Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 / 19 Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 1.Define Afferent: Sensory Information from the body traveling to the CNS (ex: pain, touch, temperature) 2.Define Efferent: Motor Information traveling from the CNS to muscle tissue in the body (ex: causes muscle tissue to contract) 3.Define Somatic: Structures that you can localize (pinpoint) sensations from Structures that you have voluntary control over muscle movement (ex: skin, joints, bones, fascia, parietal layer of pleura, parietal layer of periosteum, skeletal muscle) 4.Define Visceral: Structures that you can't localize (pinpoint) sensations from structures that you do not have conscious control over Involuntary muscles (ex: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, organs, visceral layer of pleura, visceral layer of periosteum) 5. `Define Synapse: The point where two neurons connect to exchange information Before the synapse is the "presynaptic" and after the synapse is the "postsynaptic" Occurs when one neuron passes its information on to the next neuron 6.What structure/tissue is innervated by the following neurons and what type of information each neuron carries SOMATIC SENSORY: (somatic afferent) General sensations: localized pain, temperature (hot/cold), 2 / 19 Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 touch, vibration Carry sensory information from somatic structure Special senses: smell, vision, hearing, balance, taste Starts in the skin, skeletal muscle fibers, special senses, tendons and joints and then travels on axons through the ventral or dorsal ramus, through the spinal nerve, and through the dorsal root into the dorsal root ganglia (where cell body is located) then travels on axons through either dorsal root or spinal cord and then goes to the somatic sensory cortex in parietal lobe of brain. 7.What structure/tissue is innervated by the following neurons and what type of information each neuron carries SOMATIC MOTOR: (somatic efferent) Innervated skeletal muscles Carry motor information to skeletal muscle tissue Starts in the motor cortex of the frontal lobe of the brain and the cell body is in an upper motor neuron and it needs to first communicate with a lower motor neuron. It does this by traveling through axons in the spinal cord to a lower motor neuron located in the ventral horn, then travels into ventral root and to the spinal nerve then travels either to the ventral or dorsal ramus and to the skeletal muscle fibers 8.What structure/tissue is innervated by the following neurons and what type of information each neuron carries VISCERAL SENSORY: (visceral afferent) Baroreceptors-blood pressure Chemical irritation of stomach 5 / 19 Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 the extracellular space 21.Describe the function and location of Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain (CNS) and assist in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Helps form the choroid plexus 22.Describe the function and location of Microglial cells: Act similar to macrophages in the immune system in order to defend neurons from pathogens They also carry out phagocytic activity to remove debris from dead or damaged neuron tissue 23.Describe the function and location of Oligodendrocytes: Glial cells that myelinate axons in the CNS Provide support and insulation to axons within the CNS by creating the myelin sheath that surrounds them 24.Describe the function and location of Schwann cells: PNS Myelinate axonal membrane 25.Specify the body cavities that contain the organs of the CNS: CNS is housed within the dorsal body cavities 1.Cranial cavity: contained within the skull, location of the brain, cranial meninges, and CSF 2.Spinal cavity: contained within the ventral canal, inside the vertebral column, and the location of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, and CSF 26.Epidural Hematoma: Blood pools between the bone and the dura mater and presses on the brain which causes severe neurological injury. Treatment is drill hole in skull to relive pressure and tie off bleeding 6 / 19 Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 vessel Bones of the calvaria are fractured and middle meningeal artery is severed and blood begins to fill up between the skull and dura pressing onto the brain CT image the blood accumulation is white and a lens shape with a smooth edge and it's pressing against the dura causing the brain to become compressed 27.Subdural hematoma: Blood pools just below dura and above arachnoid Dural vinus sinus ruptures due to excess rotational force Small headache 28.Subarachnoid hematoma: In subarachnoid space you have blood vessels that are these large arteries that are bringing blood into the brain things like hypertension can cause these blood vessels to rupture and when they do they release a high volume of blood into the subarachnoid space Below arachnoid and above pia Going to cause an instant spike in intercranial pressure which causes a tremendous amount of pain "worst headache ever" 29.Why is a subarachnoid hematoma so much worse: There's nothing to restrict the outpouring of blood When you have blood outside dura, the dura is attached to the skull at rupture lines so the blood can only spread to suture lines so it can't 7 / 19 Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 spread as quickly as the subarachnoid 30.Describe the flow of Cerebrospinal fluid through the CNS: 1. CSF is pro- duced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles 2.CSF flows from the 3rd ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct in the 4th ventricle 3.CSF in the 4th ventricle flows into the subarachnoid space by pairing through the paired lateral apertures or the single median aperture, once into the central canal of the spinal cord 4.As the CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain 5.Excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses, the greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space ensures that CSF moves in is the venous sinuses without permitting venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space 31.Define Gyrus: Wrinkles of the brain Ridge-like part of cortex 32.Define Sulcus: Wrinkles of the brain Valleys between gyrus 33.Frontal lobe: Higher intellectual functions; personality; voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles 34.Parietal lobe: Sensory (body wall); understanding speech and expressing thoughts and emotion 35.Temporal lobe: Primary auditory cortex; interpretation of olfactory sensations 10 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 They can make sounds, but can't put language together Reading and writing impaired 47.Define the function of the Thalamus: Receives all sensory information coming into the body Processes and conveys information going to the cortex The "executive assistant" to the cortex Damage or disease produces sensory or motor or behavioral abnormalities 11 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 48.Define the function of the Hypothalamus: Communicated with cerebrum and brainstem Responsible for changing the body to keep it in homeostasis Receives information about food intake, water levels, blood pressure, temperature, etc. and controls visceral function Controls the secretion of hormones Works to create bodily reaction to emotional stimuli 49.Define the function of the Cerebellum: "little brain" Has 2 lobes connected by vermis; also has cerebral cortex Located posteriorly, inferior to the occipital lobe, and posterior to the pons, the medulla oblogata and 4th ventricle Communicates with cerebrum and brain stem Responsible for coordination of skeletal muscle contractions to produce smooth movements Involved in control of equilibrium with inner ear Damage or disease produces a condition known as ataxia-mobility to coordinate voluntary motor control 50.Define the function of Basal Ganglia: Facilitate the movement you want and inhibit the movement you don't want Communicates with cerebrum Responsible for allowing the appropriate amount and type of movement/motor inhibition Delicately balanced activity between structures 12 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 Damage or disease produces either too much movement (as in Huntingtons dis- ease) or too little movement (as in Parkinsons) 51.Define the function of the Hippocampus: Found inside the temporal lobe Involved in turning short-term memories into long-term memories Damage or disease produces anteroglade amnesia, the inability to make new memories, most notably destroyed early on in Alzheimers disease Emotional memory is not something the hippocampus is responsible for 52.What does an Alzheimers brain look like: The cortex shrivels up damaging areas involved in thinking, planning and remembering Shrinkage is especially severe in the hippocampus, an area of the cortex that plays a key role in formation of new memories Ventricles (fluid-filled spaces within the brain) grow larger 53.Define the function of the Amygdala: Found in the temporal lobe Involved in attaching emotions to experiences and memories, particularly fear Damage or diseases produce a loss of appropriate emotional responses to stimuli 54.What are the 3 regions of the brainstem: 1. Midbrain 2.Pons 3.Medulla Oblongata 55.Midbrain (Mesencephalon): Connects Cerebrum to the rest of the brainstem Communicates with Cerebellum 15 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 C8 Thoracic: 12, T1-T12 Lumbar:5, L1-L5 Sacral:5, S1-S5 Coccygeal:1, Co1 62.Describe the location of the Conus Medullaris: Tapered, terminal end of the spinal cord 63.Describe the location of the Cauda Equina: Extends inferiorly from the Conus Medullaris; composed of anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots 64.Specify the space CSF is sampled from in a lumbar spinal puncture: Insert needle midline between L3 and L4 (or L4 and L5) spinous processes in adults; (lower in infants and children) Needle pierces dura mater and arachnoid mater, pushes aside fibers of cauda equina Withdraw 3-9mL of CSF from subarachnoid space CSF analyzed to detect viruses, bacteria, toxins, drus, blood cells, glucose and protein levels, CSF pressure Normal CSF is clear and colorless 65.Specify the type of neuron body located in the following structures: 1. Ventral horn 2. Lateral horn 3. Dorsal root ganglia: 1. Somatic motor 2.Sympathetic visceral motor 16 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 3.Somatic sensory and visceral sensory 66.Specify the type of information traveling through the VENTRAL ROOT: So- matic motor 67.Specify the type of information traveling through the DORSAL ROOT: Somatic sensory 68.Specify the type of information traveling through the SPINAL NERVE: Somatic motor and somatic sensory 69.Specify the type of information traveling through the VENTRAL PRIMARY RAMUS: Somatic motor and sensory 70.Specify the type of information traveling through the DORSAL PRIMARY RAMUS: Somatic motor and sensory 71.Define a reflex arc: Reflex: Immediate, involuntary motor response to a specific sensory stimulus Reflex arc: 2 components 1.Afferent limb: sensory->CNS 2.Efferent limb: motor->effector organ (skeletal m) 72.List the structures innervated by the: Posterior Primary Rami Anterior Primary Rami: Posterior innervates the back only Anterior innervates everything but the back 73.Define dermatome: Strip of skin around your body that is going to be 17 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 connected to one spinal segment 74.Describe the location of the following dermartome levels T4 T10 T12/L1: T4: Nipple T10:Umbilicus T12/L1: Groin Any sensation on that strip of skin of the body will be carried into the spinal cord at T10 either L or R 75.List the 12 names of the cranial nerves: CN 1: Olfactory Nerve CN 2: Optic Nerve CN 3: Oculomotor Nerve CN 4: Trochlear Nerve CN 5: Trigeminal Nerve CN 6: Abducens Nerve CN 7: Facial Nerve CN 8: Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 9: Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 10: Vagus Nerve CN 11: Spinal Accessory 20 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 CN 5: V1 is sensory, V2 is sensory, V3 is both CN 6: Motor CN 7: Both CN 8: Sensory CN 9: Both CN 10: Both CN 11: Motor CN 12: Motor 80.Specify the nerves that innervates the extrinsic eye muscles and list which muscles are innervated by each nerve: CN 3, CN 4, CN 6 CN 3: Control ciliary muscles and the sphinctor which is involved in the control of pupil, the size of pupil and shape of lens to allow your body to accommodate when it needs to look at things closer or farther away or whether it needs to let in more light or less light. Ciliary muscles and sphincter papillae are innervated by CN 3 and it also controls all the extrinsic muscles of the eye except for those listed for CN 4 and CN 6. There are a total of 6 extra occular muscles that are positioned around your eye that allow your eye to move and observe things in your environment CN 4: Motor nerve that does extra occular eye stuff for 1 muscle- superior oblique muscle of eye is controlled by CN 4 CN 6: Controls 1 extra ocular eye muscle, lateral rectus muscle of the eye which causes the eye to abduct 81.CN 1: Sense of smell 21 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 Damage is relatively easy and you can lose sense of smell which is bad because you can't smell rotten or bad things 82.CN 2: Sensory nerve just carries vision Left CN 2 carries info from left eye and right from right eye One nerve that carries fibers from 2 different parts of retina 83.CN 3: Motor nerve Control ciliary muscles and the sphinctor papillae which are the control of pupil and shape of lens to allow body to accommodate looking at things that are closer vs far away, whether more or less light Extrinsic muscles of the eye 4/6 4 of them are controlled by CN 3 84.CN 4: Motor nerve that does ocular eye stuff for one muscle which is the superior oblique muscle of the eye 85.CN 5: -Opthalmic: V1 (sensory): Sensory to skin of the upper eye lid, upper nose, forehead, and anterior scalp -Maxillary: V2(sensory): Sensory to the region of the upper jaw -Mandible: V3(both): Motor to the muscles of mastication, sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue, lower teeth, and area of mandible and chin (controlling mastification-chew- ing) TOUCH NOT TASTE 86.CN 6: Controls 1 extra ocular eye muscle which is the lateral rectus muscle of the eye which causes the eye to abduct 87.CN 7: Facial nerve carries both motor, visceral motor and 22 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 sensory. Motor: muscles of facial expression Visceral motor: Motor portion carried by the intermediate nerve, influences control of salivary glands, tear glands Sensory: Sense of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate TASTE Damage to facial nerve is Bells Palsy 88.CN 8: 2 functions: Sense of equilibrium, balance, and motion so knowing what position your head is in, and whether you are moving is largely influenced by the vestibular nerve which combines with the cochlear nerve to form CN 8 Cochlear nerve is the organ of hearing found in ear Fibers from cochlear and vistibular apparatus will combine together Damage can result in hearing loss, balance abnormalities and abnormal eye move- ment 89.CN 9: Innervates one muscle which is the stylopharyngeus and the parotid gland It carries sensory information which is taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue BOTH TASTE AND TOUCH Also carries general sensations from pharynx which provides sensory portion of gag reflex 90.CN 10: Provides motor portion for gag reflex and also provides motor to muscles of larynx and pharynx and a lot of visceral info that helps to control organs Sensory: a little overlap with pharynx, larynx, and a lot of visceral sensory informa- tion so it can convey info back from those organs 25 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 ganglionic fibers 1. Splanchnic nerves 2. Gray rami 3. White rami: 1. Preganglionic 2.Postganglionic 3.Preganglionic 104. Describe the location of the sympathetic chain ganglia (aka paravertebral ganglia) and the pre-vertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia: Sympathetic chain ganglia is what the preganglionic neuron enters directly after the spinal nerve while the pre-vertebral ganglia is in front of the vertebral column, splanchnic nerve leads to it 105. Describe the main sympathetic pathway and specify where the synapse occurs in: Pathway to skin: Cell body of the preganglionic neuron located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord between the T1 and L2 vertebral levels. The axon for this preganglionic sympathetic neuron exits the spinal cord via the ventral root and then joins the spinal nerve, this axon leaves the spinal nerve to reach the sympathetic chain ganglia via the white ramus (which is the on ramp for the sympathetic chain). Inside the sympathetic chain the axon of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron can do one of three things: first it can synapse immediately onto the dendrites of a postganglionic neuronal cell body found at the same level as the axon. The axon of this postganglionic sympathetic neuron then exits the chain 26 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 via the grey ramus, rejoins the spinal nerve and then either travels to the anterior 2/3 of the body wall via the ventral primary ramus or the skin on the back via the dorsal primary ramus. The other two things it can do is to ascend or descend in the chain before synapsing. So it takes the on ramp between T1 and L2 then travels either up the chain to synapse onto the dendrites of a postganglionic sympathetic neuron or down the chain to synapse onto the dendrites of a postsympathetic neuron. These dendrites then follow the same route exiting the chain via the grey ramus, to rejoin the spinal nerve, then using either the ventral primary ramus or dorsal primary ramus. The lateral horn is a column running from T1-L2 in the spinal cord, typically the neurons closer to the T1 end of the lateral horn are the ones that ascend, with those that descend found closer to the L2 end of the lateral horn Grey ramus us only used in skin pathway 106. Describe the main sympathetic pathway and specify where the synapse occurs in and describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the pupil: Pathway to organs of head: Begins with the preganglionic sympathetic neuron located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord between the T1 and L2 vertebral levels. The axon of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron exits the spinal cord via the ventral root and then joins the spinal nerve this axon leaves the spinal nerve to reach the sympathetic chain ganglia via the white ramus. Once in the sympathetic chain this axon ascends to the superior cervical ganglion, the 27 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 uppermost end of the chain, and synapses onto the dendrites of a postganglionic sympathetic neuron. The axons of this postganglionic neuron leaves the chain by a nerve that runs along the carotid artery and it follows the blood vessels that branch from the carotid in order to reach the eye. Sympathetic dilates pupils and flattens eye lens for far vision 107. Describe the main sympathetic pathway and specify where the synapse occurs in and describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the heart: Pathway to organs of chest: Begins with the cell body of the preganglionic sympa- thetic neuron in the lateral horn in the spinal cord between the T1 and L2 vertebral levels. The axon for this preganglionic sympathetic neuron exits the spinal cord via the ventral root and then joins the spinal nerve, this axon leaves the spinal nerve to reach the sympathetic chain ganglia via the white ramus. Once in the sympathetic chain this axon ascends to the superior cervical ganglion and synapses into the dendrites of a postganglionic neuron. The axon of this postganglionic neuron leaves the chain by a nerve, a cardiac nerve if its going to the heart and a pulmonary nerve if its going to the lungs, that connects to the target organ Sympathetic increases heart rate 108. Describe the main sympathetic pathway and specify where the synapse occurs in: Pathway to organs of abdomen: Begins with a cell body of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron located in the lateral horn of the 30 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 the target organs, the cell bodies of these sensory nerve endings are found in the target organs, the cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia, just like those of the somatic sensory system. And they, too, project into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord right along with somatic pain fibers, where they information is transmitted to the brain. In the brain the hypothalamus and the insula (part of the cerebral cortex involved in visceral sensation and feelings like disgust) receive visceral sensory information 116. Define referred pain: Both visceral and sensory pain fibers project to the spinal cord at the same places, your brain gets confused about who is sending the message which is referred pain. Referred pain is an important clinical feature because someone complaining of body wall pain could actually be experiencing organ problems. So it's important to know the common sites for visceral pain to be felt as somatic pain on the body 117. Explain how somatic pain, referred pain, and visceral pain are different: - Visceral pain: results from damage to organs Somatic pain: results from damage to skin or deep tissues; Referred pain: Brain getting confused on if its visceral or somatic pain 118. Identify the areas of referred pain for 1. Heart 2. Appendix 31 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 3. Liver and gallbladder: Heart: Left peck and left upper forearm Appendix: bellybutton Liver and gallbladder: right rib cage area and right shoulder 119. List the muscles that contribute to the following actions of the eye: 1. Elevation 2. Depression 3. Adduction 4. Abduction: 1. Levator palpebrae superoris, superior rectus, inferior oblique 2.Inferior rectus, superior oblique 3.Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus 4.Lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique 120. Specify the muscles innervated by CN 3 CN 4 CN 6: CN 3: Levator palpebrae superoris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique CN 4: superior oblique CN 6: lateral rectus 121. List the 3 tunics of the eye: 1. Outer fibrous tunic 2.Vascular or middle tunic (uvea) 3.Retinal layer 122. Outer Fibrous tunic: The outermost layer, 32 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 called the outer fibrous tunic, is the part that comes into contact with the external environment. It includes the cornea and the sclera. Both of these structures are composed primarily of connective tissue, and the blood vessels of the sclera are seen on its surface; the cornea is avascular. The sclera is often called the "white of the eye" and serves to protect and shape the eyeball as well as provide a site of attachment for the extrinsic muscles of the eye. The cornea is the transparent fibrous layer through which light can enter. 123. 2. Vascular or middle tunic: Houses the choroid, ciliary body and iris. The short ciliary arteries, which pierce the sclera in a circle around the optic nerve, are branches of the ophthalmic artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery. Because it is highly vascularized, this layer provides nutrient and gas exchange within the eye. In addition, the anterior portion of the middle tunic secretes aqueous humor. The iris is the colored part of the eye that we commonly associate with "eye color." The central opening of the iris called the pupil allows light to enter the eye. The size of the pupil is controlled by the intrinsic muscles of the eye, the dilator and sphincter papillae which can cause the pupil to dilate or constrict respectively. For example, in dim or dark light, the pupils will dilate so as to allow more light to enter the eye and reach the retina; whereas in bright light the pupils will constrict so as to decrease the amount of light that reaches the retina. The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic 35 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 ossicles amplify and concentrate vibrations of the tympanic membrane onto the oval window. The ossicles are needed, because inner ear hair cells are covered with fluid, which is much harder to move than air. 131. Describe the role the COCHLEA plays in hearing and balance: When the stapes pushes against the oval window, the force is transmitted to the cochlea. The cochlea sits in the inner ear and contains the cells and molecular apparatus responsible for transducing sound into an electrical signal that can be relayed to the brain. The cochlea is found within a bony labyrinth hollowed out of the temporal bone. The cochlea spirals around like a seashell and creates a series of ducts, inside of which reside hair cells important for audition (hearing). 132. Describe the role the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS plays in hearing and balance: In the inner ear and are important for balance. These canals are oriented in 3 dimensions (anterior, lateral, and posterior) which allow you to sense the direction of your head in 3D space. 133. Describe the role the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (CN 8) plays in hearing and balance: 2 functions: Sense of equilibrium, balance, and motion so knowing what position your head is in, and whether you are moving is largely influenced by the vestibular nerve which combines with the cochlear nerve to form CN 8 Cochlear nerve is the organ of hearing found in ear Fibers from cochlear and vistibular apparatus will combine together 36 / Anatomy exam with questions and complete verified solutions 2024 Damage can result in hearing loss, balance abnormalities and abnormal eye move- ment 134. Specify the CN that carries smell: CN 1 135. Specify the CN that carry taste from the tongue: CN 7 CN 9