Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function Chapter 2, Exams of Anatomy

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Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity

of Form and Function Chapter 2

Biochemistry - the study of the molecules that compose living organisms Element - the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties Trace Elements - An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. Radioisotopes - unstable isotopes Radioactivity - the process of decay of Radioisotopes Ionizing Radiation - Enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV) Physical Half-Life - the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state Ions - charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons Anion - A negatively charged ion Cation - A positively charged ion Electrolytes - substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity Free Radicals - chemical particles with an odd number of electrons Molecules - chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond Compounds - molecules composed of two or more elements Isomers - molecules with identical molecular formulaes but different arrangements of their atoms Molecular Weight - the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms Antioxidant - a chemical that neutralizes free radicals Chemical Bonds - A union between the electron structures of two or more atoms

Ionic bond - the attraction of a cation to an anion Covalent bonds - Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms. Single covalent bond - the sharing of a single pair of electrons double covalent bond - the sharing of two pairs of electrons polar covalent bond - A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally hydrogen bond - A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. mixture - A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined hydrophilic - substances that dissolve in water hydrophobic - substances that do not dissolve in water calorie - the base unit of heat solution - A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another. Solute - A substance that is dissolved solvent - A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances colloids - A mixture that has larger particles. molarity - the number of moles of solute per liter of solution Matter - anything that takes up space and has mass Atom - building block of all matter chemically stable - Full valence shell with 8 electrons = ___ reactive - If an atom does not have 8 electrons in its valence shell, it is ___ Compound - atoms of two or more DIFFERENT elements held together by a bond Ex: H2O, NaCl more protons than electrons - + = ________

more electrons than protons - - = _________ Cation - lost one or more electrons (+ charge) Atoms with 1-3 valence electrons Anion - gained one or more electrons (- charge) Atoms with 4-7 valance electrons Energy - Does not take up space, has no mass Cannot be directly observed Saturation - _____ is like construction workers with a pile of bricks. Adding more bricks will make the work go faster (easier to get materials). When all workers are working as fast as they can, adding more bricks won't help (they're too busy). You need more workers (enzymes) to go even faster. substrate - Enzymes are kind of "stupid". They just float around until they bump into their substrate. Adding more ___ makes it easier/faster for enzymes to find their specific substrate (they don't really think, this is just to help visualize the situation). Organic compounds - contain carbon and hydrogen Covalent bonds only Often large, complex Inorganic compounds - typically do not contain carbon If C is present, ionically bonded to other atoms besides H Can contain covalent or ionic bonds Includes water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide solutions - Salt water, blood plasma, sugar water... all ___ amphipathic - substances that only partially dissolve in water amphipathic - Have polar and nonpolar regions (phospholipids) polar - Why did the bear dissolve in the ocean? It was ___! Suspension - Does not remain mixed when left alone Suspension - Scatters light, cloudy/opaque Suspension - Large particles (whole blood is an example) Suspension - Particles "settle" (if you set the blood down, it

Separates) Colloid - Remains mixed when left alone Colloid - Scatters light, cloudy/opaque Colloid - Often contains proteins Colloid - Large particles