ANSC 4280 Poultry Nutrition Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Nursing

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Benefits of Grinding (particle size reduction) -correct answer - Improve nutrient digestibility

• Improve feed mixing
• Improve pellet quality Shortfalls of Grinding (particle size reduction) -correct answer - Excessive grinding is expensive
• Increase in dust pollution and moisture losses
• Cause flowability problems during feed manufacturing
• For broilers; increased GI passage rate, poor gut health and low nutrient digestibility Hammer Mill -correct answer - By far most common; feed is struck by a hammer and shattered until it passes through a screen) Roller Mill -correct answer - rushing, cutting and shearing of feed as it is pulled between rollers
• not yet widely used smaller throughput but more energy efficient -Better uniformity (vs hammer mill) -Physical characteristics of fibre are better maintained (stimulate gut function and health) How to determine optimum particle size -correct answer - Effects on nutrient utilization (finer is better) -Cost of grinding (finer is more expensive) -Feed dust and bridging of feed (Worse when finer)
• Pellet quality (finer is better) Volumetric mills -correct answer - Used for small and medium operations, blending premix, corn and soybean meal
• Mixed feed is ground after mixing through hammer mill
• Feed is mixed by controlling flow rates through each of the 5 compartments Heat processing -correct answer - Physical process (uses heat and friction)
• Mixes meal with steam and push it through die -'cooks' (gelatinizes) the starch and other nutrients
• Disrupts cell structure -Destroys moulds/bacteria (not mycotoxins) Post -pelleting :Crumbles -correct answer - A crumbler is a roller mill with rolls specially designed for breaking up pellets into smaller particles Benefits of pelleting -correct answer - Improves nutrient digestibility (thermal modification of starch and protein)
• Reduces feed wastage (reduce selection)
• Prevents separation of feed

• Improves flow of feed Allows a finer grind of feed
• Improves feed hygiene (kill pathogens)
• Allows more effective use of some co- products Extrusion/ Expansion -correct answer - Combination of heat from injected steam and friction by pushing through a die; high temperature and pressure
• Feed material is plasticized in a tube by a combination of moisture, heat and mechanical shear.
• Elevated product temperature and pressure within the tube, gelatinization of starch, denaturation of proteins (ANF), stretching or restructuring of tactile components and the exothermic expansion of the extruded material within seconds. Pelleting vs Extrusion (advantages) -correct answer - Extrusion has higher temperature and can handle more fat -Extrusion has increased gelatinization of starch
• Low dust
• Better sterilization of feed
• Improved pellet quality Pelleting vs Extrusion (disadvantages) -correct answer - High energy consumption
• Protein degradation -Loss of heat for components like vitamins and feed enzymes 3 types of metabolic disorders in poultry -correct answer 1. Metabolic disorders that result from an increase production of, or deficiency of or failure in the production, synthesis, or transport of an enzyme, hormone or secretory mechanism.

2. Metabolic disorders resulting from rapid growth/production, high nutrient intake or high metabolic rate 3.Other conditions that could be classed as metabolic disorders related to: (a) management defects; (b) nutritional deficiency or excess; (d) toxins. Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in layers -correct answer -Steatosis and lipid vacuolization inside the hepatocytes

• Excess accumulation of fat in the liver accompanied by liver hemorrhage
• Outbreaks are often associated with hot weather and a period of extensive egg-laying
• Egg production correlated with energy intake
• Excess energy for prolonged period Control FLHS -correct answer -Feed antioxidants (Vitamin E, selenium)
• Vitamin D metabolites Spiking mortality syndrome in broiler chickens -correct answer - Live chicks are found recumbent and uncoordinated, frequently lying on their breasts with legs extended -The clinical signs and death are caused by hypoglycaemia

Spiking mortality syndrome in broiler chickens - Causes -correct answer - Hypoglycaemia related to melatonin deficiency -Hormone produced in a diurnal fashion: high in dark, low when birds are exposed to light

• Signal changes that optimize body functions: - - Reproduction, immune function, feed intake, mental status etc Musculoskeletal disease in meat-type poultry -correct answer -Disproportion between the rate of body mass accretion versus the progress of skeletal maturation
• Weight increases 100x while long bone increases 4x and bone diameter increases 3- 5x Tibial dyschondroplasia -correct answer - Lesions: characterized by a mass of avascular cartilage in the metaphysis of the proximal ends of the tibiotarsus and tarsalmetatarsis Wooden Breast in Broilers -correct answer - severe hardening of the pectoralis major muscle during growth to market weight
• Muscle myopathy that results in the necrosis of muscle fibres with macrophage infiltration
• Fibrosis takes place, leading to connective tissue synthesis, with highly cross-linked collagen Osteoporosis; osteopenia; osteomalacia -correct answer - progressive loss of bone during the laying period

• 30% of mortality in caged hens "cage layer fatigue" Split Feeding -correct answer - Feeding chickens different feed during different parts of the day to meet energy requirements

• Feed energy and protein in the morning and Calcium in the evening Commercial broiler production -correct answer - Genetic selection/feed programs have evolved producing a very big bird in a short period of time How to formulate broiler feed -correct answer - Ingredients available
• Set parameters for protein, amino acids, energy
• Essential nutrients
• Ingredient pricing
• Opportunity Ingredient
• Quality considerations NSP enzymes -correct answer - Cocktail of enzymes designed to liberate entrapped nutrients (energy)
• Added to enhance levels of enzymes naturally produced by the bird
• Targets indigestible starch found in cereal grains
• Reduce cost

• Reduces intestinal viscosity Phytase -correct answer - Phytase is an enzyme which liberates phytate phosphorus
• Under normal conditions the phytic acid molecule is indigestible
• Phosphorus is an expensive nutrient The use of Phytase enzymes in poultry feed has become standard Proteases -correct answer Enhance protein digestion Mannase -correct answer - Target mannan (ANF) -Specifically high in SBM Water -correct answer - Birds consume by weight 2x water as feed
• Water restriction = feed restriction Designing a feeding program -correct answer - Phase feeding
• Starter, Grower, Finisher Assessing feed and efficiency -correct answer - Anything that restricts feed intake will have the largest impact on growth How to calculate feed Efficiency -correct answer Feed Intake / Body weight Good gut health -correct answer - Colour, tone and consistency are indicators of good gut health
• Healthy gut surface is pink with the gut wall folding over Poor Gut Health -correct answer - Inflamed tissue
• Poor gut tone
• Lots of mucous/water
• Hemorrhages
• Indicates poor digestion Factors that can impact gut health -correct answer - Feed(Sudden ingredient changes)
• Ingredient quality
• Stress(Vaccination, thinning, feed change)
• Temperature (Too hot/too cold) -Ventilation (must move fresh air) -Brooding Practices(Birds on feed as soon as possible)
• Biosecurity(Pathogens accidentally brought into the barns)
• Medications(Target and kill bacteria) Prophylaxis -correct answer - Preventative use -The use of an antibiotic to prevent the occurrence of an infectious disease in an otherwise healthy flock

Metaphylaxis -correct answer -Therapeutic use

• The use of an antibiotic to treat a clinical or subclinical infectious disease in birds when a subset of the population is identified with a clinical or subclinical infectious disease Coccidiosis -correct answer - Caused by a protozoan parasite
• Invade multiple points within the digestive tract
• Symptoms including: dehydration, depression, ruffled feathers, off-feed, bloody droppings Preventing Coccidiosis -correct answer - Ionophore
• Chemicals Necrotic enteritis -correct answer - Caused by gram-positive bacteria Clostridium perfringens
• Symptoms include, loose droppings, necrotic lesions, reduced growth rate, poor feed efficiency and high mortality Preventing necrotic enteritis -correct answer - Bacitracin (BMD) - 2020