ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-THE UNITY OF FORM AND FUNCTION CH. 9 STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Advanced Education

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-THE UNITY OF

FORM AND FUNCTION CH. 9 STUDY GUIDE

Joint (articulation) - --Any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface Arthrology - --The science of joint structure, function and dysfunction Kinesiology - --The study of musculoskeletal movement Biomechanics - --Deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration and hearing Bony Joint (synostosis) - --Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone fused by osseous tissue. Includes frontal bone, mandible and epiphyseal plate Fibrous Joint (synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint) - --Point at which two adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other with variable degrees of mobility. Includes skull sutures, tooth sockets and interosseous membrane in the radius and ulna Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial) Joint - --Two bones joined by cartilage that allows for little motion but retains a significant amount of stability. Includes pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc. (Syndochondrosis if hyaline; symphysis if fibrocartilage)

Synovial (diarthrodial) Joint (diarthrosis) - --A joint in which the opposing bone surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage and there is some degree of free movement and are separated by a space filled with synovial fluid. Includes shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and knuckles Articular Cartilage - --Thin hyaline cartilage layer that covers epiphyses or articular surface of bones in synovial joints Synovial Fluid - --viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths that lubricates, nourishes, and keeps the joint moveable; contains proteins (albumins), and GAG (gycosaminoglycans) Joint Cavity - --Small space between the articulating surfaces of the two bones of the joint that has a small amount of synovial fluid Joint Capsule - --Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid and had two layers: synovial membrane layer: produce fluid, macrophage fibrous membrane layer: Fibroblasts that produce fluid Tendon - --Attaches muscle to bone Ligament - --Attaches bone to bone Fibrous Capsule - --Dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum and strengthens the joint Articular Disc - --Forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule similar to menisci; Found in the jaw

Meniscus - --Crescent-shaped pad of cartilage between bone surfaces of knee that are shock absorbers Bursa - --Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin Tendon Sheaths - --elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot Bursitis - --Inflammation of the bursa sac Sutures - --Immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skill to each other Serrate Sutures - --Appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins Lap (squamous) Sutures - --A type of suture where two bones have overlapping beveled edges. They appear as a relatively smooth (nonserrated) line. Plane (butt) Sutures - --A type of suture where two bones have straight non- overlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other. Gomphosis - --Type of joint attaching a tooth to its socket Periodontal Ligament - --Fibrous ligament consisting of collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue

Syndesmosis - --Fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers giving bones more mobility Interosseous Membrane - --flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula that allows for movements such as pronation and supination Synchondrosis - --Joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage Symphysis - --Two bones are joined by fibrocartilage Effort Arm - --Portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort Resistant Arm - --Part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance Mechanical Advantage (MA) - --The Ratio of its output force to its input force First-Class Lever - --Fulcrum in the middle Second-Class Lever - --Resistance in the middle Third-Class Lever - --Effort is applied between fulcrum and resistance (REF) Range of Motion (ROM) - --Degrees through which a joint can move Axis of Rotation - --Center around which a joint rotates

Monoaxial Joint - --One plan of rotation degree of freedom like the elbow, knee, and interphalangea joint; like a door hinge Biaxial Joint - --Two planes of rotation; saddle joint of thumbs Multiaxial Joint - --Three planes of rotation; ball and socket joint of hip Zero Position - --Position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position Flexion - --Movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane Extension - --Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position Hyperextension - --Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position Abduction - --Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body Adduction - --Movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline Protraction - --Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane Retraction - --Posterior movement of a body part Lateral Flexion - --Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline

Lateral Excursion - --Side to side movement of the mandible Ulnar Flexion - --Tilts the hand toward the little finger Radial Flexion - --Tilts the hand towards the thumb Osteoarthritis - --"Wear and tear" arthritis due to age and wear on the articular cartilage, bone hypertrophy and bone spurs; treated by rheumotologists Rheumatoid Arthritis - --Autoantibody (rheumatoid factor) attacks own tissue Ankylosis - --Fusion of bones; joint immobility Arthroplasty - --Replacement of a diseased joint with an artificial device called a prothesis