Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank #1 exam 1, Exams of Advanced Education

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Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank

exam 1

Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures? - Physiology Which term defines a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function? - Tissue Which term refers to the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body? - Metabolism List the basic processes of life. - The basic processes of life include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction. The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the - nervous and endocrine systems. Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues and directly affects the proper functioning of cells? - Interstitial fluid Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems. - A positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition. Which feedback system structure receives output from the control center? - Effector Which feedback system structure provides input to the control center? - Receptor A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be: - Childbirth Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as - signs. Describe the anatomical position. - In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward. The lungs are located in the - pleural cavity. Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity? - Pelvic Cavity

Which cavity contains the heart? - Pericardial Cavity The function of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to - reduce friction between neighboring organs. Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? - Midsagittal Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions? - Frontal A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into - superior and inferior portions. Which directional term means farther from the midline? - Lateral Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure? - Distal Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is _____________ to the liver. - superior Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is _____________ to the heart. - anterior Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity? - Diaphragm Which serious membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm? - Peritoneum Where on the diagram is the femoral area? - D Where on the diagram is the cervical area? - B The ribs are ________ to the sternum. - lateral The stomach is ________ to the urinary bladder. - superior Which plane is parasagittal? - B Which plane is frontal? - E Name the cavities of the trunk and the serous membranes that line them. - The two main cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity can be divided into three smaller cavities called the pericardial cavity, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities. The pericardial cavity is lined by the pericardium. The pleural cavity is lined by the pleura. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the

diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities, both of which are lined by the peritoneum. List the eleven organ systems of the human body. - The eleven organ systems of the human body include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, urinary, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems. Name the structural levels of the body and briefly describe each level. - The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules. The cellular level consists of cells which are the smallest form of life. The tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function. The organ level consists of organs, constructed from different types of tissue that can provide several different specific functions. The organ systems consist of one or more organs that are interlinked in general functions. The organism is made up of all the organ systems, which work to provide homeostasis. List and briefly describe the six basic life processes. - The six basic life processes include: 1. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body. 2. Responsiveness is the body's ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli. 3. Movement includes motions that range from movements within individual cells to movement of the entire body. 4. Growth means an increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells. 5. Differentiation is the process that converts a cell from unspecialized to specialized. 6. Reproduction refers to formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual. Describe a feedback system and list its general components. - A feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostasis. A feedback system will include a receptor that detects stimuli, a control center that receives the input from the receptor and generates an output, and an effector that receives the output and produces a response. Which of the following noninvasive diagnostic techniques is an example of inspection? - Examining the surface of patient's skin for presence of a rash. Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells? - Neurophysiology Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood? - Endocrinology Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging? - Pathophysiology Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease-causing agents? - Immunology

Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease? - Pathological Anatomy Which of the following anatomical terms refer to the groin? - Inguinal Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the front of the elbow? - Antecubital Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the ear? - Otic Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the great toe? - Hallux Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the thumb? - Pollex The section shown in (c) results from cutting through a ___________ plane extending through the brain? - transverse The section shown in (b) results from cutting through a ________ plane extending through the brain? - frontal Which cavity contains the small intestine? - D Which cavity contains the liver? - D Which cavity contains the spinal cord? - B Which cavity contains the internal organs of reproduction? - E What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs? - Visceral Pleura What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart? - Parietal Pericardium Which region is the epigastric region? - A Which region is the hypogastric region? - C Which radiographs were obtained using low-dose x-rays? - A and B Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body's internal environment. - An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions containing the dissolved substances needed to sustain life. The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid (ICF) and the fluid found outside of cells is extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF consists of interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous. The ECF called interstitial fluid, which is the fluid found in the narrow

spaces between cells and tissues, is also known as the body's internal environment. This is due to the fact that the proper functioning of body cells depends of precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them. Which of the following is an example of the basic life processes called growth?

1. Muscle Contraction
2. Digestion of Proteins
3. Lifting weights and Gaining muscle mass
4. Mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen - 3 and 4 Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of - responsiveness. During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be - symptoms. An embryonic stem cell undergoes _____ to become a neuron. - differentiation Which of the following describes a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop? - Increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch. Which of the following organs contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure? - Brain Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of a negative feedback system?

• Usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off. Which of the following represents the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body? - Organism Level Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic type of tissues found in the human body? - Necrotic Tissue Which of the following correctly list the levels of structural organization in the human body from largest to smallest? - Organism-Organ System-Organ-Tissue-Cellular- Chemical Which of the following structures or regions could you clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position? - Palm of the Hand Which of the following is a safe non-invasive imaging technique that uses the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of body tissues to visualize a fetus during pregnancy? - Ultrasound Scanning

Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which of the following types of medical imaging? - Low-Dose Radiography