ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OPENSTAX TEST BANK Openstax Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank, Exams of Nursing

Download ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OPENSTAX TEST BANK Openstax Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OPENSTAX TEST BANK Openstax Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank Table of Contents Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization Chapter 5. Integumentary System Chapter 6. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System Chapter 7. Axial Skeleton Chapter 8. The Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 9. Joints Chapter 10. Muscle Tissue Chapter 11. The Muscular System Chapter 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter 13. Anatomy of the Nervous System Chapter 14. The Somatic Nervous System Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 16. The Neurological Exam Chapter 17. The Endocrine System Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation Chapter 21. The Lymphatic and Immune System Chapter 22. The Respiratory System Chapter 23. The Digestive System Chapter 24. Metabolism and Nutrition Chapter 25. The Urinary System Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Chapter 27. The Reproductive System (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 9 6. Human physiology is the scientific study of the ........... of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. (A) Chemistry (B) Physic (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans C Diff Medium Page 9 7. Homeostasis is the state of steady -------- maintained by living things. (A) Internal Condition (B) External conditions (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans A Diff Easy Page 9 8. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of ---------- tissue types. (A) One (B) Two (C) Two or more (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 11 9. In ------------ organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism. (A) Unicellular (B) Bicellular (C) Multicellular (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 14 10. The different organ systems each have different functions and therefore --------- roles to perform in physiology. (A) Unique (B) Different (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans C Diff Easy Page14 11. A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct ……….. . (A) Internal compartments (B) External compartments (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 14 12. The organism level is the .............level of organization (A) Lowest (B) Highest (C) Medium (D) Extreme Ans A Diff Medium Page 14 13. Which of the following mechanism is involved in releasing energy? (A) Catabolism (B) Anabolism (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 14 14. Every cell in your body makes use of a chemical compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to ………. . (A) Store energy (B) Release energy (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 15 15 ............... is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments (A) Responsiveness (B) Movement (C) Locomotion (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 15 16. Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal ……….. . (A) Body temperature (B) Blood pressure (C) Hormone level (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 16 17 ............... is all of the changes the body goes through in life. (A) Development (B) Growth (C) Reproduction (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 16 18. Development includes the process of ………. . (A) Differentiation (B) Growth (C) Repair Ans A Diff Hard Page 21 27. Childbirth and the body’s response to blood loss are two examples of ................... Loops that are normal but are activated only when needed. (A) Positive feedback (B) Negative feedback (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 22 28 ............. position describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body (A) Proximal (B) Distal (C) Medial (D) Lateral Ans A Diff Hard Page 25 29. A plane is ..................surface that passes through the body. (A) Two dimensional (B) Three dimensional (C) Imaginary two dimensional (D) Imaginary three dimensional Ans C Diff Hard P age 25 30. The ............. is the largest cavity in the body (A) Abdominopelvic cavity (B) Thoracic cavity (C) Cranial cavity (D) Spinal cavity Ans A Diff Hard Page 27 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 1. Human chemistry includes …….. . (A) Organic molecules (B) Elements (C) Biochemical (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 42 2. In glucose, there are always six carbon and six oxygen units for every......... hydrogen units. (A) Three (B) Six (C) Twelve (D) Eighteen Ans C Diff Medium Page 43 3. The percentage of potassium in human body is …………. (A) 0.2 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.5 Ans C Diff Medium Page 43 4. Uranium (U), is referred to as a heavy metal and it contains .......... neutrons (A) 238 (B) 92 (C) 146 (D) 240 Ans C Diff Medium Page 44 5. The number of protons and neutrons …………. (A) May be equal for some elements (B) Are equal for all elements (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 45 6. An isotope is one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of …………. . (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C) Neutrons (D) All of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 46 7. Excessive exposure to radioactive isotopes can cause ………….. . (A) Damage of human cells (B) Birth defects (C) Cancer (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 46 8. If you take a look at the periodic table of the elements, you will notice that hydrogen and helium are placed alone on either sides of the top row; they are the only elements that have ……….. . (A) One electron shells (B) Two electron shells (C) Three electron shells (D) Four electron shells Ans A Diff Medium Page 47 9. The most common example of .............. in the natural world occurs between molecules of water (A) Ionic bonding (B) Covalent bonding (C) Hydrogen bonding (D) All of above (C) Methyl group (D) Phosphate group Ans B Diff Hard Page 65 18. A triglyceride is one of the most common dietary ............ , and the type found most abundantly in body tissues (A) Lipid groups (B) Carbohydrate groups (C) Carbohydrate groups (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 69 19...............are compounds in which the hydrophobic triglycerides are packaged in protein envelopes for transport in body fluids. (A) Glycolipids (B) Fatty acids (C) Lipoproteins (D) All of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 70 20. One reason that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are beneficial is that they stimulate the production of certain ........... that help regulate aspects of blood pressure and inflammation, and thereby reduce the risk for heart disease (A) Prostaglandins (B) Sterols (C) Phospholipids (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 71 21. Proteins include the keratin in the epidermis of skin that protects ……………. (A) Collagen (B) Underlying tissues (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 72 22. If a particular essential amino acid is not available in sufficient quantities in the amino acid pool, however, synthesis of proteins containing it can ………… . (A) Slow (B) Cease (C) Increase (D) A and B Ans D Diff hard Page 73 23. In protein shapes, the most common secondary structure is a spiral called ………. (A) An alpha-helix (B) Beta-pelated sheet (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 74 24. A nucleotide is one of a class of organic compounds composed of …………. (A) One or more phosphate groups (B) A pentose sugar (C) A nitrogen containing base (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 76 25. A ............. is a nitrogen-containing molecule with a double ring structure, which accommodates several nitrogen atoms. (A) Purine (B) Pyrimidine (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 76 26. Humans have almost ...........genes in their DNA, locked up in the 46 chromosomes inside the nucleus of each cell (except red blood cells which lose their nuclei during development). (A) 10000 (B) 12000 (C) 20000 (D) 22000 Ans D Diff Medium Page 77 27. The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is composed of ……….. . (A) Ribose sugar (B) An adenine base (C) Three phosphate groups (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 77 28. ATP is classified as a ………………. (A) High energy compound (B) Low energy compound (C) Medium energy compound (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 77 29. Which of the following bases is found in RNA only? (A) Cytosine (B) Thymine (C) Uracil (D) All of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 76 30. Any given enzyme catalyzes ……………. . (A) One type of reaction (B) Two types of reactions (C) Three types of reactions Ans B Diff Medium Page 95 9. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease well known for its damage to the …….. . (A) Lungs (B) Liver (C) Pancreas (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 95 10. Which of the following is organelle of the endomembrane system? (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Vesicles (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 98 11. One of the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is in the synthesis of ……….. . (A) Lipids (B) Proteins (C) Carbohydrates (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 99 12. Which of the following organelles is the “energy transformer” of the cell. (A) Cell membrane (B) Mitochondria (C) Nucleus (D) Endoplasmic reticulum Ans B Diff Hard Page 101 13. Peroxisomes perform a function of ………………. (A) Lipid metabolism (B) Chemical detoxification (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 102 14. Due to their ………………………………., ROS can set off chain reactions where they remove electrons from other molecules, which then become oxidized and reactive, and do the same to other molecules, causing a chain reaction (A) Characteristic paired electrons (B) Characteristics unpaired electrons (C) Characteristic free radicals (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 101 15. Which of the following versions of free radical theory is more widely accepted? (A) Aging process itself is a result of oxidative damage (B) Oxidative damage causes age related diseases (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 103 16. The cytoskeleton consists of …………. . (A) Microtubules (B) Microfilaments (C) Intermediate filaments (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 104 17. The ........... is a region of the nucleus that is responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for construction of ribosomes. (A) Nucleolus (B) Nuclear envelop (C) Nuclei (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 105 18. In the step of .......... Of DNA replication, each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary strand is built. (A) Initiation (B) Elongation (C) Termination (D) All of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 109 19. One of the most important classes of proteins is ............ , which help speed up necessary biochemical reactions that take place inside the cell (A) Enzymes (B) Lipoproteins (C) Lysozyme (D) Oligosaccharides Ans A Diff Medium Page 110 20. Gene expression begins with the process called …………. (A) Transcription (B) Initiation (C) Elongation (D) Termination Ans A Diff Hard Page 111 21 is a type of RNA that, together with proteins, composes the structure of the ribosome (A) rRNA (B) mRNA (C) tRNA (D) all of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 113 4. The Tissue Level of Organization 1. The body contains at least ........... distinct cell types (A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 300 (D) 400 Ans B Diff Medium Page 135 2 .............. , refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands (A) Epithelial tissues (B) Connective tissues (C) Nervous tissues (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 136 3. Synovial membranes surround the joints of the ………. (A) Shoulder (B) Elbow (C) Knee (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 139 4. Epithelial tissues provide the body’s first line of protection from .............. wear and tear (A) Physical (B) Chemical (C) Biological (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 141 5. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the ……….. . (A) Shape of the cells (B) Number of the cells (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 143 6. Squamous cell nuclei tend to be …………. . (A) Flat (B) Horizontal (C) Elliptical (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 143 7 ................ is a type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but instead consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently sized columnar cells (A) Pseudo stratified epithelium (B) Simple columnar epithelium (C) Goblet cells epithelium (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 144 8. Which of the following is examples of endocrine glands? (A) Anterior pituitary (B) Thymus (C) Adrenal cortex (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 147 9. Breast milk is an example of ………. (A) Endocrine glands (B) Exocrine glands (C) Glandular structures (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 147 10. Exocrine glands can be classified by their ……….. . (A) Mode of secretion (B) Nature of substances released (C) Structure of the glands (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 148 11. The process of ............... involves the rupture and destruction of the entire gland cell. (A) Holocrine secretion (B) Apocrine secretion (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 149 12. Bone and cartilage are examples of ...........that provide structure and strength to the body (A) Dense connective tissues (B) Loose connective tissues (C) Supportive connective tissues (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 151 13 ...............are fixed cells, which means they remain within the connective tissue (A) Fibrocytes (B) Adipocytes (C) Mesenchymal cells (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 151 14. The brown adipocytes store lipids as many droplets, and have ........... metabolic activity (A) Blood (B) Lymph (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 159 24. The contraction of your pupil in bright Light is an example of ............. movement (A) Voluntary (B) Involuntary (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 160 25 ................ tissue contraction is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs (A) Skeletal muscle (B) Smooth muscle (C) Cardiac muscle (D) All of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 168 26. The cell body of a neuron, also called the soma, contains the …………. . (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi bodies (D) A and B Ans D Diff Hard Page 162 27 ................ produce myelin in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) (A) Oligodendrocyte cells (B) Schwann cells (C) Astrocytes (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 163 28. is programmed cell death, a normal step-by-step process that destroys cells no longer needed by the body? (A) Inflammation (B) Apoptosis (C) Necrosis (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 164 29. Which of the following is hallmark of cancer? (A) Uncontrolled growth (B) Colonization of other organs (C) Invasion into adjacent tissues (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 167 30 .............. is a star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier (A) Astrocyte (B) Apical (C) Atrophy (D) Areolar Ans A Diff Hard Page 170 5. The Integumentary System 1. In the adult human body, the skin makes up about .............. of body weight (A) 6 % (B) 16 % (C) 26% (D) 36 % Ans B Diff Medium Page 180 2. Dermal papillae .......... the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis (A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Neutralizes (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 182 3. The stratum lucidum is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis (A) Stratum lucidum (B) Stratum granulosum (C) Stratum coneum (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 185 4. The .................... is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles (A) Hypodermis (B) Reticular layer (C) Papillary layer (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 186 5. Eumelanin exists as ................ , whereas pheomelanin provides a red color (A) Black (B) Brown (C) Green (D) A and B (C) Sweat gland (D) Sudoferous gland Ans A Diff Medium Page 196 15. The fatty acids of sebum also have antibacterial properties, and prevent water loss from the skin in …………… environments (A) Low humidity (B) High humidity (C) Moderate humidity (D) All of above Ans A Diff High Page 196 16. Which of the following danger is associated with tattoo or body piercing? (A) Allergic reactions (B) Skin infections (C) Blood borne diseases (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 197 17. A person with tattoos should be cautious when having a ……………. (A) MRI (B) CT Scan (C) ECG (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 197 18. The skin acts as a sense organ because the.............. contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain (A) Dermis (B) Hypodermis (C) Epidermis (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 197 19. During strenuous physical activities, such as skiing or running, the dermal blood vessels ........... and sweat secretion increases (A) Dilate (B) Contract (C) Enlarge (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 199 20. The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes ........... when exposed to UV radiation (A) Vitamin B (B) Vitamin C (C) Vitamin D (D) All of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 200 21. The absence of sun exposure can lead to a lack of vitamin D in the body, leading to a condition called ……………. , a painful condition in children where the bones are misshapen due to a lack of calcium, causing bowleggedness (A) Rickets (B) Osteomalacia (C) Hypercalcimia (D) Hypocalcaemia Ans A Diff Hard Page 200 22. In addition to its essential role in bone health, vitamin D is essential for general immunity against ……………. Infections (A) Bacterial (B) Viral (C) Fungal (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 201 23 .................. Involves the clogging of pores, which can lead to infection and inflammation, and is often seen in adolescents (A) Eczema (B) Acne (C) Impetigo (D) Scabies Ans B Diff Hard Page 203 24 ..............may be accompanied by swelling of the skin, flaking, and in severe cases, bleeding (A) Eczema (B) Acne (C) Impetigo (D) Scabies Ans A Diff Hard Page 202 25. The sebum, when oxidized by exposure to air, turns …………. (A) Black (B) Red (C) White (D) Blue Ans A Diff Hard P age 203 26. Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to ……………. (A) Formation of blackheads (B) Inflammation of skin (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Pag e 204 27. Which of the followings is a popular among patients, hoping to reduce the appearance of skin aging? (A) Botox injection (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 219 6. A short bone is one that is ........... in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. (A) Cubical (B) Hexagonal (C) Rhombohedra (D) None of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 219 7. Which of the following is not an example of flat bones? (A) Cranial (B) Scapula (C) Sternum (D) Patellae Ans D Diff Hard Page 220 8. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as ……………. (A) Sesamoid bones (B) Irregular bones (C) Flat bones (D) None of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 220 9. The ........... is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone (A) Diaphysis (B) Epiphysis (C) Medullary cavity (D) Compact bone Ans A Diff Hard Page 221 10. The ................... contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone (A) Endosteum (B) Periosteum (C) Metaphysis (D) Epiphyseal plate Ans B Diff Hard Page 221 11 ...................... is the attachment points for tendons and ligaments (A) Articulation (B) Projection (C) Hole (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 222 12. The surface features of bones depend on their ……………. (A) Function (B) Location (C) Attachment of ligaments and tendons (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 224 13 ................ maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. (A) Osteocytes (B) Osteoblast (C) Lacuna (D) Canaliculus Ans A Diff Hard Page 225 14. Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand ............... , while spongy (cancellous) bone has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution. (A) Tensile forces (B) Compressive forces (C) Shear forces (D) All of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 226 15. Paget’s disease usually occurs in adults over age …………. (A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 40 (D) 50 Ans C Diff Medium Page 229 16. Bisphosphonates, drugs that ........... the activity of osteoclasts, are often used in the treatment of Paget’s disease. However, in a (A) Decrease (B) Increase (C) Maintain (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 229 17. During fetal development, a framework is laid down that determines where bones will form, which is a flexible, semi-solid matrix produced by chondroblasts and consists of ………. (A) Hydrochloric acid (B) Chondroitin sulphate (C) Collagen fibers (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 231 18. The reserve zone is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix (A) Reserve zone Ans D 27. Green leafy vegetables are a good source of ……….. . (A) Vitamin C (B) Vitamin D (C) Vitamin K (D) None of above Diff Hard Page 241 Ans C Diff Medium Page 242 28. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the absorption of ……………… from the digestive tract (A) Calcium (B) Phosphate (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 243 29. The normal level of calcium in the blood is about ………. . (A) 10 mg/dL (B) 15 mg/dL (C) 20 mg/dL (D) 25 mg/dL Ans A Diff Hard Page 245 30. Cells of the parathyroid gland have plasma membrane receptors for ………. . (A) Calcium (B) Potassium (C) Phosphorus (D) Nitrogen Ans A Diff Medium Page 246 7. Axial Skeleton 1. The --------- forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. (A) Axial skeleton (B) The Appendicular Skeleton (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 256 2. The ------------- includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. (A) Axial skeleton (B) Appendicular skeleton (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 257 3. There are ---- bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult. (A) 130 (B) 135 (C) 126 (D) 120 Ans C Diff Easy Page 257 4. In the adult, the skull consists of ------ individual bones. (A) 25 (B) 27 (C) 20 (D) 22 Ans A Diff Easy Page 258 5. The interior space that is almost completely occupied by the brain is called the ------- --. (A) Cranial cavity (B) Nasal cavity (C) Facial cavity (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 260 6. The---------- forms most of the upper lateral side of the skull. (A) Temporal bone (B) Parietal bone (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 261 7. The---------- forms the lower lateral side of the skull. (A) Parietal bone (B) Temporal bone (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 261 8. The ---------- is a zigzag shaped tunnel that provides passage through the base of the skull for one of the major arteries that supplies the brain. (A) Carotid canal (B) Stylomastoid foramen (C) Mandibular fossa Ans C Diff Medium 17. The -------- bone is also known as the cheekbone. (A) Lacrimal Bone (B) Nasal bone (C) Zygomatic (D) Mover bone Page 269 Ans C Diff Hard Page 270 18. The --------- forms the lower jaw and is the only moveable bone of the skull. (A) Mandible (B) Zygomatic (C) Nasal (D) Gomer Ans A Diff Hard 19. The nasal septum consists of ------------- --. (A) Bone (B) Cartilage (C) Both of above (D) None of above Page 271 Ans C Diff Medium 20. Cranial Fossae consist of ----------- --. (A) Anterior Cranial Fossa (B) Middle Cranial Fossa (C) Posterior Cranial Fossa (D) All of above Page 272 Ans D Diff Medium Page 274 21. The vertebral arch forms the ------- portion of each vertebra. (A) Interior (B) Posterior (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy 22. . A superior articular process extends or faces ---- --. (A) Downward (B) Upward (C) Backward (D) All of above Page 280 Ans B Diff Hard Page 281 23. The cervical vertebrae are ------ than lumbar vertebrae due to differences in the proportion of body weight that each supports. (A) Smaller (B) Larger (C) Medium (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 282 24. The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are larger than ------ --. (A) Lumbar Vertebrae (B) Cervical vertebrae (C) Sacrum (D) Coccyx Ans B Diff Hard Page 283 25. Adjacent vertebrae are united by ......... that run the length of the vertebral column along both its posterior and anterior aspects. (A) Ligaments (B) Fibrous (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 286 26. The posterior end of a typical rib is called the ......... of the rib. (A) Tail (B) Neck (C) Head (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 290 27. The bones of the skull arise from mesenchyme during embryonic development in two different ways (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Two Ans D Diff Medium Page 291 28. The ribs are classified into three groups based on their relationship to the sternum. (A) Two (B) Four (C) Five (D) Three Ans D Diff Medium Page 291 29. The short two ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all are called ------- (A) True ribs (B) False ribs (C) Floating ribs (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 291 30. During the third week of embryonic development, a rod-like structure called the --------- develops dorsally along the length of the embryo. (A) Notochord (B) Sclerotize (D) Nine Ans C Diff Hard Page 316 9. The palm of the hand contains five elongated ---------- bones. (A) Metacarpal (B) Ulna (C) Radius (D) Carpal Ans A Diff Easy Page 314 10. The pelvic girdle (hip girdle) is formed by --------- bone. (A) Double (B) (B)Single (C) (C) Triple (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 322 11. The pubis forms the anterior portion of the ------- bone. (A) Arm (B) Leg (C) Hip (D) Hand Ans C Diff Medium Page 323 12. The ------ forms the posterolateral portion of the hip bone. (A) Ischium (B) Ilium (C) Ulna (D) Radius Ans A Diff Medium 13. The pelvis consists of ------ bones. (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six Page 324 Ans B Diff Easy Page 325 14. The ------ or thigh bone, is the single bone of the thigh region. (A) Femur (B) Ilium (C) Radius (D) Ulna Ans A Diff Medium Page 328 15. The ------ is largest sesamoid bone of the body. (A) Patella (B) Ulna (C) Femur (D) Ilium Ans A Diff Medium Page 330 16. The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower ----- and the second longest bone of the body, after the femur. (A) Leg (B) Arm (C) Hand (D) Foot Ans A Diff Medium Page 332 17. The fibula is the slender bone located on the lateral side of the --- --. (A) Leg (B) Arm (C) Hand (D) Hip Ans A Diff Medium Page 334 18. The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven ------- bones. (A) Fibula (B) Tiba (C) Ilium (D) Tarsal Ans D Diff Medium Page334 19. The toes contain a total of ------- phalanx bones (phalanges), arranged in a similar manner as the phalanges of the fingers. (A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 14 Ans D Diff Medium Page 335 20. A joint between adjacent phalanx bones is called an ---------- joint. (A) Phalangeal (B) Interphalangeal (C) Both above (D) None of above 21. The longitudinal arches run down the length of the-----. (A) Hand (B) Foot (C) Arm (D) Leg Ans B Diff Medium Page 350 30. Intramembranous Ossification within the clavicle begins during the fifth week of development and continues until 25 years of age. (A) Fourth (B) Fifth (C) Sixth (D) Third Ans B Diff Hard Page 351 9. Joints 1. A ------- is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. (A) Fibrous joint (B) synovial joint (C) Ball and socket joint (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 356 2. All -------- joints are functionally classified as a diarthrosis joints. (A) Fibrous (B) Synovial (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 356 3. An immobile or --------- joint is called a synarthrosis. (A) Nearly immobile (B) Nearly mobile (C) Hardly mobile (D) None of above Ans A Easy Diff Page 356 4. An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has .......... mobility (A) Limited (B) Un limited (C) Zero (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 357 5. discs are made of fibrocartilage and thereby structurally form a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint. (A) Intervertebral (B) Vertebral (C) Non vertebral (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 357 6. A ------ mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis. (A) Freely (B) Fixed (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 357 7. A biaxial joint allows for motions within ------- planes. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans A Easy Diff Page 358 8. A joint that allows for the several directions of movement is called a -------- joint. (A) Multiaxial (B) Axial (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Easy Diff Page 358 9. There are …… types of fibrous joints. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans B Diff Easy Page 359 10. All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a ---- --. (A) Suture (B) Fibrous (C) Axial (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 359 11. During birth, the fontanelles provide -------- to the skull, allowing the bones to push closer together or to overlap slightly. (A) Flexibility (B) Fixed (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 359 12. Due to the --------- of a gomphosis, this type of joint is functionally classified as a synarthrosis. (A) Immobility (B) Mobility (C) Non Mobility (D) None of above 22. The joint with the greatest range of motion is called the -------- --. (A) Ball and socket joint (B) Hinge joint (C) Saddle joint (D) Condyloid joint Ans A Diff Medium Page 363 23. Lateral flexion is the -------- of the neck or body toward the right or left side. (A) Blending (B) Fixing (C) Connecting (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 373 24. is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. (A) Friction (B) Abduction and adduction (C) Supination (D) Circumduction Ans D Diff Medium Page 374 25. are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot (intertarsal joints) and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint. (A) Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion (B) Protraction and Retraction (C) Depression and Elevation (D) Inversion and Eversion Ans D Diff Medium Page 374 26. The ............ is the joint that allows for opening (mandibular depression) and closing of the mouth. (A) Temporomandibular Joint (B) Glen humeral joint (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium 27. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is a --------------------. Page 377 (A) saddle joint (B) Candyloid joint (C) Hinge joint (D) Ball- and –socket joint Ans D Diff Medium 28. The elbow joint is a uniaxial--------- --. (A) Candyloid joint (B) Saddle joint (C) Ball and socket joint (D) Hinge joint Page 378 Ans A Diff Easy 29. The hip joint is a multiaxial ------------- (A) Ball and socket joint (B) Saddle joint (C) Hinge joint (D) Candyloid joint Page 380 Ans A Diff Easy 30. The knee joint is the --------- of the body. (A) Largest joint Page 382 (B) Smallest joint (C) Medium joint (D) None of above. Ans A Diff Easy Page 386 10. Muscle Tissue 1. A muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to a quality of muscle tissue called ………. . (A) Elasticity (B) Plasticity (C) Contractility (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 407 2 ............. fibers each have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit (A) Cardiac muscle (B) Skeletal muscle (C) Smooth muscle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 407 3. Skeletal muscles allow functions of ............. , to be under voluntary control (A) Swallowing (B) Urination (C) Defecation (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 407 4. Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the ………. (A) Perimysium (B) Endomysium (C) Mysia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 408 Ans A Diff Medium 13. The inputs for aerobic respiration include …………….. . (A) Glucose circulating in the bloodstream (B) Pyruvic acid (C) Fatty acids (D) All of above Page 420 Ans D Diff Hard Page 420 14. DMD is an inherited disorder caused by an abnormal …………. (A) X chromosome (B) Y chromosome (C) X and Y chromosome (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium 15. A ................. Involves the muscle shortening to move a load. (A) Concentric contraction (B) Eccentric contraction (C) Isometric contraction (D) All of above Page 421 Ans D Diff Easy 16. Neural control regulates ....................... Contractions (A) Concentric (B) Isometric (C) Eccentric (D) All of above Page 421 Ans D Diff Medium Page 422 17. The ideal length of a sarcomere to produce maximal tension occurs at .............. of its resting length, with 100 percent being the state where the medial edges of the thin filaments are just at the most- medial myosin heads of the thick filaments (A) 80 to 120 % (B) 90 to 110 % (C) 100 to 120 % (D) 120 to 140 % Ans A Diff Medium Page 423 18. The rate at which a motor neuron fires action potentials affects the tension produced in the skeletal muscle. (A) Skeletal muscles (B) Nerve muscles (C) Smooth muscles (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 425 19. The absence of the low-level contractions that lead to muscle tone is referred to as ………. (A) Hypotonia (B) Hypertonia (C) Antonia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 426 20. Glycolytic fibers primarily create ATP through anaerobic glycolysis, which produces ........... ATP per cycle (A) Less (B) More (C) Equal (D) Abundant Ans A Diff Easy P age 427 21. Structural proteins are added to muscle fibers in a process called ………. (A) Hypertrophy (B) Atrophy (C) Sarcopenia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 428 22. Long-distance runners have a........... number of SO fibers (A) Large (B) Small (C) Few (D) More Ans A Diff Medium Page 428 23. Cellular damage to muscle fibers that occurs after intense exercise includes damage to the ………. . (A) Sarcolemma (B) Myofibrils (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C 24. Anabolic steroid use has been linked to ………. (A) Infertility (B) Aggressive behavior (C) Brain cancer (D) All of above Diff Hard Page 429 Ans D Diff Medium Page 430 25. Smooth muscle (so-named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of ………. . (A) Bladder (B) Uterus (C) Stomach (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 432 26. A dense body is analogous to the Z-discs of ................. and is fastened to the sarcolemma. (A) Skeletal muscle fibers (B) Cardiac muscle fibers (C) Both of above (D) None of above 5. There also are skeletal muscles in the ........... that allow for voluntary regulation of urination and defecation, respectively. (A) Tongue (B) External urinary (C) Sphincters (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 447 6. A pulled tendon, regardless of location, results in ………. (A) Pain (B) Swelling (C) Diminished function (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 447 7. Synovial fluid is a ............. film with the consistency of egg whites (A) Thin and viscous (B) Thick and viscous (C) Thin and non-viscous (D) Think and non-viscous (E) A Diff Medium Page 447 8. Parallel muscles have fascicles that are arranged in the .......... direction as the long axis of the muscle (A) Same (B) Different (C) Unique (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 448 9. The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that covers the …………. (A) Shoulder (B) Neck (C) Mouth (D) Elbow Ans A Diff Medium Page 448 10. The large muscle on the chest, the pectoralis major, is an example of a ........... muscle (A) Convergent (B) Divergent (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 448 11 .............. is the study of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the use of the word evolved over time (A) Etymology (B) Glossary (C) Bibliography (D) Nomenclature Ans A Diff Medium 12. Flexor muscles ........ the angle at the joint (A) Increase (B) Decrease (C) Increase and decrease (D) Neither increase nor decrease Page 450 Ans B Diff Medium Page 453 13. The physicians originally studying human anatomy thought the skull looked like ………. (A) Apple (B) Pomegranate (C) Banana (D) Orange Ans A Diff Easy Page 454 14. The .............. originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward (A) Genioglossus (B) Styloglossus (C) Palatoglossus (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 459 15. The suprahyoid muscles raise the ............ during deglutition (A) Hyoid bone (B) Floor of the mouth (C) Larynx (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 460 16. The head, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is ........... by the neck muscles (A) Balanced (B) Moved (C) Rotated (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 461 17. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originates there. This muscle divides the neck into ……. triangles when viewed from the side (A) Anterior (B) Posterior (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 461 (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 489 27. The movement of the eyeball is under the control of the extrinsic eye muscles, which originate ………… the eye (A) Outside (B) Inside (C) Middle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 455 28. In anatomical terminology, chewing is called ………. . (A) Mastication (B) Masseter (C) Swallowing (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 457 29. Tongue is important for ………. . (A) Mastication (B) Deglutition (C) Speech (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 458 30. The superficial and deep muscles of the neck are responsible for …….. . (A) Moving the head (B) Cervical vertebrae (C) Scapulas (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 461 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 1. The extension of nervous tissue towards the vertebral column: (A) Brain (B) Spinal cord (C) Vertebrae (D) Hypothalamus Ans B Diff Easy Page 504 2. The fiber that connects the neuron with its target. (A) Soma (B) Dendrite (C) Axon (D) White matter Ans C Diff Medium Page 505 3. A cluster of neuron cell bodies is referred to: (A) Ganglion (B) Nerve (C) Tract (D) Nucleus Ans A Diff Medium Page 506 4. Bundle of axons in PNS is called tract. (A) True (B) False Ans B Diff Hard Page 508 5. Integration is : (A) Receiving of the information from the environment to gain input (B) Response produced on the basis of received stimuli (C) Stimuli that are received by sensory structures are communicated to the nervous system where that information is processed (D) None of them Ans C Diff Hard Page 508 6. Withdrawing a hand from hot stove is an example of: (A) Response (B) Stimulus (C) Integration (D) Chemical stimuli Ans A Diff Medium Page 508 7. Voluntary motor responses are taken controlled by: (C) Creating CSF (D) Phagocytosis Ans B Diff Medium Page 515 14. Which statement is correct about blood brain barrier? (A) A physiological barrier that keeps many substances that circulate in the rest of the body from getting into the central nervous system (B) A physiological membrane that allow substances that to pass towards the central nervous system (C) Glucose can’t pass through blood brain barrier (D) Amino acids can’t pass through blood brain barrier Ans A Diff Hard Page 516 15. The ependymal cell is a glial cell that filters blood to make: (A) Ventricles (B) Microglia (C) CSF (D) Choroid plexus Ans C Diff Medium Page 516 16. The cell that insulate axon with myelin in the periphery: (A) Glial cell of the PNS (B) Schwann cells (C) Satellite cell (D) Both a & b Ans D Diff Hard Page 517 17. Myelin contains a large amount of: (A) Carbohydrates (B) Lipids (C) Proteins (D) Minerals Ans B Diff Easy Page 517 18. The diameter of axon: (A) 1-10 micrometers (B) 1-15 micrometers (C) 1-20 micrometers (D) 1-25 micrometers Ans C Diff Medium Page 519 19. The travelling of the action potential from axon hillock to axon terminal: (A) Graded potential (B) Propagation (C) Threshold (D) Neurotransmission Ans B Diff Medium Page 521 20. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the short distance of the synapse and binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron. (A) True (B) False Ans A Diff Medium Page 522 21. The neuron causing muscle fibers to contract: (A) Upper motor neuron (B) Lower motor neuron (C) Both a & b (D) None of them Ans B Diff Easy Page 522 22. Cell membrane is charged by: (A) Ions (B) Charged particles (C) Both a & b (D) None of them Ans C Diff Easy Page 523 (A) Membrane potential begins to move towards motive forces (B) Sodium cation entering the cell decreasing negative charges (C) Both a & b (D) Membrane potential begins to move back towards its resting potential Ans D Diff Easy Page 528 30. A direct connection between two cells so that ion passes directly from one cell to another. (A) Electrical synapse (B) Chemical synapse (C) Both a & b (D) None of them Ans A Diff Medium Page 534 31. Nicotine will bind to: (A) Muscarinic receptor (B) Chlorgenic receptor (C) Nicotinic receptor (D) None of them Ans C Diff Easy Page 535 32. The number of amino acids in beta endorphin: (A) 30 (B) 31 (C) 32 (D) 33 Ans B Diff Easy Page 535 13. ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. A visible line along the dorsal surface of the embryo. (A) Neural plate (B) Neural groove (C) Neural fold (D) Neural tube Ans B Diff Easy Page 550 2. Clusters of cells which runs lateral to the neural tube: (A) Neural crest (B) Neural tube (C) Neural fold (D) Neural groove Ans A Diff Easy Page 550 3. The structures that come from the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon except for the cerebellum are collectively considered the: (A) Primary vesicles (B) Secondary vesicles (C) Brain stem (D) Metancephalon Ans C Diff Hard Page 551 4. While the brain is developing from the anterior neural tube, spinal cord is developing via same route. (A) True (B) False Ans B Diff Medium Page 552 5. The curve between brain stem and forebrain is called: (A) Neural flex (B) Cephalic flex (C) Cephalic flexure (D) Neural flexure Ans C Diff Easy Page 553 6. The brain stem include: (A) Mid brain (B) Pons (C) Medulla 13. The area that is responsible for production of language: (A) Pre-motor area (B) Frontal eye field (C) Boca’s area (D) Prefrontal lobe Ans C Diff Hard Page 559 14. The structure of the basal nuclei that control movements: (A) Caudate (B) Putamen (C) Globus pallidus (D) All of them Ans D Diff Easy Page 559 15. The direct pathway is the projection of axons from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and the substantia nigra pars reticulate. (A) True (B) False Ans A Diff Medium Page 560 16. The region of the adult brain that retains its name from embryologic development: (A) Epithalamus (B) Subthalamus (C) Thalamus (D) Diencephalon Ans D Diff Medium Page 562 17. The sensation which is not translated by thalamus: (A) Hearing (B) Smell (C) Touch (D) Taste Ans B Diff Easy Page 563 18. The main connection with cerebellum: (A) Pons (B) Medulla (C) Cerebrum (D) None of them Ans A Diff Medium Page 563 19. The white matter attached to the cerebellum: (A) Hypothalamus (B) Pons (C) Medulla (D) Tectum Ans B Diff Medium Page 563 20. The cerebellum accounts of the brain mass: (A) 10% (B) 20% (C) 30% (D) 40% Ans A Diff Easy Page 565 21. The anterior horn is responsible for: (A) Sensory processing (B) Found in thoracic, upper lumbar (C) Send out motor signal to skeletal muscle (D) Sound out sensory signal to skeletal muscle Ans C Diff Medium Page 566 22. Motor demands of the brain are carried by: (A) Ascending tracts (B) Descending tract (C) Anterior column