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Answers and commentary (A-level) : Paper 3 essay, Schemes and Mind Maps of Biology

Correct material about chemical energy from. ATP being converted into movement energy and used in active transport. The error in.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2021/2022

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Download Answers and commentary (A-level) : Paper 3 essay and more Schemes and Mind Maps Biology in PDF only on Docsity! AQA= Realising potential Specimen answer 1 June 14 BIOL5 10b Non-confidential 10 Write an essay on one of the following topics. EITHER 10 {a} How calls and organisms carry out exchanges with their external environment to maintain their internal environment. [25 marks] OR 410 (b) How energy is transferred within and between organisms. [25 marks] if you want to make a plan write it here, BD be Be cnennnemn ‘ Lh WHE Hut 4 OLS 25 cealincinaa.. ts.o0nn lob. harkhar.aleng....]va..... INAAy. Nic. SOO. sc.piuhscand. a). ust .CmR ALE — CARL. ARAMOOS LL. Ln». tude. 00.0. ARG SEALS. ce Aaser€,. AAC ORIEN wb. Ho aiuneta amet deen les. bh urea cle ORORACRa Une The. haste uses. inguace.» ohgnanngiinoe -_ Pos. Som oral Ca (SA Gr CeuRe Sonab.t Ol PMU POMS. SDI Laer... She amaveonn tuber. cute CANN). ts. Porc. Cun. unailate...phab.beouctle...be be sctinun tala... StL ona the. Bowne he of Has. Ea ae on JAuoiss..~ teadang..be:... MAO SALO...SNNOSRRN... Teaurum.tn Orloc. fe pie Suan and... Cire nang. bie ORT. SNA. ISG UAE... sepuli Toypulse Or.. af alse SI SAL IM qeourha, oe COACHL CASH. AMIR. ve Uare..A, UMS.ANG..Cnenou cal. gritduenue...lomg. ; SD RCG C2... WO. CN Nele.. bie... op sn fr feisingng. pobenbot..od..acena... [he Samo.camarge.of. Nat, ADO... WADLOL. PHA Gubhart..nuie. bine 0.400. V8 Batu Cnn eke. wes seed etait bung... bho. Dugg. | Oakes... Ueorltn sono. Aula. bir... Praca... aan Turn over VeRCHL SunT BOLE: 2 4 v8 @..... OMA LE. Or. ASP. PAREN. Cane. OM Lh A Wa. lb.. cnan. kanal Aa. ‘boner QW. CLAUD. OE. SIYIMSEER cece argent sah San be Ua Te Ney due Hl tein Ie pnoinac MBH. 8 Ub. porboulirly.. AOD WOULO be... enacpyheenstiesa. kno CN AE. coe 2st... ‘ea xeny np... eétetn oentresss. MOLAR... Tnebhicune. sae... Oke. be AA chp INRBA, PLB ong i Poebesiny Mehwsae,.cur..QlL ee, SONY Yao Caches bh Ap oes... ee NEEM son Samed. dos. Cone... fresh pe aa SOON... SUN VSLig... PRsacc.. nb ugh. “the. fe. Laen of Unkhanic... Rene we mm 27 a7 2 nw Whe Steere bomb... cuetr. OM. the AR Le BOP. ot bine. SES... LU i... nue an, “tnt Aa... AN..GEE. 08. ROBE. 5... BONAR... enaryy. Le...s. fne.. Passe ail pashan. “ah... Jeecea.. true ba renaucn...ag seperate Ao. @.1 Cann... Re Pictrus.ta. Fy MEA... TP ok, OMAR. .GeDWNe, Opec. and. Hew. CRU y GCA Ue... Pua. bea bes nO... Cope Gn Lamps Neat. of bh ottls Gee wo. fee figpe. be matt) ‘ond. | pany Grate ADIEU 4... Phe cull has. uncreaced. un... Turn over B WHEAUn YBIOLE 10 {b) Write an essay on ene of the following topics. “ = fot ’ ere ee ays? EITHER | {¥ ros y8) Ra A Hew calls and organisms carry out exchanges with their external environment to maintain their internal environment, [25 marie} | OR | How energy ia transferrad within and between organisms. [25 marks] # you want to make a plan write it here. per” CCC. snow gue Ge PRS SENT OMe CHA ete Da ACIAAT Oe = AMALIA eat... ELS.” butte 7 - = aay? date eI namin oN ere ET ved VA CCAS 7 WOME A BO dag = QUAceSS.. tote t— WHPrjun (4/5105 23 HOnAeettosis. i tity nepereund, fer OU aud a ALOMAR MAGNETO COCA Oat WORE EES PAS ey Dee OU oy E PELE ONE CHO CUALSIOAS UAGl The bern equraymieat 40 naguataaes TIAA. APRA. CLMoaniont Bul TAQu WACO. EHNA Of EO SUUESTOUACOL FG. BOR ec CAMS HOUAE opm oe eo Tee ec unnmnemuntinssnnmsnnennse! ADS... SEMEL OM Opn Bo GA CTR VAG vad GAS TUL OAS Ou COPA SAS LOLS ACE. OK CCH COT EM wo WIASAS TUNG OF ATSIC PIO TE Turn over b aa WMP tun 1BIOLS 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 27 r e980... CU Unc ALOE CLAS UU, MM ga — ae hn, A TA WAS, ING. see Teo, “UL. mae ESSA AS é: et. ARO. etl ud BATE ENON Ot aaacela. “CAUYTL OCH a TR oe VATRAGL CAME OOIMOME (ane ve W.. AND CATEMAD JO Re OO ARB EO TG CAL ee AA EOL Te Se po BOG oes re IOS airasahuucicls bid Oe ot GAR IR UAC POSITIVE PRC QUEG he le a CA BEC VA oacstntnnnennnaannan TG COV CEUO COUR Cua CVO CUUISI (pocuscs SE mua Turn over » WHE} Jun 4/BIGLE 268 e. SIRT. VIAL SC COA EAT TI BN Tel CU COO OU ae Ke MAS TUG. OF GOS SICA QUE. FOI ACL OCT... AL. RIAOTONY MOG Ss Ws DLR. ARIS. MMOD ITO ECE oe AN CGI vo QS. COG OA SINE TO SECM EME nn AON PLACA... CHAR ely, 4 siiweieceeecell, SP ate cttetatintiasinsnnctshstinsisssaitiatnss icinisntutentenintncheses chi WIMPY un FV EHOLS Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 2 0 H – Concept only. 2 10 2 0 Re-stating title only. 3 10 2 0 C – Some knowledge but very low level and not addressing title. Not quite enough detail. 4 10 2 0 Significant error. Sodium – not ions. Channels let sodium ions in but they are actively transported out. 5 10 3 0 Lungs mentioned. Not enough to credit L yet. 6 10 3 0 No mention of water potential. Water concentration is poor terminology. 7 10 3 0 Cholera = D. Very little detail so not enough. 8 10 3 0 Chloride ions released but no indication of where to. 9 10 3 0 Reference to Nerves = N. 10 10 4 0 Entire paragraph about photosynthesis is irrelevant. 11 10 4 0 G – But superficial. 12 10 4 0 W – Passage of water through a plant. Mention only, very superficial. 13 10 5 0 Continuation of W but no additional relevant detail. 14 10 5 0 Continuation of W but no additional relevant detail. Combined with earlier G now just about A-level content. 15 10 5 0 G – Superficial. 16 10 6 0 L – Mention only not enough. 17 10 6 0 Could be irrelevant but candidate is trying to link to title so ignore. 18 10 6 0 T – A bit superficial but just enough. 19 10 7 15 A-level content in some topics but no real attempt to relate to theme. Lacking detail in some topics. One irrelevant topic area. Multistructural - awarded 15 marks. Kear, 5c tenga 2 AM. Py RATES. ~setys Nts Som. 8, hacth Raw aod Legh see “Phefeeptletc Spet.. Ore rtd BUBB mm Turn ever b- WMP Hun 149BHOLS 24 ROBE ae. heme codec “Ete TP boy. : a ac En. exe ie oll. au WMP tbunt A2FOLE outdated bis... heen dutch. hcg. 22. snnin 0 1 2 Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 1 0 Plan viewed, no creditable material. 2 10 2 0 Introduction. Do not view as irrelevant material. 3 10 2 0 P - Idea of light energy to chemical energy. 4 10 2 0 P - Correct reference to photolysis and using energy from ATP and reduced NADP to form glucose in light-independent reaction. 5 10 3 0 Et - Correct references to loss of energy between trophic levels and the different ways in which this occurs. 6 10 4 0 Irrelevant material about nutrient cycles. 7 10 4 0 Sr - Pacinian corpuscle converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. 8 10 5 0 Sr - Correct reference to the functioning of light receptors transferring light energy into electrical energy. 9 10 6 0 Correct material about chemical energy from ATP being converted into movement energy and used in active transport. The error in referring to both the stroma and the cristae as the site of ATP production is not a significant error so does not negate. 10 10 6 0 Mc - Noted as a topic however insufficient material. 11 10 6 0 D - Glucose produced as a result of digestion can then be converted into other energy forms eg heat to maintain body temp. 12 10 7 0 Following theme using examples (holistic) - directly addressing theme. One irrelevant passage but, on balance, offset by content. Nothing detailed beyond specification. Extended abstract - awarded 22 marks. AQA= Realising potential Specimen answer 4 June 14 BIOL5S 10a Non-confidential 24 brates fabtn... teflon tS di cea =i hoe 8 ae ‘We. gad ee, “thier She... i ii pel bile co ties, Bs, apt ag baktte. ag at _ Asifantal, AS, eppetlle tpl. aged bil Cdl... nd He aa wechwog! DR edhe “ol el az... ‘find Rs ME BBE soccocssccousmorsromnininmnnnnerennerennimne re ed ave oe, a hl. tom Spl, — Are dt vaaedl bak a as ‘a pelea sad. tL ccrvuaglle ball. aul AL ee nid fin ed at ted, gc. BML AC AG eft cosmmnnnnnnnniininnn Jo onde cette. refine Atay. | nai C92... hf ABL. tobi tle Lee. “ft “i ies tag ti. AM. soft Lew. “py Palos le. Chak digit. satan... iL. A, Por Geil... oheakd i ole sp Ha te wing pl. $i a onl. s Athtalan...But.....swbel covered”. aged tla ase att hab. i La hadl se hye Hing Don Fries... weal cnt cs Ir oe wash, stl, wll it wedl hail wetab SE ce eh lap iain. Bacal... get 7 ol dated’. $e Bho. i. od... nwt. saat Ml. a i WIM Pjur] ag 5 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 1 0 Pan noted. 2 10 2 0 Homeostasis topic noted, no detail. 3 10 2 0 T - Temperature topic noted, heat loss via sweating but no mention of heat energy being required for evaporation. Possible significant error – capillaries do not control blood flow to skin. 4 10 2 0 Respiration irrelevant. 5 10 3 0 G - Gas exchange noted. 6 10 3 0 Photosynthesis is irrelevant. 7 10 3 0 G - Gas exchange again, still not enough detail. 8 10 4 0 Tf - Tissue fluid topic noted and some weak A-level content. 9 10 4 0 D – Digestion topic noted but no detail. 10 10 4 0 B - Control of blood glucose concentration topic noted, insufficient detail. 11 10 4 11 Some superficial A-level content. Irrelevant topics. Does try to deal with number of topics - so elements of multistructural. Borderline between unistructural and multistructural - awarded 11 marks. 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 24 @ i CoS ESS US LE. AG. GOAN COR. del AA RATED, ME = Sb NCEA NAAT, MAREME, Ei Shed Be, ARMOR Stl dB. d RABE, PABA AS LOK ft SHAS... TAB... BEM oon WAAR RAR AAAS EERE ANN. SIRES oo Te et NM nse PTR cana’, CRAG .DABOR.FA AB LAG PEDCATROAAL, LEACHIOW... LO. PIO ALRO GUAT S® rm, We. COa2. CO tae... chin. As A Age... BPUCUO e.. (RB) ta. farsa... GP, “Bae. tcc) LEER... INEDE.are..sareed.6,.cRrieet... AR bo...TP.. 28... PUSAQNNAAR.. OIA. AA TE 4A. SERA, SO BABAR im & WHIP) dun HLS 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 AQA= Realising potential Specimen answer 6 June 14 BIOL5 10b Non-confidential Et Write an essay on one of the following topics. EITHER 10 (a) How cells and organisms carry out exchanges with their external environment to maintain their internal environment. —-- aes Rommasa> pet [25 marks] | | Weguat ‘ ee a Paws ao A a“ Gua b> 40 (b) CHoageneray is transferred) ithin and betweel organisms.“ “¢ wunaty : a , _,. (25 marks] U a ~ fRArUc, . | If you want to make a plan weite It ie fees A ope Wels — Canrumelon | Ninibagan A yen SAB pea 4 Agate tf ‘guts -? Sarita a ie e "ye pene Nea penta Pierce a ao ? byuins fea fal» <7 9 ya, att Vue Lh CUT ATE, pitelcad beg vole Beaatliens. LA cose - —S ie 3 ain i : pa nec ane ln lar C why Jun 4818 23 yl Goo Whew ty kes ih, Hy . oho In ae 5 pub in Wedea, ‘i Whi Jun 4/8NOLs. 0 9 1 2 1 0 Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 2 0 Idea of energy transfer through ecosystems just about enough, but would look for more detail. 2 10 3 0 Idea of carbon cycle and fossil fuels here considered relevant. 3 10 3 0 Use of ATP in energy transfer just about enough. 4 10 3 0 Idea of respiration energy transfer just about enough. 5 10 3 0 Significant error – idea that ATP is transferred around the body. 6 10 3 0 Idea of energy transfer light to chemical in Photosynthesis. 7 10 4 0 Idea of mechanical energy transferred to chemical energy noted under stimulus response for breadth, but not enough detail. 8 10 4 0 Significant error again energy transferred into cells as ATP. 9 10 5 0 Nothing irrelevant in this section, but nothing to credit either. 10 10 5 12 A-level detail and mostly suitable topics. However, significant errors and one irrelevant passage. Multistructural - awarded 12 marks. AQA= Realising potential Specimen answer 7 June 14 BIOL5S 10a Non-confidential 24 Bk SEAM rebate hance a lee hig opiates gine ot eh RTRs. BRAG. “RAY ty 2ST il By DQ ccc ae Coca. Amirean Be eva _— Tage a... REA on ERIS LOTS IR SE EASE... IA SELLE si SAB. Sabb ibs, PV... seen ee heeds sesso Dun nosh d hn oe i nspicatts.. wp. e__seeoouie obs ouesiun estes Simon, Jct.” Setting mi ae. oe Poser cigs Oda rke as errr an Unga Tbe LOSS: oR Ee te. Kin, Ore ave. Ah... oO. bes OP "Bhaygen..cmnh.2 so ROM AB se 1 rd. 5... LOWNO e Ohd ORO... es ES Ne -Meewegerennete WMP 14/61OL5 IB BRL I. ae OAD os MEER. SD a Ooo... Sette rt Pin OMB tee EP netr ernie Ra BIRR h Nh OR SL he MA... ME IAA Pn RANA IR EB RIAA cr Wega DCR toe tas SAREE Ser itt AIT Oe BOE ce oe LNA. firorte...A&t.. EMR OOS Ag nat tag a thereto by RAFI tI eter Ate DML CROL EAS pe Turn over ANP Lun 4EHOLB e 4 Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 2 0 T – Temperature control. A-level detail but not enough explanation of how evaporation reduces blood temperature. 2 10 3 0 Relevant but not A-level detail. 3 10 3 0 W – Passage of water through plant. Ignore dead and hollow centre of the tree as this probably refers to xylem. Not enough detail. 4 10 3 0 L – lung function – No A-level detail here. 5 10 4 0 This is irrelevant. Goes too far beyond the scope of the title. 6 10 4 0 Nc – Nutrient cycles – Relevant selection but not enough detail. 7 10 4 9 Some A-level material but only in one/maybe two topics and a lot that is superficial. Some irrelevant material. Unistructural - awarded 9 marks. 23 PEGE TS Dp NRL AAAS cinta EEG, wind Soeur AEA SELLE Raa cnc. tigi BR WHOS. aon Chath dA tT Mail fS fehs BE PPR 1 Gh Se LR BY EA, SA ORE ed GE PELE hE TAM nn ABA. Ud. rbd sig thai... Ares. we. .aven..lchels...toe chloe plast.... Test uaelen. Lhof... an. Pat er0crsy. ities. Boa. Sain. conte HM. GPO A Be lant. Llinds...Canvaed.. BRS... I ig Oe ee a Mo caphldll.,.chedann..gak.crs ted. cont Oe. anaitted Theta tay leche... 0.Serive..0d. Br tdation. acdh.. Pebechioe. FROG 08g. Lhe. trae pel. lait dy. Hate Meactided aes Ben CLE CASS awe CATERED HONE EP. Ustrceh - fe... Cencbine... AOR A.Pi..fe...detae. ALE. tobe fn. Calton... hismedt....eethe Meme, ALE... Pence, Hrdermns ph pede an tT eal ES $... ee 15.19 Macectth...adbturm... Rieu se. BLS pha ntt,.oek, (ey WES wo. bee... itr 3 facta, ATE ek sedate ste dated 0 cone A. MNS Inte Feit. | 5 aOR IS MPM Guhite. Cel Bo bie OF: DERG enn Turn over mu WMPi ub 1a Al... Be03 5, 6oratth... ftllord wrothsdS. Heh. bile tAgedbe 2 f 24 @.. wie aut OS, PIO MILES hS. HORA TERADCL,akBe creed oeaiciag. | ‘a. fe Later... LHe. EPA itt. ass. ergy nate | ses mci oe BEAL Gt MACE d Frenne Aieln....ohbater.. a tad2i 8... MAD, EB.. By ee Beocuts. 4 Matton... ANTE... Bei nee, AOE. pe _ Botee.... HEP, L003... (8..Alito...t¢q Shere diacng.. Abe ALEC AM co wh TH.03 port... Chomany bbe E.. | Alb. As. Tre poe. sessveee Outre Courtine... Apa... ep Ha NDE oy a ety dnvasbemed.- Bsaccingy AEP lhe:n vo ete ves is a0... Manshbond.. hts... pede. PAE. 30 Head... thee, ie Car... tie. tg oh OAB.. ste onsummaan tak. fle... Feel bare ‘Altar, Cuca... Ode... chen, dun, vol Dro Ha. GRE Mout... pry By Ab 6. AOR... ere Biatlen..HG lose Shurthe..is...bo ben... swelh Ove lB pulley detail ha... C140. A. beolaa dren sac ISG... Gyan 3. wee AIR tb LLB PNA TIO A ssn ts ” Eendlathamer.... wthagek... Paha Ohta Mee f trade..... ymca. bead In sore. at — bedi - fang pe bidrnetten 9. LAS cl Doe DR nd, AOMSOOK.. wh GEN Chal andy da se Beir oe. 1S. (AED. 0 NP Shan 17 OL 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 1 8 1 1 4a Write an essay on one of the following topics. ETHER _ ee 40 (a) | He a ad a organisms carry out exchanges with thelr external environment to’ their internal envirenment=--— —~ ™ [2s marks] OR 16 (b) How energy ts transferred within and between organisms. : [25 marks] If you want to make a plan write it here. : kid taps Aina contd knee apt th haphgte igh WPI BIOS Oa) fa an thal af Md ana ipso Llkarip det todd, shies ta bandh ceo comorbid tbe fe Sheatinar hand ahteht i ae aa senagessea snxsenes seed abe declines Cle be fant ipl save cran dled tej tadenk bare sesetteensaee sce Sb Cheer eee sed that fetid ts Vfl ooa Sibideren SA ELGG Cat ditt part bedetdaiagt aiitendill tek wlanstte dboct babi Li elt ahaha bleenaighasdicad otis desea av trncatiin Pinna ae bf bien dbtute ate. [bbe the LOaia.. setuseeestevee veolvpasibbtoen uate Atk ll bedetodA blll Od LB o fae Danielle al cotseen wodilabitndsttnniditandied eb bigikdagaohilla lls cient bape Mt snr hitnctamieoisnec Tht ague dti Rann athe g tA ndetnan ifonbdab wa Nba bs Aiba téainenn ntti dle gyAtadadbantdin icine Ri umnne cnvndttbiachibitied eadladtbaategfeab ltd Biba dthnbiadbie fei mbaih ile Turn over > WMP BOS 4 2 & wat naa ntaschanl trae EEO fle tities fade eahad eee oft gabled ayy tote inch nd Sanh daar ltl basemen weeditas dts. fold. Mek MAND Mae dy Aline. deb tee pierk aiebical acest concent obit thd leita Hac baad te LA ohh celle lds R Sac seseeaneeeene vile aap lt tte ae, dee ota bith. btoed ieee. ssn - tannin Thor ehaehote sthsahs ian. AY. ded bat (jee BER ccesanscen wend eft RIC td Mt NC tabi ll DAEs we bg theca nfatton lotr lltbauiy alan Lay dialigh cd. debs webb A NVA hE ONE AR STR REE ee wend BS antihile Rd batatn SE. EtaTD, a i yen sitannmas safc ALG set eRe it cpt dently tc Bed fe tl ett pisitnn GObcnd bRboatgeak ldnin den. uning idan, be vee uiE.2 Ah a lanadileehc faa Rint RE Roe tis Rn Bide Shaded te Lasezsanseneen es cndnenennns : wn dabei bth Esterase tA ARB ARR AGo ves | Me ade AeA eyed aed. ALI neesennnsneen sence anineneeintinnaeienetnnnect EO cS Bhasrseale forravnbipydletaipl tlm clopab titan a WHIP Jon14/BKOLS i Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 1 0 Plan noted. 2 10 2 0 H - Homeostasis noted but no detail. 3 10 2 0 W - Passage of water through a plant noted and transpiration idea. 4 10 3 0 C – Cells noted, idea of turgidity. 5 10 3 0 Respiration irrelevant. 6 10 3 0 G – Gas exchange noted but not enough detail. 7 10 4 0 D – Digestion noted and idea of glucose release from food to be absorbed. 8 10 4 0 T – Temperature control noted and detail on temperature regulation. Section above about enzymes not creditworthy, but not regarded as irrelevant as it is linked to the following passage. 9 10 5 0 C- Cells noted, but no detail given (could also be credited under Tf – tissue fluid). 10 10 5 0 Respiration irrelevant. 11 10 5 14 A-level detail in some topics but not really addressing the theme of the essay, or interrelated. One irrelevant topic area but no significant errors. Multistructural - awarded 14 marks. AQA= Realising potential Specimen answer 10 June 14 BIOL5S 10a Non-confidential . 10 Write an essay on one of the followlng topics. EITHER 10 (a) How cells and organisms carry out exchanges with their external environment to maintain their internal environment. [25 mart{a) OR , 10 (b) How energy is transferred within and between organisms. [25 mart{s] If you want to make a plan write it here . .. .. �P ... , .:::-:. ..................... ::::::: ........................ , .. . ... .. . ... . .. ...... .... ... ...... .. . ... . .. . . . . .. ... ... .. . . . .. . = ....... ·........ ?. . .. �J.:CZ'� ............................................................................................... . ............... ? .... f..��� ..... �5.-:'.'.��---·················································· ........................ ! ........... � ..... f .'? '--1:,,_7· ......................................................................... ............... I ._-"., 1,W.tl � ... .............. -.,, ................... - ......................................................................... ,, .................... ,,, ..•. I ............................................................................................................................................ �� ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................. L-.. 1 111 2 Z WMPIJun1,tlBIOLl5 0 4 0 5 1 5 6 Senior examiner annotations # Item Page Mark/ symbol Annotation 1 10 2 0 2 10 2 0 L – Lung function but there is limited A-level detail of pressure changes. 3 10 2 0 G – Gas exchange. Includes detailed explanation of fish, insect and plant gas exchange. 4 10 4 0 W – Passage of water through plant. Good detail of absorption of water by osmosis into root hair cells. 5 10 4 0 C - Cells. Relevant selection but not enough detail for further credit. 6 10 4 15 A bit limited in scope with 4 topics but A-level content - if often limited in detail. Not really interrelated, or addressing the theme of the essay in a coherent fashion. Multistructural - awarded 15 marks.