Anatomy and Physiology the Unity of Form and Function 9th Edition Chapter 25/26 Saladin T, Exams of Nursing

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Anatomy and Physiology the Unity of Form and

Function 9th Edition Chapter 25/26 Saladin Test Bank

2024 Verified Exam A+

What is the main purpose of glucose catabolism? - ANSWER>>to transfer energy from glucose to ATP Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of: - ANSWER>>glucose The addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is a process called: - ANSWER>>phosphorylation Which process yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule? - ANSWER>>Glycolysis Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation may occur under which of the following conditions? - ANSWER>>When no oxygen is available The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include: - ANSWER>>carbon dioxide, water and ATP What are the three major pathways by which glucose is catabolized in the human body? - ANSWER>>Glycolysis Anaerobic fermentation Aerobic respiration What occurs in the reaction called phosphorylation? - ANSWER>>Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule Anaerobic fermentation results in pyruvic acid being reduced to: - ANSWER>>lactic acid The process of glycolysis results in net gain of how many molecules of ATP? - ANSWER>> In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called: - ANSWER>>fermentation Lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate in which organ? - ANSWER>>liver In the presence of oxygen, ____________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration. - ANSWER>>pyruvic In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to ______ acid, thus reducing it to ______ acid and regenerating NAD. - ANSWER>>pyruvic, lactic What is the cellular location for the Krebs cycle? - ANSWER>>Mitochondria

What is a series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP? - ANSWER>>the electron transport chain What is the electron transport chain? - ANSWER>>a series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP The liver oxidizes lactic acid back to ____________ acid, which can then enter the aerobic pathway when oxygen becomes available again. - ANSWER>>pyruvic When electrons bind to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain, what is formed? - ANSWER>>water How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose? - ANSWER>> moles What happens to pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen? - ANSWER>>It enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration. The ______ cycle (citric acid cycle) is a cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP. - ANSWER>>Krebs Which component of the aerobic respiration pathway acts as a proton pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes? - ANSWER>>The electron-transport chain What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? - ANSWER>>oxygen What are the end-products of the complete oxidation of glucose? - ANSWER>>CO2, H2O, ATP What is glycogenesis? - ANSWER>>The production of glycogen The synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called - ANSWER>>glycogenesis Which term refers to the hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose or glucose 1-phosphate? - ANSWER>>Glycogenolysis the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as fats and amino acids - ANSWER>>gluconeogenesis What is lipolysis? - ANSWER>>Breakdown of triglycerides The maximum number of ATP generated by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is

• ANSWER>> What is lipogenesis? - ANSWER>>Producing fats from other types of molecules Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called: - ANSWER>>beta oxidation What is glycogenolysis? - ANSWER>>breakdown of glycogen to release glucose What is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids? - ANSWER>>Gluconeogenesis

The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is: - ANSWER>>lipolysis What are ketone bodies? - ANSWER>>By-products of incomplete oxidation of fats synthesis of fats - ANSWER>>lipogenesis When may ketoacidosis occur? - ANSWER>>With untreated diabetes mellitus During pregnancy During starvation What is beta oxidation? - ANSWER>>Fatty acid catabolism producing acetyl groups Ketosis is a serious condition associated with diets that are extremely low in which type of nutrient? - ANSWER>>carbohydrates When is deamination necessary? - ANSWER>>When using protein for gluconeogenesis When using protein for fuel Ketones are produced by the incomplete oxidation of: - ANSWER>>fats What is amination? - ANSWER>>addition of NH2 to a molecule The addition of NH2 to a molecule - ANSWER>>amination The pH imbalance that occurs as a result of a high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is known as: - ANSWER>>ketoacidosis After the amino group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called a - ANSWER>>keto acid Low carbohydrate diets and untreated diabetes mellitus are two causes of ketone body accumulation, a condition called - ANSWER>>ketosis In a pathway called the urea cycle, the liver combines ______ with carbon dioxide to produce urea, a less toxic waste. - ANSWER>>ammonia What must occur before an amino acid can be burned as fuel or used to produce glucose? - ANSWER>>deamination Protein synthesis is stimulated by? - ANSWER>>growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and insulin the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another - ANSWER>>transamination After the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called a(n) ______ acid - ANSWER>>keto In which metabolic pathway is ammonia combined with carbon dioxide in the liver to produce a less toxic waste? - ANSWER>>The urea cycle What is directly involved in the process of protein synthesis? - ANSWER>>tRNA DNA

mRNA Ribosomes