goal

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Three Features of a

Community

A community has three features, ❖ location, ❖ population ❖ social system. Location: ❖ Every physical community carries out its daily existence in a specific geographical location. ❖ The health of the community is affected by this location, including the

Winne 9 placement of the service, the geographical features.

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‘ct

Population:

❖Consists of specialized aggregates,

but all of the diversed people who

live with in the boundary of the

community.

Social system:

❖The various parts of communities’

social system that interact and

include the heath system, family

system, economic system and

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educational system.

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Health

❖ Health is defined as a state of physical,

mental and social well being not

merely the absence of disease or

infirmity (WHO, 1948).

❖ Health, in its holistic philosophy

differs greatly from that of the acute

care settings.

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‘ct

❖Physical health implies a mechanistic

functioning of the body.

❖Mental health means the ability to think

clearly and coherently and has to do with your

thinking and feeling and how you deal with

your problem.

❖A mentally healthy person has a capacity to

live with other people, to understand their

needs, and to achieve mutually satisfying

relationships.

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Social health refers to the ability to:

❖Make and maintain relationship with others:

❖Interact well with people and the environment

❖Health designates the ability to adopt to

changing environments to growing up and to

aging, to healing when damaged, to suffering

and to peaceful expectation of death.

❖The ability of a system (e.g. Cell, organism,

family, society) to respond adaptively to a

wide variety of environmental challenges.

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❖Each person has a personal

perception of health. Some

people describe their state of

health as good even though

they may actually have one

or more diagnosed illness

(es). That is because each

person perceives health in

relation to personal

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expectations and values

Winne 17 ‘ct ❖ The concept of health must allow for individual variability. ❖ Health is a dynamic state in which the person is constantly adapting to changes in the internal and external environments. For example, a person may see himself/herself as healthy while experiencing a respiratory infection. ❖ Wellness is a life – style aimed at achieving physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and environmental well being. ❖ The use of wellness measures can increase stamina, energy and self – esteem, then enhance quality of life.

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‘ct

❖The concept of wellness also

allows for individual variability.

❖Wellness can be thought of a

balance of the physical,

emotional, psychological, social

and spiritual aspects of aperson’s

life.

❖This is a dynamic state. Each

person would define wellness in

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relation to personal expectations

Winne 20 ‘ct ❖ Wellness behaviors are those that promote healthy functioning and help prevent illness. ❖ These include, for example, stress management, nutritional awareness, and physical fitness. ❖ Health and illness Rather than focusing on curing illnesses, community based nursing care focuses on promoting health and preventing illness. ❖ This holistic philosophy therefore

Winne 21 differs greatly from that of the acute care setting.

Winne 22 ‘ct ❖ Improvement of health is not seen as an outcome of the amount and type of medical services or the size of the hospital. ❖ Care provided in acute care setting is usually directed at resolving immediate health problems ❖ In the community, care focuses on maximizing individual potential for self-care regardless of any injury or illness. ❖ The client assumes responsibility for health care decisions and care provision. Where health is the essence of care, the client’s ability to function becomes the primary concern.

Winne 23 ‘ct ▶ Educational and community based programs can be designed to address life- style. ▶ Health protection strategies relate to environmental or regulatory measures that confer protection on large population groups. ▶ Health protection involves a community wide focus. ▶ Preventive services include counseling, screening,immunization,or

Winne 24 chemoprophylactic interventions for individuals in clinical settings.

Winne 25 ‘ct Community Health ❖ The identification of needs and the protection and improvement of collective health within a geographically defined area. Nursing: ❖ Encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all setting. ❖ Includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. ❖ Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and