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Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024
- This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system.- : Ganglia
- This part of the autonomic system increases digestion.: Parasympathetic
- The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?: Motor (Efferent)
- This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.: - Axon
- An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the:: Central nervous system
- Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.: The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals.
- An afferent neuron carries information:: From the peripheral to the central nervous system
- What is the location and function of Astrocytes?: Astrocytes form the blood/brain barrier, are found in the brain, and are part of the CNS
- A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reat- tached during surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why not?: Yes; Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of the axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the axon.
- Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 2 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.: Depolarization: The sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels past zero and then on up to +40 mV.
- At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:: - 70mV
- Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?- : The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane.
- True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning.: False. The action potential is always the same. The frequency and number of nuerons activated change the increase in intensity.
- Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction?: Ach is released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber.
- How is a message sent from one neuron to another?: A signal travels from the cell body through the axon and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. These nuerotransmitters bind with receptor that carry the message to the dendrite of the next neuron, and the process begins again.
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024
- What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?: Dopamine
- In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system.: Sensory (afferent)
- This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses.- : The integration center
- What is true about the stretch reflex?: The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
- What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?: It involves excitatory in- terneurons. It involves inhibitory interneurons.
- Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.: Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon) Muscle spindle detects stretch Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG Spinal cord Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent) Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)
- Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paral- ysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this would oc- cur.: Acetylcholine triggers the release of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If acetylcholine is not able to be released, the muscle contraction would not be possible.
- This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.: Pia Mater
- The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.: - transverse median
- Describe the function of the brain ventricles.: The brain ventricles are located inside the brain and produce and store cerebral spinal fluid
- ll the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:: Filters out unim- portant sensory information
- What is the largest portion of the brain?: cerebrum
- This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information.: Association area
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 he arrow) in ontrol?: - Optic)
- A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?: Bro- ca's area
- Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.: Memories are stored in various locations of the brain and recalled by the limbic system.
- Which statement is false concerning the brainstem?: The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord.
- Which of the following is true concerning the cerebellum?: The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk.
- Which of the following is most likely a symptom of ALS?: Impaired ability to swallow
- Which of the following is true concerning a CVA?: A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel.
- A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause?: Carpal tunnel syndrome
- What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by t the figure below?: Oculomotor
- What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it c Motor: Shoulder movement
- The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve:: receives sensory information from the upper lip and upper gums
- This cranial nerve receives information from the retina.: B. (
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 ive tract.: J cularmotor Audito- gue.: I
- This cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of the digest (vagus)
- This cranial nerve controls movement of the eye laterally.: C (oc nerve)
- This cranial nerve receives sensory information for hearing.: H ( ry/vestibulocochlear)
- This cranial nerve is responsible for voluntarily moving the ton (glossopharengeal)
- The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves:: T12-L
- A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What nerve is most likely damaged?: Phrenic
- A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited?: - Wrist extension
- A patient has decreased sensation over the posterior surface of the thigh. What nerve is most likely damaged?: Sciatic
- Which of the following is true concerning the lumbar plexus?: There are two divisions: anterior and posterior.
- These contain the ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system that target the intrinsic eye muscles to change the diameter of the pupil.: Ciliary ganglion
- Which of the following is false concerning the sympathetic nervous sys- tem?: It is also called the craniosacral division.
- A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 r decreased d, the patient oot carries effecting she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer.: If she is scared and hyperventilating, the sypmathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is likely activated. By trying to calm her down, I would be trying to increase the parasym- pathetic division of her autonomic nervous system in order to return her body to its normal resting state.
- If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis o sensation? Explain your answer.: Since the dorsal area is damage will most likely experience decreased sensation because the dorsal r sensory information.
- One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke?: The cerebellum was mostly impacted because that is where limb movements are coordinated. The patient may have ataxia as a result of their stroke.
- The outer fibrous layer of the eye includes the:: sclera and cornea
- The middle layer of the eye includes which regions?: Ciliary body and iris
- What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye?: Cornea, lens, vitreous fluid, retina
- A patient is found to have blindness of the right visual field of both eyes. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response. A. Left optic nerve B. Right optic nerve C. Left LGN D. Right LGN: If the patient has blindness in the right visual fields of both eyes, they are most likely experiencing damage to the Left LGN because it supplies the nerve to the right visual fields.
- A patient has a brain tumor in the area indicated by the red x in the figure, below. What type of blindness is the patient most likely to incur? Explain your reasoning. A. Left eye blindness B. Right eye blindness C. Bilateral left visual field blindness D. Bilateral right visual field blindness.: because the tumor would be both nerves to the left eye, the patient would most likely experience left eye blind- ness.
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024
- True or False: All sensory information from the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm.: False
- The is controlled by the abducens nerve.: Lateral rectus
- Your elderly patient is discussing her vision problems. She describes her vision as blurry. Following a visual examination, her left eye deviates medially when looking straight ahead. What is most likely causing the vision problem? A. Cataracts B. Abducens nerve damage C. Brain tumor in the occipital lobe D. Medial rectus damage E. Superior rectus damage: She most likely has abducens nerve damage because the lateral rectus is not working properly, causing the eye to deviate medially.
- Which of the following statements is true regarding the external ear?: The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus.
- Which of the following statements is true regarding the middle ear?: It is filled with air.
- Which of the following statements is false regarding the inner ear?: There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors.
- Sound waves are funneled in the: Auditory Canal
- Vibrations push against the which moves the ossicles.: Tympanic Membrane
- The stapes pushes against the .: Cochlear Duct
- Movement of the causes neurons to send impulses through the to the brain.: Stereocilia Cochlear Nerve
- A person cannot perceive tastes from the anterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged?: The facial nerve is most likely damaged.
- A patient has lost his sense of taste following a TBI. What term should be documented should to describe his loss of taste?: Agusia
- Describe the steps in the taste pathway. Begin in the mouth and end in the specific lobe of the brain.: The circumvalate and fungiform papille on the tongue contain gustory cells that transmit taste information to the facial or glossopharngeal nerves. These nerves transmit the taste information to the parietal lobe of the brain.
- A patient sustains an injury to the malleus. What type of deafness does this patient most likely have?: Injury to the malleus would result in conduction deafness because it is damage to the structure of the inner or middle ear, not the nerve.
- Which layer of heart anchors it to the diaphragm?: Pericardium
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 dicated by ndicated by dicated by icated
- What is the purpose of the mitral valve?: The mitral valve allows the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle
- Name the vessel in the figure below: (highlighted in blue, also in the arrow): Anterior intraventricular artery
- Name the vessel in the figure below: (highlighted in blue, also i the arrow): Left coronary artery
- Name the vessel in the figure below: (highlighted in blue, also in the arrow):
- True or False: Arteries have high amounts of stretch with little recoil.: False
- Which vessel would you expect to be the best place to feel a strong pulse?: Subclavian artery
- What is the correct order of blood flow starting from the heart?: Artery ’ arteriole ’ capillary ’ venule ’ vein
- Which layer of a vessel contains the muscular layer?: Tunica media
- A patient had a stroke in their pons portion of the brainstem. What vessel was most likely blocked?: Basilar artery
- These two arteries of the circle of Willis rise along both sides of the spinal cord, joining in the brainstem:: the vertebral and internal carotid
- What is the name of the artery in the figure below (in blue also ind by the arrow)?: Posterior cerebral artery
- True or False: The cell portion of blood is called formed elements.: True
- True of False: Osmotic pressure is the net pressure which pushes fluid into the tissues.: False
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 rrow):: -
- Which statement is true concerning the events in the coagulation cas- cade?: Prothrombin is converted to thrombin.
- Oxygenated blood is pumped from heart through the to the rest of the body.: Left, systemic circuit
- The "pacemaker of the heart" is in what location?: Right atrium
- You are reviewing your patient's results from an EKG. The findings indicate a problem with ventricular repolarization. Where should you look on the EKG to find this abnormal rhythm?: T-wave
- Your patient's EKG results indicate difficulty with left and right atrial sys- tole. What part of the conduction system is not functioning properly?: SA Node
- Which statement is true concerning the cardiac cycle?: The ventricular contraction time is longer than the atrial contraction time.
- A patient is suspected to have pulmonary edema due to congestive heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure? Explain your answer.: The left side of the heart would be in failure, because pulmonary edema effects the left side, and the flow of oxygenated blood from the heart would be compromised. Right side failure would lead to peripheal edema.
- A patient has a diagnosis of right sided heart failure. Which of the following signs/symptoms would they most likely present with?: Swollen ankles
- Your patient has a diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Is your patient at a higher or lower risk for a thromboembolism? Explain your reasoning.: Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fats/cholesterol in the arteries. This would put a patient at greater risk for thromboembolism, since the arteries are narrowed by the buildup, it would be easier for a blockage to occur.
- Your patient is admitted to the hospital for a coronary artery bypass. Use your own words to explain to your patient about what is going to happen in this surgery.: This means that the patient is experiencing a block in his coronary artery. In order to fix this, the surgeon is going to take one of the patients unblocked arteries and connect it to the aorta, thus bypassing the blockage.
- Label the organ below (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the a Thalmus
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 ndicated by
- True or False: Lymph flows from the heart out to the tissues via the lymphatic vessels.: False
- True or False: Fluid inside tissues that is not returned via the veins is returned to the heart through the lymph system.: True
- True or False: Lymph fluid moves in the following order: Interstitial fluid’ lymph capillaries’ Lymph vessels’ Lymphatic Duct’ Vein:sTrue
- A patient has lymphedema in his left arm. What lymph vessel would most likely be obstructed?: Thoracic Duct
- Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning lymph nodes?: - There are more efferent vessels than afferent vessels.
- Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the spleen?: It has many efferent and afferent lymph vessels.
- Blood enters the spleen via the .: Splenic Artery
- Blood in the hepatic portal system transports blood to this organ before returning it to general circulation.: Liver
- The tonsils contain channels called which trap bacteria.: - Crypts
- The thymus produces hormones which helps these types of cells ma- ture?: T Cells
- Which of the following is a part of the nonspecific immune response system?: Normal flora Cytokines Interleukins
- Discuss how the body induces a fever. (Be sure to include the cells and regions of the body involved): Pyrogens, which is a type of Interlueken, raise the temperature of the body. When the temperature is raised, the body can better fight off infection because some bacteria can't reproduce under higher temperatures, at higher temperatures lysosomes release digestive enzymes to help fight infection, and also more white blood cells are released.
- Interferons inhibits what type of infection agent:: Virus
- Has granules in the nucleus and is the most abundant of the white blood cells.: Neutrophil
- Performs phagocytosis: Neutrophil Eosinophil
- Name the lymphatic vessel below (highlighted in blue, also i the arrow):: Thoracic Duct
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 ghted in blue Basophil Macrophage Monocyte
- Stains light pink in the cytoplasm with a multi-lobed nucleus.: Neutrophil
- Which type of immune cell continues to produce a small amount of antibody after the infection is over:: Memory B cells
- These cells contain a glycoprotein receptor as part of their cell coat:: B Cells
- These cells contain an antigen receptor as part of their cell coat:: T Cells
- What is FALSE concerning the MHC?: These are antibody receptors found on only certain types immune cells.
- Discuss how cell-mediated immunity defends the body against diseases. Give an example of what type of cell uses this form of immunity in the body.: Cell mediated immunity is when the body uses cytokines, enzymes, and phagocytosis to fight an invader. Macrophages use cell-mediated immunity.
- What is graft rejection and why does it occur?: Graft rejection is when a person receives a transplant from somebody else. The MHC views the transplant as a foreign invader and fights it as it would fight a pathogen.
- Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune cells attack the .: Myelin Sheath
- A patient is admitted to the ER with hives and difficulty breathing. What is most likely happening?: Anaphylaxis
- All the following are functions of the ovaries EXCEPT:: Maintaining the development of a fetus
- Which of the following statements is true concerning oogenesis?: The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte.
- Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the .: Ovarian Follicle
- Name the specific region of the reproductive system highli below (also indicated by the arrow).: Fimbriae
- This layer of the uterus contracts during labor.: Myometrium
- Which of the following statements is false concerning the functions of the vagina?: It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy.
- Describe the purpose of the cervix during pregnancy.: To begin pregnancy, the cervix produces a thick fluid that increases the viability of the sperm. The cervix provides a seal to keep foreign objects from reaching the fetus. During labor, the uterus will contract, and the baby's head will push on the mother's cervix. When the cervix is dilated to 10mm, the mother begins pushing and delivers the baby.
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 cated by contains
- Blood tests indicate that progesterone and estrogen levels are both increased. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle?: Secretory Phase
- Which of the following is true concerning the organs of the male repro- ductive system?: The testes function to produce sperm.
- The join with the vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct.: seminal vesicles
- Seminal Vesicles: Secretes vitamin C Produces prostaglandins
- Prostate Gland: Secretes alkaline fluid
- Bulbourethral glands: Secretes alkaline fluid First to secrete during ejaculation
- Testes: Produces testosterone
- Anterior Pituitary: Produces LH
- Name and discuss the purpose of the region of sperm indi the arrow in the figure below.: This is the midpiece of the sperm. It mitochondria which helps power the sperm's movement.
- Discuss in detail the action of sperm needed to fertilize an egg.: The sperm are ejected into the vagina during intercourse. They use their flagellum tails to travel into the fallopean tubes to join with an egg. The sperm uses the enzymes in the acrosome head to break down the corona radia around the egg. Once that is broken down, one sperm will embed into the egg, and fertilization has occured.
- Which of the following is true concerning human cells?: Gamete cells are haploid cells.
- Discuss in detail the layers of cells (of the blastocyst) which form the embryo.: The ectoderm forms the epidermis and the nueral tube The endoderm forms the glands, the solid organs, and the lining of the hallow organs. The mesoderm forms the cardio vascular system
- Eyes begin to detect light and dark:: 2nd trimester
- Heart beat begins: 1st trimester
- Fingerprints develop: 2nd trimester
- Sucking reflexes established: 3rd trimester
- Fat develops under skin: 3rd trimester
- Find the steps that correctly order neurulation:: Ectoderm’ convergence’ neural groove ’ neural tube ’ spinal cord
- A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the L1 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not?: Yes, the kidneys lie between the T- 12 and L- 3
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024 gion cortex
- Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule.: The renal capsule is a tough fibrous outer skin of the kidney which protects it from injury and infection.
- Name the layer and the parts of the nephrons located in the re highlighted in blue, below.: Renal cortex the renal pyramids jut into the
- These arteries feed the afferent arterioles.: Interlobular
- After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels.: Efferent arteriole
- Which of the following is true about the location of the bladder?: In females, the bladder is anterior to the vagina.
- Discuss two features of the bladder that allow for expansion.: The bladder is made out of elastic tissue that allos for expansion, and it also contains ruggae folds that can expand.
- This region of the male urethra exits the body.: Spongy
- What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capil- laries?: The afferent atrioles are larger than the efferent atrioles and the pressure of the blood flowing through causes high pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
- This is the pressure that depends upon the amount of proteins in the filtrate:: Colloid Osmotic Pressure
- Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the rate of blood to the kidney.: The nervous system takes over and the afferent atrioles narrow. This causes epinephrene to be released which in turn regulates the flow of blood and the GFR.
- Which of the following statements is false concerning the RAA system?: It responds when blood pressure becomes too high.
- The greatest amount of occurs in the cells of the PCT.: Reabsorp- tion
- True or False: In the loop of Henle, water can leave the descending limb but not the ascending limb.: True
- Which of the following is false concerning ADH?: When ADH is in circula- tion dilute urine is excreted.
- Contrast the osmolarity of the PCT and the bottom of the loop of Henle. Explain why there is such a contrast.: The osmolarity in the PCT is 300 mOsm/L, and in the bottom of the loop of Henle it is 1200mosm/L
Exam/ Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Study Guide Latest Version 2023 - 2024
- Describe how aldosterone release occurs apart from the RAA system.: - Aldosterone can be released directly in response to high K+ levels or low Na+ ion levels in the extracellular compartment.
- Describe the action of a drug that increases the rate of flow through the nephron.: This would be a diuretic.
- Which of the following is false concerning cardiovascular barorecep- tors?: If blood volume rises, they cause constriction of the afferent arterioles.
- Which of the following is an abnormal solute in urine?: Bile Pigment
- Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment?: Intracel- lular
- Urine with a pH of 5.0 is:: within normal range; acidic
- The chemical buffer systems:: includes the bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems.
- Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what hy- poventilation accomplishes.: Respiratory control- If blood pH begins to rise (be- come more alkaline), the respiratory center is depressed, causing hypoventilation. During hypoventilation, the respiratory rate slows down, allowing more CO2 to accumulate, forming more hydrogen ions. The pH falls (becomes more acidic) and restores correct blood pH.
- What control mechanism can remove acids and bases from the body?: - Renal Control (Kidneys)
- Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For the following questions, use the blood values of: pH =7.1, PCO2 = 30 mm, HCO3- = 20 mEq/L A. Determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis. B. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic? C. Is the condition being compensated? D. If compensated, what is the body doing to compensate?: A. Acidosis (<7.35) B. Metabolic (HCO3-<22) C. Yes (PCO2 <35) D. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination