ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OPENSTAXTEST BANK Openstax Anatomy andPhysiology Test Bank, Exams of Nursing

Download ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OPENSTAXTEST BANK Openstax Anatomy andPhysiology Test Bank and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1. An Introduction to the Human Body 1. is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification (A) Gross anatomy (B) Microscopic anatomy (C) Macroscopic anatomy (D) Physical anatomy Ans A Diff Easy Page 8 2. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “..........’’ (A) To cut apart (B) To fix with (C) To view inside (D) To study exterior Ans A Diff Easy Page 8 3. Dissection is still used in …………. (A) Medical schools (B) Pathology labs (C) Anatomy courses (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 8 4. Microscopic anatomy includes …………. (A) Histology (B) Cytology (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 8 5.................is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. (A) Regional anatomy (B) Systematic anatomy (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 9 6. Human physiology is the scientific study of the...........of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. (A) Chemistry (B) Physic (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans C Diff Medium Page 9 7. Homeostasis is the state of steady--------maintained by living things. (A) Internal Condition (B) External conditions (C) Both Above (D) None of Above Ans A Diff Easy Page 9 8. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of---------tissue types. (A) One (B) Two (C) Two or more (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 11 9. In-------------organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism. (A) Unicellular (B) Bicellular (C) Multicellular (D) None of above (A) 100000 years (B) 200000 years (C) 300000 years (D) 400000 years Ans B Diff Hard Page 17 20. Atmospheric air is only about............percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP (A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 40 (D) 60 Ans A Diff Medium Page 17 21. Controlled hypothermia often is used, for example, during open-heart surgery because it.........the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them. (A) Decreases (B) Increases (C) Remains constant (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 18 22. In the emergency department, the physician induces coma and lowers the patient’s body temperature to approximately 91 degrees. This condition, which is maintained for 24 hours............the patient’s metabolic rate (A) Slows (B) Enhances (C) Neutralizes (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 18 23. The pressure of the nitrogen gas in your blood would be much.........than the pressure of nitrogen in the space surrounding your body (A) Higher (B) Lower (C) Equal (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 19 24. Decompression sickness (DCS) is a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body. This condition affects ………. (A) Underwater divers (B) Pilots (C) Mountaineers (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 20 25. The most common symptom of DCS is ………….. . (A) Pain in the joints (B) Headache (C) Vision disturbances (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 20 26. The brain triggers the thyroid gland in the endocrine system to release thyroid hormone, which ……… metabolic activity and heat production in cells throughout the body. (A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Remains constant (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 21 27. Childbirth and the body’s response to blood loss are two examples of.................Loops that are normal but are activated only when needed. (A) Positive feedback (B) Negative feedback (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 22 28.............position describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body (A) Proximal (B) Distal (C) Medial (D) Lateral Ans A Diff Hard Page 25 29. A plane is..................surface that passes through the body. (A) Two dimensional (B) Three dimensional (C) Imaginary two dimensional (D) Imaginary three dimensional Ans C Diff Hard P age 25 30. The.............is the largest cavity in the body (A) Abdominopelvic cavity (B) Thoracic cavity (C) Cranial cavity (D) Spinal cavity Ans A Diff Hard Page 27 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 1. Human chemistry includes …….. . (A) Organic molecules (B) Elements (C) Biochemical (D) All of above 11. The full spectrum of.............is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. (A) Radiant energy (B) Electrical energy (C) Mechanical energy (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 55 12. An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is ……….. . (A) Absorbed (B) Stored (C) Released (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 56 13. The most important catalysts in the human body are ……….. . (A) Enzymes (B) Proteins (C) Lipids (D) Carbohydrates Ans A Diff Easy Page 57 14. An inorganic compound is a substance that does not contain …………. (A) Carbon (B) Hydrogen (C) Both of above (D) None of the above Ans C Diff Medium Page 58 15. In the bloodstream of humans, glucose concentration is usually measured in milligram (mg) per deciliter (dL), and in a healthy adult averages about ……… (A) 10 mg/dL (B) 100 mg/d (C) 1000 mg/dL (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 59 16. A buffer is a solution of a …………………. (A) Weak acid and its conjugate base (B) Strong acid and its conjugate base (C) Weak base and its conjugate acid (D) Strong base and its conjugate acid Ans A Diff Hard Page 63 16. Which of the following can cause respiratory alkalosis? (A) Lung disease (B) Aspirin overdose (C) Shock (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 64 17. Which of the following functional groups is involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions? (A) Carboxylic group (B) Hydroxyl group (C) Methyl group (D) Phosphate group Ans B Diff Hard Page 65 18. A triglyceride is one of the most common dietary..........., and the type found most abundantly in body tissues (A) Lipid groups (B) Carbohydrate groups (C) Carbohydrate groups (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 69 19..............are compounds in which the hydrophobic triglycerides are packaged in protein envelopes for transport in body fluids. (A) Glycolipids (B) Fatty acids (C) Lipoproteins (D) All of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 70 20. One reason that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are beneficial is that they stimulate the production of certain...........that help regulate aspects of blood pressure and inflammation, and thereby reduce the risk for heart disease (A) Prostaglandins (B) Sterols (C) Phospholipids (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 71 21. Proteins include the keratin in the epidermis of skin that protects ……………. (A) Collagen (B) Underlying tissues (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 72 22. If a particular essential amino acid is not available in sufficient quantities in the amino acid pool, however, synthesis of proteins containing it can ………… . (A) Slow (B) Cease (C) Increase (D) A and B Ans D Diff hard Page 73 23. In protein shapes, the most common secondary structure is a spiral called ………. (A) An alpha-helix 2. An amphipathic molecule is one that contains ……….. . (A) Hydrophilic region (B) Hydrophobic region (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 88 3. The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged ………. (A) Tail to tail (B) Head to tail (C) Head to head (D) Head to tail Ans A Diff Easy Page 89 4is the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy. (A) Passive transport (B) Active transport (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 91 5is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (A) Active transport (B) Passive transport (C) Diffusion (D) Concentration gradient Ans C Diff Medium Page 91 6. Facilitated diffusion of substances crossing the cell (plasma) membrane takes place with the help of ……………. . (A) Channel proteins (B) Carrier proteins (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 92 7.................brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles. (A) Endocytosis (B) Phagocytosis (C) Pinocytosis (D) All of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 95 8. Cells of the stomach and pancreas produce and secrete digestive enzymes through ……….. . (A) Endocytosis (B) Exocytosis (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 95 9. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease well known for its damage to the …….. . (A) Lungs (B) Liver (C) Pancreas (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 95 10. Which of the following is organelle of the endomembrane system? (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Vesicles (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 98 11. One of the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is in the synthesis of ……….. . (A) Lipids (B) Proteins (C) Carbohydrates (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 99 12. Which of the following organelles is the “energy transformer” of the cell. (A) Cell membrane (B) Mitochondria (C) Nucleus (D) Endoplasmic reticulum Ans B Diff Hard Page 101 13. Peroxisomes perform a function of ………………. (A) Lipid metabolism (B) Chemical detoxification (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 102 14. Due to their ………………………………., ROS can set off chain reactions where they remove electrons from other molecules, which then become oxidized and reactive, and do the same to other molecules, causing a chain reaction (A) Characteristic paired electrons (B) Characteristics unpaired electrons (C) Characteristic free radicals (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 101 15. Which of the following versions of free radical theory is more widely accepted? (A) Aging process itself is a result of oxidative damage (B) Oxidative damage causes age related diseases (C) Both of above (D) None of above 25. A pluripotent stem cell is one that has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an organism (A) Pluripotent (B) Oligopotent (C) Unipotent (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard P age 121 26. Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action is called ………. . (A) Autolysis (B) Cell cycle (C) Anticodon (D) Autophagy Ans A Diff Medium Page 126 27............is one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing (A) Codon (B) Exon (C) Anticodon (D) Chromatin Ans B Diff Hard P age 127 28. G2 phase is the..........phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase (A) First (B) Second (C) Third (D) Fourth Ans C Diff Medium Page 127 29 is the fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels (A) Interstitial fluid (B) Intracellular fluid (C) Intron (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 128 30 is the diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane. (A) Osmosis (B) Mitosis (C) Pinocytosis (D) Phagocytosis Ans A Diff Medium Page 129 4. The Tissue Level of Organization 1. The body contains at least..........distinct cell types (A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 300 (D) 400 Ans B Diff Medium Page 135 2.............., refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands (A) Epithelial tissues (B) Connective tissues (C) Nervous tissues (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 136 3. Synovial membranes surround the joints of the ………. (A) Shoulder (B) Elbow (C) Knee (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 139 4. Epithelial tissues provide the body’s first line of protection from.............wear and tear (A) Physical (B) Chemical (C) Biological (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 141 5. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the ……….. . (A) Shape of the cells (B) Number of the cells (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 143 6. Squamous cell nuclei tend to be …………. . (A) Flat (B) Horizontal (C) Elliptical (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 143 7................is a type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but instead consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently sized columnar cells (A) Pseudo stratified epithelium (B) Simple columnar epithelium (C) Goblet cells epithelium (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 144 8. Which of the following is examples of endocrine glands? (A) Anterior pituitary Ans A Diff Hard Page 154 18. Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest risk of …………. (A) Tendinitis (B) Rickets (C) Arthritis (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 156 19. ……….. , is the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers and contains large amounts of proteoglycans (A) Hyaline cartilage (B) Fibrocartilage (C) Elastic cartilage (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 157 20. Menisci in the knee joint and the intervertebral discs are examples of ……….. (A) Fibrocartilage (B) Hyaline cartilage (C) Elastic cartilage (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 157 21. Bone is the ………….. . (A) Hardest connective tissue (B) Highly vascularized tissue (C) Short recovering tissues (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 158 22............, are responsible for defending against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. (A) Erythrocytes (B) Leukocytes (C) Platelets (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 159 23. Which of the following is fluid connective tissues? (A) Blood (B) Lymph (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Easy Page 159 24. The contraction of your pupil in bright Light is an example of............movement (A) Voluntary (B) Involuntary (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 160 25................tissue contraction is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs (A) Skeletal muscle (B) Smooth muscle (C) Cardiac muscle (D) All of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 168 26. The cell body of a neuron, also called the soma, contains the …………. . (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi bodies (D) A and B Ans D Diff Hard Page 162 27................produce myelin in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) (A) Oligodendrocyte cells (B) Schwann cells (C) Astrocytes (D) All of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 163 28. is programmed cell death, a normal step-by-step process that destroys cells no longer needed by the body? (A) Inflammation (B) Apoptosis (C) Necrosis (D) None of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 164 29. Which of the following is hallmark of cancer? (A) Uncontrolled growth (B) Colonization of other organs (C) Invasion into adjacent tissues (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 167 30..............is a star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier (A) Astrocyte (B) Apical (C) Atrophy (D) Areolar Ans A Diff Hard Page 170 5. The Integumentary System (B) 2 to 3 weeks (C) 3 to 4 weeks (D) 4 to 5 weeks Ans B Diff Medium Page 194 11. The nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body forms the............, also called the eponychium. (A) Nail body (B) Nail tip (C) Nail bed (D) Nail cuticle Ans D Diff Easy Page 194 12 is type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation (A) Eccrine glands (B) Sweat glands (C) Sudoriferous glands (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 195 13 are a primary component of thermoregulation in humans and thus help to maintain homeostasis. (A) Eccrine glands (B) Sweat glands (C) Sudoriferous glands (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 195 14. A.............is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair (A) Sebaceous gland (B) Eccrine gland (C) Sweat gland (D) Sudoferous gland Ans A Diff Medium Page 196 15. The fatty acids of sebum also have antibacterial properties, and prevent water loss from the skin in …………… environments (A) Low humidity (B) High humidity (C) Moderate humidity (D) All of above Ans A Diff High Page 196 16. Which of the following danger is associated with tattoo or body piercing? (A) Allergic reactions (B) Skin infections (C) Blood borne diseases (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 197 17. A person with tattoos should be cautious when having a ……………. (A) MRI (B) CT Scan (C) ECG (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 197 18. The skin acts as a sense organ because the.............contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain (A) Dermis (B) Hypodermis (C) Epidermis (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 197 19. During strenuous physical activities, such as skiing or running, the dermal blood vessels..........and sweat secretion increases (A) Dilate (B) Contract (C) Enlarge (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 199 20. The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes..........when exposed to UV radiation (A) Vitamin B (B) Vitamin C (C) Vitamin D (D) All of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 200 21. The absence of sun exposure can lead to a lack of vitamin D in the body, leading to a condition called ……………. , a painful condition in children where the bones are misshapen due to a lack of calcium, causing bowleggedness (A) Rickets (B) Osteomalacia (C) Hypercalcimia (D) Hypocalcaemia Ans A Diff Hard Page 200 22. In addition to its essential role in bone health, vitamin D is essential for general immunity against ……………. Infections (A) Bacterial (B) Viral (C) Fungal (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 201 23..................Involves the clogging of pores, which can lead to infection and inflammation, and is often seen in adolescents (A) Eczema (B) Acne (C) Impetigo (D) Produces blood cells Ans C Diff Medium Page 214 3...............often appear in preteens as the result of poor posture, abnormal growth, or indeterminate causes (A) Spinal curvatures (B) Lateral curvatures (C) Axial curvatures (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 217 4. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red marrow (A) Red marrow (B) Yellow marrow (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 218 5. The.............are found in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles of human skeleton. (A) Short bones (B) Long bones (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 219 6. A short bone is one that is..........in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. (A) Cubical (B) Hexagonal (C) Rhombohedra (D) None of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 219 7. Which of the following is not an example of flat bones? (A) Cranial (B) Scapula (C) Sternum (D) Patellae Ans D Diff Hard Page 220 8. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as ……………. (A) Sesamoid bones (B) Irregular bones (C) Flat bones (D) None of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 220 9. The...........is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone (A) Diaphysis (B) Epiphysis (C) Medullary cavity (D) Compact bone Ans A Diff Hard Page 221 10. The...................contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone (A) Endosteum (B) Periosteum (C) Metaphysis (D) Epiphyseal plate Ans B Diff Hard Page 221 11.....................is the attachment points for tendons and ligaments (A) Articulation (B) Projection (C) Hole (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 222 12. The surface features of bones depend on their ……………. (A) Function (B) Location (C) Attachment of ligaments and tendons (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 224 13................maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. (A) Osteocytes (B) Osteoblast (C) Lacuna (D) Canaliculus Ans A Diff Hard Page 225 14. Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand.............., while spongy (cancellous) bone has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution. (A) Tensile forces (B) Compressive forces (C) Shear forces (D) All of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 226 15. Paget’s disease usually occurs in adults over age …………. (A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 40 (D) 50 Ans C Diff Medium Page 229 16. Bisphosphonates, drugs that...........the activity of osteoclasts, are often used in the treatment of Paget’s disease. However, in a (A) Decrease (B) Increase (C) Equal (D) None of above Ans A Difficulty Medium Pag e 241 26. Which of the following is not a sources of calcium? (A) Nuts (B) Beans (C) Seeds (D) None of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 241 27. Green leafy vegetables are a good source of ……….. . (A) Vitamin C (B) Vitamin D (C) Vitamin K (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 242 28. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the absorption of ……………… from the digestive tract (A) Calcium (B) Phosphate (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 243 29. The normal level of calcium in the blood is about ………. . (A) 10 mg/dL (B) 15 mg/dL (C) 20 mg/dL (D) 25 mg/dL Ans A Diff Hard Page 245 30. Cells of the parathyroid gland have plasma membrane receptors for ………. . (A) Calcium (B) Potassium (C) Phosphorus (D) Nitrogen Ans A Diff Medium Page 246 7. Axial Skeleton 1. The---------forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. (A) Axial skeleton (B) The Appendicular Skeleton (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 256 2. The-------------includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. (A) Axial skeleton (B) Appendicular skeleton (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 257 3. There are----bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult. (A) 130 (B) 135 (C) 126 (D) 120 Ans C Diff Easy Page 257 4. In the adult, the skull consists of------individual bones. 5. is called the-----------------. 6. 7. 8. The----------is a zigzag shaped tunnel that provides passage through the base of the skull for one of the major arteries that supplies the brain. (A) Carotid canal (B) Stylomastoid foramen (C) Mandibular fossa (D) Styli process (A) 25 (B) 27 (C) 20 (D) 22 Ans A Diff Easy Page 258 The interior space that is almost completely occupied by the brain (A) Cranial cavity (B) Nasal cavity (C) Facial cavity (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 260 The----------forms most of the upper lateral side of the skull. (A) Temporal bone (B) Parietal bone (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 261 The----------forms the lower lateral side of the skull. (A) Parietal bone (B) Temporal bone (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 261 (A) Mandible (B) Zygomatic (C) Nasal (D) Gomer Ans A Diff Hard Page 271 19. The nasal septum consists of---------------. (A) Bone (B) Cartilage (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 272 20. Cranial Fossae consist of-------------. (A) Anterior Cranial Fossa (B) Middle Cranial Fossa (C) Posterior Cranial Fossa (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 274 21. The vertebral arch forms the-------portion of each vertebra. (A) Interior (B) Posterior (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans B Diff Easy Page 280 22. . A superior articular process extends or faces- - ---. (A) Downward (B) Upward (C) Backward (D) All of above Ans B Diff Hard Page 281 23. The cervical vertebrae are------than lumbar vertebrae due to differences in the proportion of body weight that each supports. (A) Smaller (B) Larger (C) Medium (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 282 24. The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are larger than--------. (A) Lumbar Vertebrae (B) Cervical vertebrae (C) Sacrum (D) Coccyx Ans B Diff Hard Page 283 25. Adjacent vertebrae are united by..........that run the length of the vertebral column along both its posterior and anterior aspects. (A) Ligaments (B) Fibrous (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 286 26. The posterior end of a typical rib is called the.........of the rib. (A) Tail (B) Neck (C) Head (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 290 27. The bones of the skull arise from mesenchyme during embryonic development in two different ways (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Two Ans D Diff Medium Page 291 28. The ribs are classified into three groups based on their relationship to the sternum. (A) Two (B) Four (C) Five (D) Three Ans D Diff Medium Page 291 29. The short two ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all are called ------- (A) True ribs (B) False ribs (C) Floating ribs (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 291 30. During the third week of embryonic development, a rod-like structure called the--------develops dorsally along the length of the embryo. (A) Notochord (B) Sclerotize (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 293 8. The Appendicular Skeleton 1. The scapula (shoulder blade) lies on the posterior aspect of the-------. (A) Shoulder (B) Leg (C) Chest Ans B Diff Medium Page 322 11. The pubis forms the anterior portion of the-------bone. (A) Arm (B) Leg (C) Hip (D) Hand Ans C Diff Medium Page 323 12. The------forms the posterolateral portion of the hip bone. (A) Ischium (B) Ilium (C) Ulna (D) Radius Ans A Diff Medium Page 324 13. The pelvis consists of------bones. (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six Ans B Diff Easy Page 325 14. The------or thigh bone, is the single bone of the thigh region. (A) Femur (B) Ilium (C) Radius (D) Ulna Ans A Diff Medium Page 328 15. The------is largest sesamoid bone of the body. (A) Patella (B) Ulna (C) Femur (D) Ilium Ans A Diff Medium Page 330 16. The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower-----and the second longest bone of the body, after the femur. (A) Leg (B) Arm (C) Hand (D) Foot Ans A Diff Medium Page 332 17. The fibula is the slender bone located on the lateral side of the-----. (A) Leg (B) Arm (C) Hand (D) Hip Ans A Diff Medium Page 334 18. The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven-------bones. (A) Fibula (B) Tiba (C) Ilium (D) Tarsal Ans D Diff Medium Page334 19. The toes contain a total of-------phalanx bones (phalanges), arranged in a similar manner as the phalanges of the fingers. (A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 14 Ans D Diff Medium Page 335 20. A joint between adjacent phalanx bones is called an----------joint. (A) Phalangeal (B) Interphalangeal (C) Both above (D) None of above 21. The longitudinal arches run down the length of the-----. (A) Hand (B) Foot (C) Arm (D) Leg Ans B Diff Medium page 335 22. Development of the limbs begins near the end of----------, with the upper limbs appearing first. (A) Ist embryonic Week (B) 2nd embryonic Week (C) 3rd embryonic week (D) 4th embryonic Week Ans D Diff Medium Page 336 23. During the------week of development, the distal ends of the upper and lower limb buds expand and flatten into a paddle shape. (A) Second (B) Third (C) Forth (D) Sixth Ans D Diff Hard Page 337 24. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the ------ . (A) Apical ectodermal ridge (B) Endo ectodermal ridge (C) Both of above (D) None of above (C) Hardly mobile (D) None of above Ans A Easy Diff Page 356 4. An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has.........mobility (A) Limited (B) Un limited (C) Zero (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 357 5.discs are made of fibrocartilage and thereby structurally form a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint. (A) Intervertebral (B) Vertebral (C) Non vertebral (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 357 6. A------mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis. (A) Freely (B) Fixed (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 357 7. A biaxial joint allows for motions within-------planes. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans A Easy Diff Page 358 8. A joint that allows for the several directions of movement is called a--------joint. (A) Multiaxial (B) Axial (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Easy Diff Page 358 9. There are …… types of fibrous joints. (A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five Ans B Diff Easy Page 359 10. All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a --. (A) Suture (B) Fibrous (C) Axial (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 359 11. During birth, the fontanelles provide--------to the skull, allowing the bones to push closer together or to overlap slightly. (A) Flexibility (B) Fixed (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 359 12. Due to the---------of a gomphosis, this type of joint is functionally classified as a synarthrosis. (A) Immobility (B) Mobility (C) Non Mobility (D) Tranquility Ans A Diff Medium Page 360 13. A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint where the bones are---------by hyaline cartilage. (A) Joined (B) Broken (C) Exchanged (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 361 14. The pubic portions of the-------------hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis. (A) Right and left (B) Above and down (C) Top and below (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 361 15. Growing layers of cartilage also form synchondroses that join together the------, ischium, and pubic portions of the hip bone during childhood and adolescence. (A) Ilium (B) Rectum (C) Languid (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium page: 361 16. A-------joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage is called a symphysis (A) Cartilaginous (B) Synovial (C) Both above (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 361 17. Outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by---------which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 377 27. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is a-------------------. (A) saddle joint (B) Candyloid joint (C) Hinge joint (D) Ball- and –socket joint Ans D Diff Medium Page 378 28. The elbow joint is a uniaxial----------. (A) Candyloid joint (B) Saddle joint (C) Ball and socket joint (D) Hinge joint Ans A Diff Easy Page 380 29. The hip joint is a multiaxial ------------- (A) Ball and socket joint (B) Saddle joint (C) Hinge joint (D) Candyloid joint Ans A Diff Easy Page 382 30. The knee joint is the---------of the body. (A) Largest joint (B) Smallest joint (C) Medium joint (D) None of above. Ans A 10. Muscle Tissue Diff Easy Page 386 1. A muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to a quality of muscle tissue called ………. . (A) Elasticity (B) Plasticity (C) Contractility (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 407 2.............fibers each have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit (A) Cardiac muscle (B) Skeletal muscle (C) Smooth muscle (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 407 3. Skeletal muscles allow functions of............, to be under voluntary control (A) Swallowing (B) Urination (C) Defecation (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 407 4. Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the ………. (A) Perimysium (B) Endomysium (C) Mysia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Easy Page 408 5. Skeletal muscle fibers can be quite large for human cells, with diameters up to 100 μm and lengths up to ………. . (A) 30 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 50 cm (D) 60 cm Ans A Diff Hard Page 408 6. The plasma membrane of muscle fibers is called the ……….. . (A) Sarcolemma (B) Sarcoplasm (C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 409 7. The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers is due to the arrangement of the myofilaments of …………… in sequential order from one end of the muscle fiber to the other (A) Actin (B) Myosin (C) Troponin (D) A and B Ans D Diff Medium Page 409 8. The motor neurons that tell the skeletal muscle fibers to contract originate in the spinal cord, with a smaller number located in the brainstem for activation of skeletal muscles of the ……….. . (A) Face (B) Head (C) Neck (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 412 9. Muscle contraction usually stops when signaling from the motor neuron..........., which repolarizes the sarcolemma and T tubules, and closes the voltage-gated calcium channels in the SR (A) Initiates (B) Ends (C) Maintains (D) none of above Ans B Diff Medium Page 414 19. The absence of the low-level contractions that lead to muscle tone is referred to as ………. (A) Hypotonia (B) Hypertonia (C) Antonia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 426 20. Glycolytic fibers primarily create ATP through anaerobic glycolysis, which produces..........ATP per cycle (A) Less (B) More (C) Equal (D) Abundant Ans A Diff Easy P age 427 21. Structural proteins are added to muscle fibers in a process called ………. (A) Hypertrophy (B) Atrophy (C) Sarcopenia (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 428 22. Long-distance runners have a..........number of SO fibers (A) Large (B) Small (C) Few (D) More Ans A Diff Medium Page 428 23. Cellular damage to muscle fibers that occurs after intense exercise includes damage to the ………. . (A) Sarcolemma (B) Myofibrils (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Hard Page 429 24. Anabolic steroid use has been linked to ………. (A) Infertility (B) Aggressive behavior (C) Brain cancer (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 430 25. Smooth muscle (so-named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of ………. . (A) Bladder (B) Uterus (C) Stomach (D) All of above Ans D Diff Hard Page 432 26. A dense body is analogous to the Z-discs of................and is fastened to the sarcolemma. (A) Skeletal muscle fibers (B) Cardiac muscle fibers (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 434 27. Smooth muscle tissue can regenerate from a type of stem cell called a pericyte, which is found in some.............blood vessels. (A) Small (B) Large (C) Wavy (D) Irregular Ans A Diff Easy Page 436 28 means to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest (A) Depolarize (B) Demagnetize (C) Devolatilize (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 437 29 is the cytoplasm of muscle cell (A) Sarcolemma (B) Sarcoplasm (C) Sarcopenia (D) Sarcomere Ans C Diff Hard Page 439 30 is the fusion of contractions to produce a continuous contraction (A) Tetanus (B) Rickets (C) Muscle tone (D) Muscle fatigue Ans A Di ff Medium Page 440 11. The Muscular System 1. The muscular system allows us to..........our body. (A) Move (B) Flex (C) Contort (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 445 2. The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s …….. . (A) Insertion (B) Origin (D) Nomenclature Ans A Diff Medium Page 450 12. Flexor muscles........the angle at the joint (A) Increase (B) Decrease (C) Increase and decrease (D) Neither increase nor decrease Ans B Diff Medium Page 453 13. The physicians originally studying human anatomy thought the skull looked like ………. (A) Apple (B) Pomegranate (C) Banana (D) Orange Ans A Diff Easy Page 454 14. The.............originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward (A) Genioglossus (B) Styloglossus (C) Palatoglossus (D) None of above Ans A Diff Medium Page 459 15. The suprahyoid muscles raise the............during deglutition (A) Hyoid bone (B) Floor of the mouth (C) Larynx (D) All of above Ans D Diff Medium Page 460 16. The head, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is...........by the neck muscles (A) Balanced (B) Moved (C) Rotated (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 461 17. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originates there. This muscle divides the neck into ……. triangles when viewed from the side (A) Anterior (B) Posterior (C) Both of above (D) None of above Ans C Diff Medium Page 461 18. The muscles of the............extend, flex, and stabilize different parts of the body’s trunk (A) Vertebral column (B) Thorax (C) Abdominal wall (D) All of above Ans D Diff Easy Page 464 19. If you injured your shoulder while you were kayaking, the first thing a physical therapist would do during your first visit is to assess the functionality of the ………. . (A) Joint (B) Bones (C) Muscles (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 467 20. When you inhale, your chest rises because the cavity …….. . (A) Increases in size (B) Decreases in size (C) Remains still (D) Moves a little Ans A Diff Hard Page 467 21. The principal role of the intercostal muscles is to assist in..........by changing the dimensions of the rib cage (A) Breathing (B) Coughing (C) Sitting (D) Exercising Ans A Diff Hard Page 468 22. The........is the diamond-shaped space between the pubic symphysis (anteriorly), the coccyx (posteriorly), and the ischial tuberosities (laterally), lying just inferior to the pelvic diaphragm (A) Perineum (B) Lavatory (C) Coccyges (D) All of above Ans A Diff Hard Page 470 23. The forearm flexors include the ………. (A) Bicep brachii (B) Brachialis (C) Brachioradialis (D) All of the above Ans D Diff Medium Page 475 24. The..........is the origin of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. (A) Palm (B) Forearm (C) Wrist (D) Fingers Ans A Diff Medium Page 478 25. The large and powerful muscles of the hip that move the femur generally originate on the …………. . (A) Pelvic girdle (B) Femur (B) Nerve (C) Tract (D) Nucleus Ans A Diff Medium Page 506 4. Bundle of axons in PNS is called tract. (A) True (B) False Ans B Diff Hard Page 508 5. Integration is : (A) Receiving of the information from the environment to gain input (B) Response produced on the basis of received stimuli (C) Stimuli that are received by sensory structures are communicated to the nervous system where that information is processed (D) None of them Ans C Diff Hard Page 508 6. Withdrawing a hand from hot stove is an example of: (A) Response (B) Stimulus (C) Integration (D) Chemical stimuli Ans A Diff Medium Page 508 7. Voluntary motor responses are taken controlled by: (A) Enteric nervous system (B) Somatic nervous system (C) Both a & b (D) Autonomic nervous system Ans B Diff Medium Page 509 8. Sensory stimuli is processed by: (A) Nerves (B) Spinal cord (C) Ganglia (D) Brain Ans D Diff Hard Page 509 9. The function of neurons: (A) Regulation of oxygen to brain (B) Regulation of hemostatic mechanism (C) Computation and communication (D) Blood supply to brain Ans C Diff Medium Page 512 10. The gap in the myelin that covers axon is termed as: (A) Axon segment (B) Axon terminal (C) Nodes of Ranvier (D) Initial segment Ans C Diff Medium Page 513 11. Axon terminal is: (A) Axon terminal (B) Synaptic end bulb (C) Initial segment (D) Axoplasm Ans A Diff Easy Page 513 12. The cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in: (A) Retina (B) Olfactory epithelium (C) Ganglia (D) All of them Ans C Diff Hard Page 514 13. The function of Schwann cell include: (A) Graded potential (B) Propagation (C) Threshold (D) Neurotransmission Ans B Diff Medium Page 521 20. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the short distance of the synapse and binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron. (A) True (B) False Ans A Diff Medium Page 522 21. The neuron causing muscle fibers to contract: (A) Upper motor neuron (B) Lower motor neuron (C) Both a & b (D) None of them Ans B Diff Easy Page 522 22. Cell membrane is charged by: (A) Ions (B) Charged particles (C) Both a & b (D) None of them Ans C Diff Easy Page 523 23. The sodium-potassium pump requires energy in the form of: (A) ATP (B) ADP (C) FAD (D) FADH Ans A Diff Medium Page 524 24. Channels for cations will have negatively charged side chains in the pore whereas channels for anions will have positively charged side chains in the pore. (A) Size exclusion (B) Electrochemical exclusion (C) Both a & b (D) Ligand gated channels Ans B Diff Medium Page 524 25. A mechanically gated channel opens because of the: (A) Changes in electrical membrane (B) Physical distortion of the cell membrane (C) Signaling molecule (D) Randomly gated Ans B Diff Hard Page 525 26. The channel which opens and closes at random. (A) Mechanically gated channel (B) Voltage gated channel (C) Ligand gated channel (D) Leakage channel Ans D Diff Medium Page 526 27. The potential distribution of charge across the cell membrane is measured by: (A) Ampere (B) Volts (C) Mili volts (D) Megavolts Ans C Diff Easy Page 526 28. The voltage gated channel are specific for: (A) Potassium (B) Sodium (C) Both a & b (D) Non-specific Ans A Diff Medium Page 528 3. The structures that come from the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon except for the cerebellum are collectively considered the: (A) Primary vesicles (B) Secondary vesicles (C) Brain stem (D) Metancephalon Ans C Diff Hard Page 551 4. While the brain is developing from the anterior neural tube, spinal cord is developing via same route. (A) True (B) False Ans B Diff Medium Page 552 5. The curve between brain stem and forebrain is called: (A) Neural flex (B) Cephalic flex (C) Cephalic flexure (D) Neural flexure Ans C Diff Easy Page 553 6. The brain stem include: (A) Mid brain (B) Pons (C) Medulla (D) All of them Ans D Diff Medium Page 553 7. The wrinkled portion of the brain: (A) Cerebral cortex (B) Cerebrum (C) Cerebral hemisphere (D) Corpus coliseum Ans B Diff Hard Page 557 8. The separation between two sides of cerebrum: (A) Longitudinal fissure (B) Cerebral hemisphere (C) Cerebral cortex (D) Corpus coliseum Ans A Diff Medium Page 557 9. Which of the following is involved in structure, behavior and emotion: (A) Basal forebrain (B) Basal nuclei (C) Limbic cortex (D) Limbic system Ans D Diff Hard Page 557 10. The groove between two gyri: (A) Gyros (B) Sulcus (C) Both a & b (D) None of them Ans B Diff Easy Page 558 11. Occipital lobe is the: (A) Separating temporal lobe from other regions (B) Separating lobe from central sulcus (C) Anterior region of the cortex (D) Posterior region of the cortex Ans D Diff Medium Page 558 12. The area that is responsible for thinking of movements: (A) Pre motor area (B) Prefrontal lobe (C) Boca’s area (D) Frontal eye fields (A) Hypothalamus (B) Pons (C) Medulla (D) Tectum Ans B Diff Medium Page 563 20. The cerebellum accounts of the brain mass: (A) 10% (B) 20% (C) 30% (D) 40% Ans A Diff Easy Page 565 21. The anterior horn is responsible for: (A) Sensory processing (B) Found in thoracic, upper lumbar (C) Send out motor signal to skeletal muscle (D) Sound out sensory signal to skeletal muscle Ans C Diff Medium Page 566 22. Motor demands of the brain are carried by: (A) Ascending tracts (B) Descending tract (C) Anterior column (D) Posterior column Ans B Diff Easy Page 567 23. The orthostatic reflex is a reaction to this change in body position so that blood pressure is maintained against the increasing effect of gravity. (A) True (B) False Ans A Diff Easy Page 569 24. A confluence of arteries that can maintain perfusion of the brain even if narrowing or a blockage limits flow through one part. (A) Foramen magnum (B) Anterior spinal artery (C) Basilar artery (D) Circles of willis` Ans D Diff Medium Page 570 25. The sinus that runs in grooves of the longitudinal fissure where it absorbs CSF from the meninges: (A) Dural sinuses (B) Superior sagittal sinus (C) Sigmoid sinuses (D) Jugular veins Ans B Diff Moderate Page 571 26. Which of the following is correct about dura matter? (A) thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord (B) a membrane of thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around the CNS (C) a thin fibrous membrane that follows the convolutions of gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex and fits into other groove and intentions (D) All of them Ans A Diff Hard Page 572 27. The subarachnoid space is filled with stationary CSF. (A) True (B) False Ans B Diff Medium Page 572 28. The open surface within the brain where CSF circulates: (A) Pia mater (B) Arachnoid mater (C) Dura mater (D) Ventricles Ans D Diff Medium Page 573 (B) Chemoreceptors (C) Nociceptors (D) Osmoreceptors Ans A Diff Easy Page 602 5. Gustation is: (A) Sense of smell (B) Sense of taste (C) Sense of hearing (D) All of them Ans B Diff Easy Page 602 6. Sour taste is the perception of: (A) Sodium (B) Chloride (C) Nitrogen (D) Hydrogen Ans D Diff Medium Page 603 7. Which of the following food item is a source of alkaloid? (A) Coffee (B) Hops (C) Tea (D) All of them Ans D Diff Medium Page 604 8. The sensory modality that does not synapse in thalamus before connecting to cerebral cortex. (A) Taste (B) Smell (C) Hearing (D) All of them Ans B Diff Hard Page 605 9. The large fleshy structure on lateral aspect of the head: (A) Tympanic membrane (B) Incus (C) Auricle (D) Stapes Ans C Diff Medium Page 606 10. Sound is transduced into neural signals within the cochlear region of the inner ear which contains the sensory neurons of the: (A) Vestibule (B) Scala tympani (C) Round window (D) Spiral ganglia Ans D Diff Hard Page 607 11. Scala vestibule: (A) the central cavity of the cochlea that contains the sound transducing neurons (B) a membrane that contains the fluid within the scala (C) oval window located at the beginning of a fluid filled tube within the cochlea (D) both b & c Ans C Diff Medium Page 607 12. Choose the correct statement: (A) Organs of Corti tranduce the wave motion of the two scala into neural signals (B) The organs of Corti lie on top of the basilar membrane (C) Higher frequency waves move the region of the basilar membrane that is close to the base of the cochlea (D) All of them Ans D Diff Hard Page 608 13. The range of the human sound: (A) 10-10000hz (B) 20-20000hz (C) 30-30000hz (D) 40-40000hz