ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY-THE UNITY OF FORM AND FUNCTION CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Advanced Education

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY-THE UNITY OF

FORM AND FUNCTION CHAPTER 1 STUDY

GUIDE

Anatomy - --The study of structure Physiology - --The study of function Inspection - --Simply looking at the body's appearance Palpation - --Feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse Auscultation - --listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds Percussion - --Examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air Dissection - --Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships Cadaver - --A dead human body Comparative Anatomy - --The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

Exploratory Surgery - --Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what could be done about it. Any breach of the body cavities is risky, however, and most exploratory surgery has now been replaced by medical imaging techniques Medical Imaging - --Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery Radiology - --Branch of medicine concerned with imaging Gross Anatomy - --Structure that can be seen with the naked eye Histology - --Microscopic anatomy. Take a tissue sample, stain it and review it under a microscope Histopathology - --The microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease Cytology - --The study of the structure and function of individual cells Ultrastructure - --Refers to the fine details, down to the molecular level, which are revealed by an electron microscope Comparative Physiology - --The study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration and reproduction Anatomy is the structure and physiology is the function. They support eachother b/c when you study a structure, you should know what it does and why it is possible. - --What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other?

Cell Theory - --Theory that all life is composed of cells. Scientific method - --refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions. Inductive Method - --A process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them Hypothetico-deductive Method - --Most physiological knowledge was obtained by this type of scientific method. Start by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis that is consistent with what is already known and capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. Falsifiability - --If we claim that something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. Psychosomatic Effects - --Effects of the subject's state of mind on his or her physiology Placebo - --A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body Fact - --Information that can be verified by any trained person (i.e. the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia) Law of Nature - --A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. A description! Theroy - --An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypothesis

Evolution - --Change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms Natural Selection - --The principal theory of how evolution works. Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competators Selection Pressures - --Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others Adaptations - --Features of anatomy, physiology and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressure and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment Model - --An animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem Bipedalism - --Standing and walking on two legs Evolutionary Medicine - --Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live, and the prehistoric environment to which Homo sapiens were biologically adapted Organism - --A single individual Organ System - --A group of organs with a unique collective function Organ - --A structure composted of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

Tissue - --A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and preforms a specific function Cells - --The smallest units of an organism that carries out its individual functions Organelles - --Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions molecule - --a particle composed of at least two atoms atom - --the smallest particles with unique chemical identities. Reductionism - --The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components Holism - --The complementary theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted form the properties of its separate parts organization, cellular composition, metabolism, excretion, responsiveness - -- the collection of properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things: 1.6. Finish the slide above and define those words - -- Receptor - --A structure that senses a change n the body

Control Center - --A mechanism that processes this formation, relates it to the other available information and "makes a decision" about what the appropriate response should be Effector - --The cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action Eponyms - --Terms coined from the names of people