Anatomy - Anatomy - Lecture Slides, Slides of Dental Anatomy

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Human Anatomy

(BIOL 1010)

What is Anatomy?

Anatomy (= morphology): study of body’s structure

Physiology: study of body’s function

Structure reflects Function!!!

Branches of Anatomy

 Gross: Large structures  Surface: Landmarks  Histology: Cells and Tissues  Developmental: Structures change through life  Embryology: Structures form and develop before birth

Hierarchy of the Body

Moleculesmade of chemicals (4 macromolecules in body)  carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Cellsmade of molecules  cells and organelles

Tissuemade of cells  epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Organsmade of tissues  made of >1 type of tissue

Systemsmade of organs  11 systems in human body

Organismsmade of systems

Pg 3 Docsity.com

Anatomical Directions

Anatomical position Regions  Axial vs. Appendicular Anatomical Directions-It’s all Relative!  Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)  Medial vs. Lateral  Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)  Superficial vs. Deep  Proximal vs. Distal Anatomical Planes  Frontal = Coronal  Transverse = Horizontal = Cross Section

Pg 6^ ^ Sagittal

Embryology: growth and development

of the body before birth

38 weeks from conception to birth Prenatal period  Embryonic: weeks 1-  Fetal: weeks 9- Basic adult body plan shows by 2nd month  Skin = epidermis, dermis  Outer body wall=muscle, vertebral column and spinal cord  Body cavity and digestive tubes  Kidney and gonads  Limbs=skin, muscle, bone Docsity.com

Weeks 5-8 and Fetal Period

Second month, tadpole  person  Tail disappears  Head enlarges  Extremities form (day 28, limb buds appear)  Eyes, nose, ears form  Organs in place Fetal Period  Rapid growth and maturation  Organs grow and increase in complexity & competence

4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium

2)Connective

3)Muscle

4)Nervous

Tissues: groups of cells closely associated that

have a similar structure and perform a related function

Four types of tissue  Epithelial = covering/lining  Connective = support  Muscle = movement  Nervous = control Most organs contain all 4 types Tissue has non-living extracellular material between its cells

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: sheets of

cells cover a surface or line a cavity

(tissue type #1)

Functions  Protection  Secretion  Absorption  Ion Transport  Slippery Surface

Characteristics of Epithelium

Cellularity Specialized Contacts Polarity  Apical vs. Basal Supported by Connective Tissue Avascular Innervated Regenerative

Classification of Epithelium-based

on number of layers and cell shape

Layers  Simple  Stratified  Psuedostratified Stratified layers characterized by shape of apical layer Shapes  Squamous  Cuboidal  Columnar  Transitional (^) Pg 71

Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?

A B C

D

E

Quiz!!

Features of Apical Surface of

Epithelium

Microvilli: (ex) in small intestine  Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell  Increase surface area for absorption Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes  Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane  Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way Flagella: (ex) spermatoza  Extra long cilia  Moves cell Docsity.com

Features of Lateral Surface of

Epithelium

Cells are connected to neighboring cells via:

 Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate  Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together  Cell Junctions  Desmosomes -adhesive spots on lateral sides linked by proteins/filaments, holds tissues together  Tight Junctions -at apical area, plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes  Gap junction - spot-like junction occurring anywhere made of hollow cylinders of protein, lets small molecules pass

Pg 80

Desomosomes

Features of the Basal Surface

of Epithelium

Basement membrane = Sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue layers  Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below  Basal lamina: thin, non-cellular, supportive sheet Made of proteins  Superficial layer  Acts as a selective filter  Assists epithelial cell regeneration by moving new cells  Reticular fiber layer  Deeper layer  Support

Name that Epithelial Feature!

(name and location on cell)

Cilia Tight junction Microvilli Basement membrane

2

3

4

1

 3  1

 2

 4

Glands: epithelial cells that make and

secrete a water-based substance w/proteins

Exocrine Glands

 Secrete substance onto body surface or into body cavity  Have ducts (simple vs. compound)  Unicellular (goblet cells) or Multicellular (tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar)  (ex) salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver

Goblet cell in small intestineDocsity.com

Glands: epithelial cells that make and

secrete a water-based substance w/proteins

Endocrine Glands

 Secrete product into blood stream  Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle surrounded by secretory cells  Hormones travel to target organ to increase response (excitatory)  No ducts  (ex) pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid Thyroid gland: hormone in follicles (F) released into capillaries (C)Docsity.com

4 Types of Connective Tissue

1. Connective Tissue Proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone Tissue
4. Blood

Connective Tissue (CT):

most abundant and diverse tissue (tissue type #2)

Four Classes Functions include connecting, storing & carrying nutrients, protection, fight infection

CT contains large amounts of non-living extracellular matrix

Some types vascularized

All CT originates from mesenchyme

1) Connective Tissue Proper

Two kinds: Loose CT & Dense CT Prototype: Loose Areolar Tissue  Underneath epithelial tissue  Functions  Support and bind to other tissue  Hold body fluids  Defends against infection  Stores nutrients as fat  Each function performed by different kind of fiber in tissue

Fibers in Connective Tissue

Fibers For Support  Reticular: form networks for structure & support (ex) cover capillaries  Collagen: strongest, most numerous, provide tensile strength (ex) dominant fiber in ligaments  Elastic: long + thin, stretch and retain shape (ex) dominant fiber in elastic cartilage

In Connective Tissue Proper

Fibroblasts: cells that produce all fibers in CT, produce + secrete protein subunits to make them, produce ground matrix Interstitial (Tissue) Fluid: derived from blood in CT proper; medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells; found in ground matrix Ground Matrix (substance): part of extra- cellular material that holds and absorbs interstitial fluid, jelly-like with sugar & protein molecules

Defense from Infection

Areolar tissue below epithelium is body’s first defense Cells travel to CT in blood  Macrophages -eat foreign particles  Plasma cells -secrete antibodies, mark molecules for destruction  Mast cells -contain chemical mediators for inflammation response  White Blood Cells = neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils-fight infection Ground substance + cell fibers-slow invading microorganisms