ANSC 100 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

Download ANSC 100 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! ANSC 100 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024 What animal species was domesticated first? - Correct Answer-the dog (14,000 BC) What livestock species was domesticated first? - Correct Answer-the sheep (8,000 BC) What were characteristics that were common among the animals that were domesticated? - Correct Answer--generally lived in comfortable in groups -had some dominance hierarchy in place -tolerated humans -adapted to a variety of enviroments -reproduced well in capacity What are some values of domestication? - Correct Answer-- increased access to a high quality protein source -benefit of animal milk and egg production pg. 1 professoraxe l -most domestic livestock were multipurpose supplying both food and work -domestic animals served as guardians and in rodent control -animals were a major source of transportation and power What is aquaculture? - Correct Answer-farming or rearing of aquatic plants and animals; also known as "underwater agriculture" What are the most common aquaculture animals? - Correct Answer-finfish, crustaceans and mollusks What is the number one aquaculture animal in production and sale? - Correct Answer-catfish What is transcription? - Correct Answer-process of building RNA complementary to DNA to produce a protein What is translation? - Correct Answer-process of using the information from mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein pg. 2 professoraxe l What is the dominant gene action? - Correct Answer-is a member of a gene pair is expressed to the exclusion of the other What is the incomplete dominance gene action? - Correct Answer-occurs when no dominance exists and a heterozygous individual will appear as an intermediate between two alleles What is epistasis gene action? - Correct Answer-is when many gene pairs act in concert with one another to produce gene expression What is the recessive gene action? - Correct Answer-is the member of a gene pair that is only expressed when the dominant allele is absent from the animal's genome Explain mitosis - Correct Answer--normal cell division -ongoing process -tissue repair, growth, etc -same genetic material in each cell of the body Explain meiosis - Correct Answer--formation of sex gametes pg. 5 professoraxe l -sex cells (sperm and egg) -only has 1/2 the genetic compliment -note differences in cell development What is selection? - Correct Answer-the process of choosing which animals to be parents What is a mating system? - Correct Answer-the process of deciding which animals to mate What is inbreeding? - Correct Answer-mating related animals What is outcrossing? - Correct Answer-mating unrelated animals from the same breed What is cross breeding? - Correct Answer-mating animals from different breeds What are the advantages of crossbreeding? - Correct Answer-- heterosis -breed differences pg. 6 professoraxe l -most commonly used in swine, beef cattle and sheep What are disadvantages of crossbreeding? - Correct Answer- management can be difficult in extensive production systems Explain heterosis/hybrid vigor - Correct Answer--for most traits, as heterozygosity increases performance improves -opposite of inbreeding depression -primarily associated with crossbreeding What is hyperplasia? - Correct Answer-an increase in the number of cells What is hypertrophy? - Correct Answer-an increase in cell size What is the order of fat deposit? - Correct Answer-1. perinephric (internal, organs) 2. intermuscular (seam fat, between the muscle) 3. subcutaneous (external fat, back fat) 4. intramuscular ( marbling, within the muscle) pg. 7 professoraxe l Explain the vagina - Correct Answer-connects the cervix to the external genitalia and serves as the female copulatory Explain the vulva - Correct Answer-external tissue of the female reproductive tract and it receives the penis during copulation Explain the scrotum? - Correct Answer--two-lobed pouch that houses the testes -physical barrier to the environment -temperature regulator Explain the testes - Correct Answer--male gonads -function to produce male gametes (spermatozoa) -produce male hormones (testosterone) Explain epididymis - Correct Answer-highly convoluted duct attached to the tunica albvginea What is the function of the epididymis? - Correct Answer-- sperm transport -spermatozoa maturation pg. 10 professoraxe l -concentration of spermatozoa -storage reservior Explain the accessory glands - Correct Answer-ampullae, vesicular glands, bulbourethral glands and prostate Explain the ampullae - Correct Answer-provides energy to the sperm Explain the vesicular glands - Correct Answer-produce volume to ejaculate Explain the bulbourethral glands - Correct Answer-gel fraction to ejaculate (cowper glands) Explain the penis - Correct Answer--organs of copulation -root (crus penis) -body (corpus) -glans penis pg. 11 professoraxe l What is the fibroelastic penis? - Correct Answer-composed of a fiberous elastic type tissue that extends in length to create an erection rather than in diameter (bulls, rams and boars) What is the vascular penis? - Correct Answer-composed of corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum erectile tissues. During an erection, the corpus cavernosum fills with blood causing the penis to become turgid (horse) Explain the estrous cycle - Correct Answer-physiologic events that occur between periods of sexual receptivity (heat) and/or ovulations What is the polyestrous cycle? - Correct Answer-uniform distribution of estrous cycles occurring regularly throughout the year (cow, sow) What is the seasonal polyestrous cycle? - Correct Answer- periods of estrous cycles occurring only during certain seasons of the year (sheep, goats, deer and mares) pg. 12 professoraxe l -1 offspring What is the gestation length for a sow? - Correct Answer--114 days -6-14 offspring What is stage one of parturition? - Correct Answer- preparation stage involving cervical dilation and positioning of the fetus in the birth canal via myometrial contractions What is the second stage of parturition? - Correct Answer- time of hard labor and expulsion of the fetus What is the third stage of parturition? - Correct Answer- expulsion of the placenta membranes and subsequent uterine involution Explain dystocia - Correct Answer-the major cause of calf loss What is absolute dystocia? - Correct Answer-abnormally large calf and a normally sized birth canal pg. 15 professoraxe l What is relative dystocia? - Correct Answer-normal sized calf and a small birth canal What is crytorchid? - Correct Answer-failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum (unilateral-one) (biloteral-two) What are the advantages of artificial insemination? - Correct Answer--genetic improvement through increased use of superior sires -disease control -improved record keeping -eliminates need for keeping bulls What are the disadvantages of artificial insemination? - Correct Answer--time required to detect estrus -percent of cows in estrus es during the breeding season -trained personnel required -overuse of inferior sires Industries where AI is used to the greatest extent versus the lease - Correct Answer--dairy cattle (80-90%) pg. 16 professoraxe l -swine (more then 80%) -beef cattle (less than 10%) -horse (limited due to rules) -sheep and goat (limited due to dispersed flock) Explain water - Correct Answer--need 3-4 times as much as solids -deficiencies can affect feed intake -water quality can affect feed intake (salt, sulfate, nitrate) What are waters functions? - Correct Answer--nutrient transport -body temperature regulator -lubrication -maintain body fluids What is water acquired by? - Correct Answer--drinking -part of solid food body metabolism What is water lost by? - Correct Answer--urine pg. 17 professoraxe l Why not use fats as primary energy? - Correct Answer-animals are limited in ability to use fat Explain minerals - Correct Answer--provide structure and balance -macro and micro minerals -excess minerals are toxic Explain macrominerals - Correct Answer--needed in large amounts -CA, P, Na, Cl, S, Mg Explain microminerals - Correct Answer--needed in small amounts (trace minerals) -I, Z, Mn, Co, Fe, Mo, Se, Fl Explain vitamins - Correct Answer--catalysts and regulators -fat soluble (A, D, E, K) -K is synthesized in the rumen -D is synthesized by sunlight on skin -water soluble pg. 20 professoraxe l -B complex and C synthesized in rumen Explain concentrates - Correct Answer--highly digestibility (80- 90%) -high available energy -low fibers What are examples of concentrates? - Correct Answer-corn, sorghum, barley, molasses, bakery by-products Explain roughages - Correct Answer--less digestible (50-65%) -high fiber, cellulose -low available energy What are some examples of roughages? - Correct Answer-hay, silage, grass and straw Why feed roughages? - Correct Answer-for rumen function pg. 21 professoraxe l What is the Van Soest Fiber Analysis? - Correct Answer-system for describing chemical makeup of the fibrous components of feedstuffs What is the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)? - Correct Answer-- isolates the cellulose, hemicellulose, and the lignin components of the roughage -negatively correlated to feed intake What is the Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)? - Correct Answer-- isolates the cellulose and lignin components of the roughage -negatively correlated to digestibility of the feed Explain carnivores - Correct Answer--meat eaters -simplest digestive tract (monogastric) Explain herbivores - Correct Answer--plant eaters -most complex digestive tract (ruminant or monogastric and hind gut fermenters) Explain omnivores - Correct Answer--plant and meat eaters -intermediate digestive tract pg. 22 professoraxe l What is hardware disease? - Correct Answer-caused by ingestion of metals (nail or wire) it penetrates the lining of the reticulum What is the symbiotic relationship between ruminant and microbial populations? - Correct Answer--feed the microbes, the microbes feed the ruminant -produce VFA, gas, heat and vitamin B and K Explain bloat - Correct Answer-failure to expel gases Explain non-infectious diseases - Correct Answer--mechanical (wounds) -digestive (bloat, acidosis) -toxins (chemicals and plants) -nutritional (vitamin or mineral issues) -abnormal growths (cancer) Explain infectious diseases - Correct Answer--virus (may pass directly or via vector) -bacteria (microscopic, single celled) -protozoa (single celled, larger then bacteria) pg. 25 professoraxe l -fungi (single or multiple cell) Explain parasites - Correct Answer--ectoparasites (external, live on outside of body) -endoparasites (internal, live in the body) Explain passive immunity - Correct Answer-passed from mother to offspring during gestation or from colostrum Explain active immunity - Correct Answer-when antibodies are produced by the animal from exposure to an organism or vaccination What are the genetic diseases in sheep? - Correct Answer- scrapie and spider lamb syndrome What are the genetic diseases in cattle? - Correct Answer-curly calf syndrome (angus) What are the genetic diseases in swine? - Correct Answer-PSS (procine stress syndrome pg. 26 professoraxe l What are the genetic diseases in horses? - Correct Answer- hyperkalemic periodic paralysis disease (HyPP) Explain the evolution of the horse - Correct Answer--the earliest known horse evolved 55-57 million years ago -Sifrhippus, Eohippus, Mesohippus, Miohippus, Merychippus, Dinohippus, and Phoihippus What is a horses kingdom? - Correct Answer-Animalia What is a horses sub-kingdom? - Correct Answer-Bilateria What is a horses infra-kingdom? - Correct Answer- Deuterostomia What is a horses phylum? - Correct Answer-Chordata What is a horses sub-phylum? - Correct Answer-Vertebrata What is a horses infra-phylum? - Correct Answer- Gnathostamata pg. 27 professoraxe l -similar to modern European pony breeds -Exmoor and Icelandic Explain pony type 2 - Correct Answer--developed in Northern Eurasia -similar to modern steppe horses -Konik and Kazeakh Explain horse type 1 - Correct Answer--central Asian development -much like the larger modern desert horses -Akhal-Teke and Marwari Explain horse type 2 - Correct Answer--thrived in Western Asia -smaller, refined, fined boned desert horses -Caspian and Arabian What is a female horse called? - Correct Answer-mare What is young female horse called? - Correct Answer-filly pg. 30 professoraxe l What is a young male horse called? - Correct Answer-colt What is a male horse called? - Correct Answer-stallion or stud What is a castrated male horse called? - Correct Answer- gelding What is the sexual maturity of the horse? - Correct Answer-12- 24 months What is the physical maturity of the horse? - Correct Answer- 5-8 years What is the normal age range of the horse? - Correct Answer- 20-30 Explain draft horses - Correct Answer--large boned, heavily muscled -14.2-17.2 hands -1400 lbs -"cold blooded" pg. 31 professoraxe l -Shire, Percheron, Clydesdale Explain light horses - Correct Answer--various types of riding, driving, showing etc -12-17 hands -900-1400 lbs -swift, efficient travelers -leisure on trail -agility for managing stock -"hot blooded" -Quarter horses Explain warmblood horses - Correct Answer--distinguished from draft and light horses for temperature and conformation -15-17 hands -1000-1600 lbs -Dutch Warmbloods, Holsteiner Explain ponies - Correct Answer--can be draft, harness or saddle type -<14.2 hands pg. 32 professoraxe l Explain swine vertical integration - Correct Answer-there are big companies that are known as contractors, contract out a portion of their swine herd to independent growers What are the key concepts of integrated swine production? - Correct Answer--economics of scale -control and efficiency (genetics, nutrition, environment, health and labor) -scheduled product flow, -branded products -consolidated ownership What are the sire swine breeds? - Correct Answer-Duroc, Berkshire, Hampshire, Spotted, and Poland China What are the maternal swine breeds? - Correct Answer- Yorkshire, Landrace and Chester White What is a young female swine called? - Correct Answer-gilt What is a mature female swine called? - Correct Answer-sow pg. 35 professoraxe l What is a castrated male swine called? - Correct Answer- barrow What is an intact male swine called? - Correct Answer-boar What is a farrow to wean swine operation? - Correct Answer- produces early-weaned pigs at 10-15 lbs or feeder pigs at 30- 35 lbs What is a finishing swine operation? - Correct Answer-feeder pigs are grown to market weight What is a farrow to finish swine operation? - Correct Answer-a breeding herd is maintained and pigs are also finished for market on the same farm What is a purebred or seedstock swine operation? - Correct Answer-similar to farrow-to-finish except their salable product is primarily breeding prospects of show pigs or future generation pigs pg. 36 professoraxe l What is an integrates corporate swine operations? - Correct Answer-generally farrow-to-finish and often have their own seedstock What country is number one in dairy cattle numbers? - Correct Answer-India What country is number one in fluid milk production? - Correct Answer-United States What country is number one in dairy cattle production per cow? - Correct Answer-Israel What state is number one in milk production? - Correct Answer-California What is the dairy character? - Correct Answer-lean, no excess fat cover, lack of muscling and angularity Explain cross breeding in dairy cattle - Correct Answer-not as common pg. 37 professoraxe l What is a mature female dairy cattle called? - Correct Answer- cow What is a mature male dairy cattle called? - Correct Answer- bull What is a young dairy cattle called? - Correct Answer-calf What is a castrated male dairy cattle called? - Correct Answer- steer What is a young female who has not calved yet called? - Correct Answer-heifer Explain dry dairy cows - Correct Answer--they have the lowest nutrient requirements and they are maintained on forage -they are dry for approximately 60 days Explain lactating cows - Correct Answer--they are milked 2 or 3 times a day -they have the highest nutrient requirements -feed intake is critical pg. 40 professoraxe l -lactation period is approximately 305 days Explain dairy calves - Correct Answer--colostrum -milk replacer -calf hutches Explain Holstein steers in the feedlot - Correct Answer--15- 20% of all steers in feedlots are Holsteins -their rate of gain is faster than beef but their efficiency is poorer -generally have less muscle than beef breeds -when fed at approximately 1500 lbs, they grade choice or higher What percent of milk is water? - Correct Answer-87% What percent of milk is solids? - Correct Answer-12% Explain vitamins in milk - Correct Answer--all essential to human nutrition -fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) pg. 41 professoraxe l Explain carbohydrates in milk - Correct Answer--lactose is the main carbohydrate in milk and makes up 4.8% of the milk Explain proteins in milk - Correct Answer--milk contains approximately 3.3% protein -Casein is the main protein in milk Explain minerals in milk - Correct Answer--rich source of calcium -reasonably good source of phosphorous and zinc -is not a good source of iron and iodine Explain whole milk - Correct Answer--no less then 3.25% milk fat -at least 8.25% SNF Explain low fat milk - Correct Answer--contains fat levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% -at least 8.25% SNF pg. 42 professoraxe l Explain the birth of vertical integration? - Correct Answer-- chicken prices declined -producers began to rely on feed company as source of credit -feed dealers began to depend on feed manufacturers as source of credit -feed suppliers and manufacturers began to acquire hatcheries and processors What is the main meat type breed of chicken? - Correct Answer-White Plymouth Rock (dual purpose) What is the main egg type breed of chicken? - Correct Answer- White Leghorn What are the breeds of turkey? - Correct Answer-Bronze, Large White and Small White What are meat chickens called? - Correct Answer-broilers What are egg-type chickens called? - Correct Answer-layers What is a mature female chicken called? - Correct Answer-hen pg. 45 professoraxe l What is a mature male chicken called? - Correct Answer- rooster What are young chicken called? - Correct Answer-chick What are young male chicken called? - Correct Answer- cockerel What is a mature female turkey called? - Correct Answer-hen What is a mature male turkey called? - Correct Answer-tom What are young turkeys called? - Correct Answer-poults What are older poults called? - Correct Answer-pullet What is the conventional egg production? - Correct Answer- separate cages pg. 46 professoraxe l What is the cage-free egg production? - Correct Answer-hens are still enclosed but they are more mobile What is the pasture raised egg production? - Correct Answer- they are out on forage; no true definition What is the free range egg production? - Correct Answer-they are outside but still enclosed What is pasteurized egg production? - Correct Answer-eggs are heated to kill certain pathogens What is omega-3 enriched egg production? - Correct Answer- the hens have a special diet What is egg grading? - Correct Answer--eggs are examined for both interior and exterior quality and are sorted according to weight -there is no difference in nutritive value between the different grades -they are based on freshness -size of air cell and thinness of egg white pg. 47 professoraxe l -Corriedale (used in cross breeding systems) -Finnsheep (high prolificacy) What are the wool breeds of sheep? - Correct Answer--Merino (set the fine wool standard) -Rambouillet (basis of western US flocks) -Lincoln (good wool for hand spinning) -Columbia (Lincoln x Rambouillet cross; dual purpose) -Targhee (important to university and state) -Polypay (prolific and out of season) -Jacob (rare/wild breed) What are the hair sheep breeds? - Correct Answer--St Croix, US Virgin Islands -Barbados Blackbelly -Katahdin -Dorper -Barbado, Texas What are the dairy breeds of goats? - Correct Answer--Alpine -La Mancha pg. 50 professoraxe l -Saanen ( highest milk producer) -Toggenburg (2nd highest milk producer) -Nubian (dual purpose) What are the meat breeds of goats? - Correct Answer--Boer ( newly imported meat goat; #1 meat goat is US) -Spanish (most popular before Boer was introduced) What are the fiber breeds of goats? - Correct Answer--Angora (produces the fiber Mohair) -Cashmere/Kashmir (produces the fiber cashmere) What is a mature female sheep called? - Correct Answer-ewe What is a mature female goat called? - Correct Answer-doe What is a mature male sheep called? - Correct Answer-ram What is a mature male goat called? - Correct Answer-buck pg. 51 professoraxe l What is a castrated male sheep and goat called? - Correct Answer-wether What is a young sheep called? - Correct Answer-lamb What is a young goat called? - Correct Answer-kid What is the meat of young sheep older than one year called? - Correct Answer-hogget What is the meat of adult sheep called? - Correct Answer- mutton Explain range production - Correct Answer--see a lot in Montana -vast acreages -fenced or unfenced -live with herder/guard animals -primarily located in Montana or inter-mountain states pg. 52 professoraxe l How does the beef industry structure differ from that of poultry and pork industries? - Correct Answer--not as integrated -unified operation and communication are run by seedstock producers and commercial producers and they make the big genetic decisions What state is number one in cattle numbers? - Correct Answer-Texas (11,700,000) What is Montana ranked in terms of total cattle numbers? - Correct Answer-11th (2,650,000) What is Montana ranked in beef cattle numbers? - Correct Answer-6th What country is number one in cattle numbers? - Correct Answer-India (281.7 million) What is the U.S ranked in terms of cattle numbers? - Correct Answer-4th (97.0 million) pg. 55 professoraxe l What country is number one in beef production? - Correct Answer-U.S (12,226) Explain seedstock producers - Correct Answer--100,000 to produce 80 breeds in the US -market is generally bulls and replacement heifers -produce future generations -also sell semen What state is the seedstock capitol in the country? - Correct Answer-Montana What are the top 5 breeds in US semen sales? - Correct Answer-Angus, Simmental, Red Angus, Polled Hereford, Charolais, and Hereford Explain commercial cow/calf producers - Correct Answer-- 900,000 producers to raise raise around 34 million calves for market -produced calves destine for other industry segments -all producers are not going to run their cows the same way pg. 56 professoraxe l What is the average commercial cow/calf herd? - Correct Answer-around 30-40 head Explain stocker/yearling operators - Correct Answer--add weight to weaned calves before finishing at feedlot -60% in the plains -a lot of potential in this structure Explain feedlots - Correct Answer--saw growth of feedlots in 1950s or right after WWII -feed from weaning/stocker to harvest weight/conditions -high grain ration for 90-150 days What is the average feedlot weight before harvest - Correct Answer-1350 and up (1100-1400) What are feedlots with 100 head or > head equal? - Correct Answer-2.6% of total feedlots but market 85% of cattle fed Explain packers - Correct Answer--harvest cattle -fabricate into primals/subprimals (round, loin, rib, chuck, ribeye, tenderloin) pg. 57 professoraxe l Explain Hereford - Correct Answer--polled or horned -red with white markings -natural aptitude to grow and gain from grass and grain, rustling ability, hardiness, early maturity and prolificacy -certified Hereford breed Explain Red Poll - Correct Answer--developed as a dual purpose breed in their native counties in England -red in color -current selection criteria on Red Poll in the US is primarily for beef production Explain Shorthorn - Correct Answer--developed in northern England -originally a dual purpose breed -known for high milking ability, small early maturing -polled and horned Explain Continental breeds - Correct Answer--mature at large frame size pg. 60 professoraxe l -terminal oriented -more lean produce for yield grade What are the Continental breeds of cattle? - Correct Answer- Charolais, Chianina, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, and Simmental Explain Charolais - Correct Answer--originated from France -has been extensively used in crossbreeding programs -known for their ability to walk, graze aggressively in warm weather, withstand reasonable cold and raise heavy calves -bulls have developed a well-earned reputation to increase ruggedness of animals Explain Chianina - Correct Answer--developed in Italy -first brought as semen to the US -very large with bulls weighing up to 4,000 lbs -white in color with dark pigment on nose and around eyes -used extensively in crossbreeding programs to increase frame size pg. 61 professoraxe l Explain Limousin - Correct Answer--ancient breed that developed in France -originally tan to brown, now have black color -muscling, sturdiness and adaptability -used mostly in crossbreeding programs Explain Maine-Anjou - Correct Answer--originated in France -originally dual purpose breed -introduced to the US through artificial insemination -very large mature size -well muscled Explain Simmental - Correct Answer--developed in Switzerland -red and white animals and are highly sought after because of their "rapid growth development" -often used in crossbreeding programs to increase size and muscling What cattle breeds are Bos Indicus? - Correct Answer- Brahman, Santa Gertrudis, and Brangus pg. 62 professoraxe l What are some management decisions for cow/calf producers? - Correct Answer--breeds -cow size -calving season -use of AI -feeds (what, when , how often, how much) -trait selection -health program -how and when to market cattle What are gomer or spotter bulls? - Correct Answer-sterile bulls used to detect estrus What is electro-ejaculation? - Correct Answer-electrical stimulation of nerves in male reproductive tract to cause ejaculation What is artificial insemination? - Correct Answer-insemination of collected semen into a female by a technician not a male of the species pg. 65 professoraxe l What is estrus synchronization? - Correct Answer-practice of using hormones to have multiple cows come into estrus at the same time What is castration? - Correct Answer-removal of testicles What does finish mean? - Correct Answer-the fat on a market animal What does condition mean? - Correct Answer-fat cover on breeding animals What does backgrounding mean? - Correct Answer-time between weaning and going into the feedlot What does creep-feeding mean? - Correct Answer-practices of providing feed to young animals What is feed efficiency? - Correct Answer-efficiency with which an animal turns feed into growth and meat pg. 66 professoraxe l What are implants? - Correct Answer-hormones inserted into the ear to improve growth and feed effiency What are CAFOs? - Correct Answer-Confined Animal Feeding Operations What is beef yield grade? - Correct Answer-more pounds per total beef when ranked closer to 1 (1-5 scale) What is beef quality grade? - Correct Answer-prime, choice, select, standard (compare marbling) What is the first stomach of the ruminant system? - Correct Answer-reticulum What is the second stomach of the ruminant system? - Correct Answer-rumen What is the third stomach of the ruminant system? - Correct Answer-omasum pg. 67 professoraxe l