Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (Chapter 9: Joints) Questions, Exercises of Anatomy

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Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function

(Chapter 9: Joints) Questions And Answers A+

Joint (articulation) - ANS-Any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface

Arthrology - ANS-The science of joint structure, function and dysfunction

Kinesiology - ANS-The study of musculoskeletal movement

Biomechanics - ANS-Deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration and hearing

Bony Joint (synostosis) - ANS-Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone fused by osseous tissue. Includes frontal bone, mandible and epiphyseal plate

Fibrous Joint (synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint) - ANS-Point at which two adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other with variable degrees of mobility. Includes skull sutures, tooth sockets and interosseous membrane in the radius and ulna

Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial) Joint - ANS-Two bones joined by cartilage that allows for little motion but retains a significant amount of stability. Includes pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc. (Syndochondrosis if hyaline; symphysis if fibrocartilage)

Synovial (diarthrodial) Joint (diarthrosis) - ANS-A joint in which the opposing bone surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage and there is some degree of free movement and are separated by a space filled with synovial fluid. Includes shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and knuckles

Articular Cartilage - ANS-Thin hyaline cartilage layer that covers epiphyses or articular surface of bones in synovial joints

Synovial Fluid - ANS-viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths that lubricates, nourishes, and keeps the joint moveable; contains proteins (albumins), and GAG (gycosaminoglycans)

Joint Cavity - ANS-Small space between the articulating surfaces of the two bones of the joint that has a small amount of synovial fluid

Joint Capsule - ANS-Connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid and had two layers:

synovial membrane layer: produce fluid, macrophage

fibrous membrane layer: Fibroblasts that produce fluid

Tendon - ANS-Attaches muscle to bone

Ligament - ANS-Attaches bone to bone

Fibrous Capsule - ANS-Dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum and strengthens the joint

Articular Disc - ANS-Forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule similar to menisci; Found in the jaw

Meniscus - ANS-Crescent-shaped pad of cartilage between bone surfaces of knee that are shock absorbers

Bursa - ANS-Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin

Tendon Sheaths - ANS-elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot

Bursitis - ANS-Inflammation of the bursa sac

Sutures - ANS-Immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skill to each other

Serrate Sutures - ANS-Appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins

Lap (squamous) Sutures - ANS-A type of suture where two bones have overlapping beveled edges. They appear as a relatively smooth (nonserrated) line.

Plane (butt) Sutures - ANS-A type of suture where two bones have straight non-overlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other.

Gomphosis - ANS-Type of joint attaching a tooth to its socket

Periodontal Ligament - ANS-Fibrous ligament consisting of collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue

Syndesmosis - ANS-Fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers giving bones more mobility

Interosseous Membrane - ANS-flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula that allows for movements such as pronation and supination

Synchondrosis - ANS-Joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage

Symphysis - ANS-Two bones are joined by fibrocartilage

Effort Arm - ANS-Portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort

Resistant Arm - ANS-Part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance

Mechanical Advantage (MA) - ANS-The Ratio of its output force to its input force

First-Class Lever - ANS-Fulcrum in the middle

Second-Class Lever - ANS-Resistance in the middle

Third-Class Lever - ANS-Effort is applied between fulcrum and resistance (REF)

Range of Motion (ROM) - ANS-Degrees through which a joint can move

Axis of Rotation - ANS-Center around which a joint rotates

Monoaxial Joint - ANS-One plan of rotation degree of freedom like the elbow, knee, and interphalangea joint; like a door hinge

Biaxial Joint - ANS-Two planes of rotation; saddle joint of thumbs

Multiaxial Joint - ANS-Three planes of rotation; ball and socket joint of hip

Zero Position - ANS-Position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position

Flexion - ANS-Movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane

Extension - ANS-Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

Hyperextension - ANS-Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

Abduction - ANS-Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Adduction - ANS-Movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline

Protraction - ANS-Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Retraction - ANS-Posterior movement of a body part

Lateral Flexion - ANS-Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline

Lateral Excursion - ANS-Side to side movement of the mandible

Ulnar Flexion - ANS-Tilts the hand toward the little finger

Radial Flexion - ANS-Tilts the hand towards the thumb

Osteoarthritis - ANS-"Wear and tear" arthritis due to age and wear on the articular cartilage, bone hypertrophy and bone spurs; treated by rheumotologists

Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANS-Autoantibody (rheumatoid factor) attacks own tissue

Ankylosis - ANS-Fusion of bones; joint immobility

Arthroplasty - ANS-Replacement of a diseased joint with an artificial device called a prothesis