ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THE UNITY OF FORM AND FUNCTION CHAPTER 5 STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Advanced Education

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THE UNITY OF

FORM AND FUNCTION CHAPTER 5 STUDY

GUIDE

Epithelial tissue - --Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces from glands and serve for protection, secretion and absorption Connective tissue - --Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume often specialized to support bind and protect organs Nervous tissue - --Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells Muscular tissue - --Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction. Matrix - --(Extracellular material) composed of fibrous proteins and clear gel called ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel. Ectoderm - --Is the outer layer that gives rise ro the epodermis and nervous system. Mesoderm - --Layer of more loosely organized cells. Endoderm - --Gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive system ans respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands

Epithelial tissue - --Consist of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the enviroment or to an internal space of the body. (Decides what enters ghe body) Basement membrane - --Layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue Basal surface - --Surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane Apical surface - --Surface of an epithelial cell yhay faces away from yhe basement membrane Simple epithelium - --Has only one layer of cells Simple squamous - --Thin scaly cells Simple cuboidal - --Squarish or round cells Simple columnar - --Tall narrow cells Goblet cells - --Wineglass shaped cells that produce protective mucous coatings Transitional epithelium - -- Keratinized - --Found jn the epidermis, covered with a layer of dead compressed cells

Nonkeratinized - --Lacks ghe surface layer of dead cells Connective tissues - --Are most abundant, widely distributed and histologically variable of the primary tissue. Highly vascular - --Richly supplied with blood vessels Fibroblasts - --Makes collagen produces fibers and ground substances Macrophages - --Arise from white blood cells callled monocytes Leukocytes - --White blood cells Plasma cells - --Synthesis disease fighting antibodies Mast cells - --Are found along side blood vessels Adipocytes - --Stires triglycerides (Fat cells) Collagenous fibers - --Made of collagen, are tough and flexible Elastic fibers - --Thinner than collagen fibers, they branch and rejoin each other along their course Reticular fibers - --Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotien. Tendons - --Attaches muscles together

Ligaments - --Hold bones together Adipose tissue - --Tissue in which adipocytes (fat cell)are the doninant cell type White fat - --Is more abundant and is only significant adipose tissue of ghe adult body Brown fat - --Found mainly in fetuses, infants snd children Cartilage - --Stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix Chondroblasts - --Cell that produces cartilage Chondrocytes - --Cartilage cells Hyaline cartilage - --Clear glassy apperance, which stems from the usually invisible fineness of its collagen fibers Elastic cartilage - --Comspicous elastic fibers Fibrocartilage - --Coarse visible bundles of collagen Pubic symphysis - --Pubic bones Menisci - --Knee

Intervertebral dics - --In Spine Skeletal muscle - --Long threadlike cells called muscle fibers Cardiac muscle - --Limited to the heart Smooth muscle - --Short, thick in the middle, tapered at ends Tight junction - --A region in which adjacent cells are bound together Desmosomes - --Patch that holds cells together Gap junction - --Formed by a ringlike commexon. Gland - --Cell or oragn that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or release them for elimination from the body. Excretion - --Waste product Exocrine glands - --Maintain their contact with the bidy surface. By way of a duct Endocrine glands - --Lose their contact with the surface and have no ducts Unicellular glands - --Cell that makes mucous Serous glands - --Produce thin watery secretions

Mucous glands - --Produces mucus (goblet cells) Mixed glands - --Contains both cell types and produce a mixture

• --R Cytogenic glands - --Relaese whole cells sperm and eggs Cutaneous membrane - --The skin largest membrane of the body Serous membrane - --Internal membrane Synovial membrane - --Lines joint cavities (heals joints) Tissue growth - --Increasing the number of cells or yhe exsisting cells grow larger Hyperplasia - --Tissue growth through cell multiplication Hypertrophy - --Enlargement of preexsisting cells Neoplasia - --(New) development of a tumor Embryonic stem cells - --Can change into any of yhe 200 plus cells Adult stem cells - --Undifferentiated cells in the tussue

Multi potent - --Bone marrow producing several blood cells Unipotent - --Most limited plasticity Regeneration - --Replacement of dead cells by the same type of cell as before Fibrosis - --Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue Atrophy - --Shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number Senile atrophy - --Through normal aging Disuse atrophy - --From lack of not using Necrosis - --Premature, pathological death of tissue due ti trauma, toxins, infections. Apoptosis - --When your cell lives a certain time then dies