Anatomy & Physiology Test Bank Chapter 3: Comprehensive Questions and Answers, Exams of Anatomy

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1. About how many cells constitute the body of an adult? A) 50 to 100 million B) 50 to 100 billion C) 50 to 100 trillion D) 50 to 100 quadrillion - ✔✔C
2. The body is made up of many different cell types, from small circular red blood cells to the elongated smooth muscle cells 20X its size. Why is there such variation in size and shape? A) Different cell sizes are due to nutritional differences. B) Different variations in size and shape allow differentiated cell types to perform unique functions. C) Variations in cell shape and size are due to chromosomal differences between cells. D) Cell size and shape does not vary among cell types. - ✔✔B
3. The three major parts of a cell are A) the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. B) the nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope. C) microtubules, ribosomes, and centrosomes. D) the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. - ✔✔D
4. A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively permeable? A) It allows all substances to pass through, making it easier to absorb nutrients. B) It allows all organic substances to pass through, but excludes all inorganic substances that could be harmful. C) It allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors. D) It does not allow any substances to pass through as they could damage the cell. - ✔✔C

5. Cell membranes are described as a fluid mosaic that maintains stability while still allowing movement. What component maintains most of the flexibility of the membrane? A) Phospholipid bilayer B) Integral proteins C) Polysaccharides D) Carbohydrates - ✔✔A
6. The major components of the cell membrane are A) lipids and carbohydrates. B) proteins and carbohydrates. C) lipids and proteins. D) carbohydrates and polysaccharides. - ✔✔C
7. Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? A) A solid, rigid layer of phospholipid with loosely bound protein molecules B) A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move C) Rigid layers of protein molecules in which carbohydrate molecules are suspended D) Three layers; lipid on the inside, protein in the middle, and carbohydrates (and polysaccharides) on the outside - ✔✔B
8. A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) A) receptor protein. B) integral protein. C) peripheral protein. D) anchoring protein. - ✔✔B
9. Cellular adhesion molecules are A) peripheral proteins.

B) integral proteins. C) lipids. D) receptors. - ✔✔A

10. When you scrape your skin, white blood cells arrive to fight infection. To slow down near the site of the cut, they use selectin, which provides traction. Since selectin helps white blood cells bind to a surface, they are part of a protein group known as A) cellular adhesion molecules. B) integral proteins. C) cellular binding molecules. D) receptors. - ✔✔A
11. Endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a A) component of the cytoskeleton. B) cellular inclusion. C) nuclear pore. D) network of interconnected membranes. - ✔✔D
12. Buildup of incorrectly folded proteins induces a stress response known as unknown protein response (UPR) that, when prolonged, has a high correlation with neurodegenerative diseases such as parkinson's. which organelle Is likely malfunctioning and allowing for the buildup? A) Mitochondrion B) Vesicles C) Nucleus D) Lysosome - ✔✔D
13. Vesicles are formed from the A) lysosomal membrane. B) nuclear membrane. C) cell membrane.

D) mitochondrial membrane. - ✔✔C

14. Anderson's disease results in the failure to secrete large proteins called chylomicrons. Which organelle is most likely affected? A) Nucleus B) Lysosome C) Vesicles D) Mitochondrion - ✔✔C
15. Which of the following describes a lysosome? A) A double-membraned organelle that is the "powerhouse" of the cell B) A complex network of interconnected membranes that is a communication system in the cell C) A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris D) A nonmembranous structure that is essential for mitosis - ✔✔C
16. A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college. He must rest for three months and then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscles in his lower limbs decrease in size during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle proteins are A) peroxisomes. B) lysosomes. C) centrosomes. D) ribosomes. - ✔✔B
17. For which of the following organelles are the structure and function correctly described? A) Endoplasmic reticulum—a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion B) Ribosomes—membranous vesicles containing digestive enzymes C) Golgi apparatus—particles, composed of protein and RNA, which synthesize proteins D) Mitochondrion—nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins - ✔✔A

18. The sequence of organelles and cell parts involved in milk secretion is A) cell membrane, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus. B) nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane. C) nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, cell membrane. D) vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cell membrane. - ✔✔B
19. ATP is used to power many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders? A) Mitochondrion B) Ribosome C) Peroxisome D) Golgi apparatus - ✔✔A
20. The main function of cristae in mitochondria is to A) supply enzymes for reactions. B) increase chemical transport in mitochondria. C) facilitate diffusion of substances into the mitochondria. D) increase the surface area for chemical reactions. - ✔✔D
21. When there is a surplus of dietary carbohydrates, they are converted to lipids through lipogenesis. Where are they synthesized? A) Golgi apparatus B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Mitochondria - ✔✔B
22. Cytoskeletal structures that are not found in all cell types are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments.

C) myofibrils. D) intermediate filaments. - ✔✔D

23. During cell division, the chromosomes did not separate properly. This likely means that the centrioles failed to attach to what structure? A) Centrosome B) Cilia C) Nucleus D) Microtubules - ✔✔A
24. DNA molecules are in the nucleus A) as free molecules. B) complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers. C) complexed with protein, forming nucleoli. D) complexed with protein on the nuclear envelope. - ✔✔B
25. The nucleolus contains A) DNA only. B) RNA and protein. C) DNA and protein. D) RNA only. - ✔✔B
26. The function of the nucleus is to A) direct the activities of the cell. B) form mitochondria. C) transfer energy. D) provide cell shape. - ✔✔A
27. Which organelle contains the nucleolus? A) The mitochondrion

B) The endoplasmic reticulum C) The Golgi apparatus D) The nucleus - ✔✔D

28. Which of following does not influence the rate of molecular movement? A) Distance B) The concentration of the substance C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules D) The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules - ✔✔C
29. Salt is placed in a glass of water. Slowly the salt begins to even out in concentration due to what factor? A) Distance gradient B) Distance vector C) Concentration vector D) Concentration gradient - ✔✔D
30. What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? A) Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances. B) Both move water across a semipermeable membrane. C) Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane. D) Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without using cellular energy. - ✔✔D
31. If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside, A) water will enter the cell by osmosis. B) water will leave the cell by osmosis. C) glucose will enter the cell by osmosis. D) glucose will leave the cell by osmosis. - ✔✔B

32. If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, A) the cell will shrink. B) only permeable substances will leave; but concentrations in the cell do not change. C) the cell will remain the same size and shape. D) the cell will swell and may eventually burst. - ✔✔D
33. Red blood cells are placed in a solution of 0.9% NaCl and no diffusion or osmosis is observed. This means that the solution is ________. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) hypertonic D) isertonic - ✔✔A
34. Cells are placed in a solution that causes them to absorb liquid until they burst. When more water is removed from the solution, newly added cells do not burst. The original solutions was ________ , while the second was ________ to the cells. A) isotonic; hypotonic B) isotonic; hypertonic C) hypotonic; isotonic D) hypertonic; isotonic - ✔✔A
35. Osmosis is the movement of A) molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. B) water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impermeant solute. C) water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a lower concentration of impermeant solute. D) ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane. - ✔✔B

36. What is the relationship of osmotic pressure to the number of solute particles in a solution? A) The lower the number of impermeant solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure. B) The greater the number of impermeant solute particles, the lower the osmotic pressure. C) The greater the osmotic pressure, the lower the number of impermeant solute particles. D) The greater the number of impermeant solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure. - ✔✔D
37. If cells placed in a solution shrivel up, the solution is ________. A) hypertonic B) hypotonic C) isotonic D) isertonic - ✔✔A
38. An isotonic solution A) has a greater concentration of impermeant solute than a cell. B) has more water entering than leaving a cell. C) has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution. D) causes a cell to shrink. - ✔✔C
39. A hypotonic solution A) has a lower concentration (number) of impermeant solute than do the cells in the solution. B) would cause cells in the solution to lose water. C) has a higher osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution. D) causes cells to shrink. - ✔✔A
40. The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires A) osmotic pressure. B) hydrostatic pressure. C) atmospheric pressure.

D) barometric pressure. - ✔✔B

41. Coffee grounds are mixed with water before being placed in a funnel filter. The large grounds remain in the filter, but the small particles pass through A) from low concentration to high concentration. B) from low hydrostatic pressure to high hydrostatic pressure. C) by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. D) from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure. - ✔✔C
42. In phagocytosis A) a cell membrane engulfs solid particles. B) a particle enters a cell by moving down its concentration gradient. C) a cell membrane engulfs droplets. D) a carrier molecule moves a substance across a cell membrane using ATP. - ✔✔A
43. Following the nomenclature for cells, what type of cells take in solid particles like bacteria? A) Phagozyme B) Phagase C) Phagocyte D) Phagosome - ✔✔C
44. Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of A) pinocytosis. B) phagocytosis. C) receptor-mediated endocytosis. D) exocytosis. - ✔✔C
45. Chloride ions follow the concentration gradient, but require a membrane protein for passage. Which transport method is occurring?

A) Diffusion B) Active transport C) Pinocytosis D) Facilitated diffusion - ✔✔D

46. Chromosomes duplicate during A) prophase. B) interphase. C) metaphase. D) telophase. - ✔✔B
47. Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order: A) differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis, interphase. B) interphase, differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis. C) interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation. D) mitosis, interphase, cytoplasmic division, differentiation. - ✔✔C
48. Which stages have double the amount of chromosomal DNA compared to stage G1? A) G B) Prophase C) Metaphase D) Apoptosis - ✔✔C
49. Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic A) prophase. B) metaphase. C) anaphase. D) telophase. - ✔✔C

50. As a cell grows, A) the relationship between its surface area and volume remains unchanged. B) its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume. C) its volume increases to a lesser degree than its surface area. D) its requirement for nutrients increases to a lesser degree than its requirement for oxygen. - ✔✔B
51. If a human cell has 23 chromosomes, it likely just finished A) mitosis. B) meiosis. C) cytokinesis. D) osmosis. - ✔✔B
52. The average number of divisions that a human cell cultured in a dish can undergo is A) 10-20. B) 30-40. C) 40-60. D) 60-100. - ✔✔C
53. The structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are A) telomeres. B) kinases. C) ribosomes. D) hormones. - ✔✔A
54. Tara discovers a rapidly growing lump that doubles in size over a month. A doctor does a biopsy and discovers it's a form of cancer, which can result if A) mitosis is too infrequent. B) mitosis is too frequent. C) the cell cycle stops.

D) the cell cycle runs backward. - ✔✔B

55. A researcher has been studying genes that result in abnormal cell growth and has linked them to cancer. What two types of genes is the researcher studying? A) Kinases and cyclins B) Oncosuppressors and tumor activators C) Metastatic activators and apoptosis stimulators D) Tumor suppressors and oncogenes - ✔✔D
56. The defining characteristic of a stem cell is A) self-repair. B) self-renewal. C) the ability to turn into a cancer cell. D) origin from a progenitor cell. - ✔✔B
57. Researchers in a lab are working with a form of stem cells that can divide and give rise to any cell type, allowing them to research development. This cell type is known as A) pluripotent. B) multipotent. C) totipotent. D) a differentiated cell. - ✔✔C
58. Bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function because A) each expresses a different subset of genes. B) each has different genes. C) each has different chromosomes. D) they express the same subset of genes. - ✔✔A

59. Programmed cell death occurs during development, including the removal of webbing between fingers of the fetus. This process is known as A) cell specialization. B) apoptosis. C) mitosis. D) cell differentiation. - ✔✔B
60. A temporary cell that is no longer useful for development undergoes preprogrammed cell death. During this process, A) chromosomes join. B) the cytoskeleton forms large, complex structures. C) mitochondria merge. D) the cell can no longer adhere to other cells. - ✔✔D
61. Some people cannot be infected with HIV because A) they are already infected. B) their cells lack receptors that admit the virus. C) their cells have extra receptors for HIV. D) they were vaccinated. - ✔✔B
62. The cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis is A) absence of the ability to feel pain. B) abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways. C) abnormal potassium channels in heart muscle. D) extra receptors for a growth factor. - ✔✔B
63. Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by deficiency of a protein in the outer membrane of A) cells. B) lysosomes.

C) mitochondria. D) peroxisomes. - ✔✔D

64. Stem cells taken from a person to be used to treat a disease in that same person come from A) embryos or fetuses. B) the person or a blood relative. C) existing cell populations or reprogrammed cells. D) two different cell types. - ✔✔C
65. Cytoplasm is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. - ✔✔TRUE
66. The framework of a cell membrane is a lipid bilayer. - ✔✔TRUE
67. Energy is stored in ATP molecules in ribosomes. - ✔✔FALSE
68. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not. - ✔✔FALSE
69. Peroxisomes and lysosomes are sacs that contain enzymes. - ✔✔TRUE
70. The Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum take part in secretion. - ✔✔TRUE 7 1) Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move. - ✔✔FALSE
71. A cell that secretes abundant proteins would have many nucleoli. - ✔✔TRUE
72. If a nerve cell has a greater concentration of Na+ on the outside the cell membrane, compared to inside, then the movement of Na+ outside is by diffusion. - ✔✔FALSE

74. Facilitated diffusion moves a substance following its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier protein. - ✔✔TRUE
75. Some types of active transport use energy provided by ATP molecules. - ✔✔TRUE
76. Proteins are manufactured in mitochondria. - ✔✔FALSE
77. Microfilaments and microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton. - ✔✔TRUE
78. Chromatin consists of DNA and protein. - ✔✔TRUE
79. The nucleus is in the nucleolus. - ✔✔FALSE
80. Certain white blood cells take in bacterial cells by phagocytosis. - ✔✔TRUE
81. Filtration requires hydrostatic pressure. - ✔✔TRUE
82. Transcytosis combines diffusion and active transport. - ✔✔FALSE
83. During interphase, a cell rests. - ✔✔FALSE
84. Stages of the cell cycle in correct sequence are interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, and differentiation. - ✔✔TRUE
85. Cell division consists of mitosis and cell differentiation. - ✔✔FALSE
86. During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes first condense and become visible when stained and viewed under a microscope. - ✔✔FALSE

87. During anaphase of mitosis, centromeres separate and replicated chromosomes separate. - ✔✔TRUE
88. During telophase of mitosis, chromosomes elongate and form chromatin threads. - ✔✔TRUE
89. Abnormal rates of mitosis can lead to poor wound healing and delayed growth. - ✔✔TRUE
90. All cell types divide at the same rate. - ✔✔FALSE
91. All cell types can divide a limitless number of times. - ✔✔FALSE
92. A telomere is a type of hormone that controls the cell cycle. - ✔✔FALSE
93. Loss of cell cycle control can cause cancer. - ✔✔TRUE
94. The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation. - ✔✔TRUE
95. A stem cell divides to give rise to two differentiated cells. - ✔✔FALSE
96. Stem cells may be activated after an injury, helping to heal. - ✔✔TRUE
97. A nerve cell and a muscle cell have the same genes, but express different subsets of them. - ✔✔TRUE
98. Apoptosis is a slow version of mitosis. - ✔✔FALSE
99. Apoptosis begins with a cell receiving a signal to die. - ✔✔TRUE