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A chronological overview of ancient egyptian civilization, from the settling of agriculturalists in the nile valley to the roman conquest and the end of egyptian civilization. It covers various periods, including the predynastic, old kingdom, middle kingdom, new kingdom, and late period, highlighting key events, political developments, and notable figures.
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5500 - 4000 Badari (Predynastic) Agriculturalists settle down in the Nile Valley. 4000 - 3150 Naqada (Predynastic) Pastoralists come in from the desert during a dry spell and transform Egyptian society, emergence of economic and social inequality. 3150 - 3050 Naqada/Dynasty 0 (Predynastic) King Scorpion, Narmer, economic and military consolidation, trade to Palestine, Nubia. 3050 - 2675 Early Dynastic/Archaic (1-2) Political unification and beginning of dynastic rule. 2675 - 2180 Old Kingdom (3-6) Pyramids, Pyramids, Pyramids! Khufu, Khafre & Menkaure at Giza. A highly centralized, bureaucratic nation state emerges. 2180 - 2040 1 st^ Intermediate Period (7-11) Egypt descends into civil war triggered by a combination of famine and political instability. 2040 - 1650 Middle Kingdom (11-13) Re-unification, more pyramids, and the conquest of Lower (northern) Nubia. 1650 - 1550 2 nd^ Intermediate Period (14-17) The Palestinian Hyksos bring down the Middle Kingdom, the Kermans take over Nubia. 1550 - 1070 New Kingdom (18-20) Egyptians kick out the Hyksos and carve a huge Empire in the Levant and Nubia. King Tut, monotheist Akhenaton, the female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, Ramses II. 1070 - 664 3 rd^ Intermediate (21-25) Egypt loses its empire but stays together, Libyans in the north and Nubians take over the show with the Kushite (Napatan) Dynasty 25. Intact royal burials at Tanis. 664 - 332 Late Period (26-31) Nubians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks – oh my! Most of the time Egypt is ruled by foreigners. 332 - 30 Ptolomaic (Greek) Alexander the Great conquers everything, General Ptolomy takes over Egypt. Alexandria founded and becomes a premier intellectual and commercial center of the Hellenistic world.
30 – AD 400 Roman Cleopatra & Antony defeated at Actium, Rome takes over. Christianity spells an end to ancient Egyptian civilization.