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Anthropology 102 Midterm Exam Anthropology - correct answer ✔✔The scientific and humanistic study of human beings society - correct answer ✔✔A group of people who depend on each other to survive and the relationships between them culture - correct answer ✔✔The learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups ethnocentrism - correct answer ✔✔the belief that one's own culture is superior to all other cultures; judge other cultures from your own culture's perspective; measure other cultures by your own cultural standards; Ex: the "American Way" cultural relativism - correct answer ✔✔Belief that cultures should be analyzed with reference to their own histories and values rather than according to other cultures ways holistic approach - correct answer ✔✔Anthropology combines study of human culture, history, language, and biology Biological or Physical Anthropology (4 main sub disciplines of anthro) - correct answer ✔✔Study humans as physical or biological entities; Primary focuses on those aspects that are genetically inherited Linguistic Anthropology (4 main sub disciplines of anthro) - correct answer ✔✔The study of language and its relation to culture; Language is a complex symbol system that people use to communicate and translate culture Archaeology (4 main sub disciplines of anthro) - correct answer ✔✔Examines the material remains people leave behind to try to understand past cultural patterns; Interpreting patterns provides insights into the lives and cultural ways of other people in the past Cultural Anthropology (4 main sub disciplines of anthro) - correct answer ✔✔The study of human thought, behavior, and lifeways that are learned and typical understandings Ethnography - correct answer ✔✔a description of society or culture, often as a result of participant observation Emic - correct answer ✔✔(inside); attempts to capture what ideas and practices mean to members of a culture (placing yourself in that society) Etic - correct answer ✔✔(outside); examination of societies using concepts, categories, and rules derived from science; an outsider's perspective Ethnology - correct answer ✔✔attempt to find general principles or laws that govern cultural phenomena through the comparison of that culture (discipline) Applied Anthropology - correct answer ✔✔the application of anthropology to the solution of human problems Ex: companies, military, institutions use applied anthro to help their goals Forensic Anthropology - correct answer ✔✔uses the tools of physical anthro to aid in the identification of the skeletal or badly decomposed human remains; identify victims of crimes, warfare, and misconduct Enculturation - correct answer ✔✔the process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group. Ex: Inuit children learning through elders and through games Acculturation - correct answer ✔✔merging of cultures. Grew up in one and adopting into another. 2nd culture life Culture and Personality Theory - correct answer ✔✔the study of enculturation gave rise to culture and personality theory in Anthropology; a theoretical approach that holds that cultures could best be understood by examining the patterns of child rearing and considering their effect on adult lives and social institutions; Conventionality (3 main characteristics of human language) - correct answer ✔✔the idea that words are conventionally connected to the things for which they stand Productivity (3 main characteristics of human language) - correct answer ✔✔the idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new meaningful utterances Displacement (3 main characteristics of human language) - correct answer ✔✔the human capacity to describe things not happening in the present Phonology (4 main subsystems of language) - correct answer ✔✔The sound system of a language; The phone is a sound made by humans and used in any language; The phoneme is the smallest significant unit of sound in a lang; We experience different sets of phonemes as accents Morphology (4 main subsystems of language) - correct answer ✔✔A system for creating words from sounds; a word is the smallest part of a sentence that can be said alone and still retain its meaning; a morpheme is the smallest unit of a language that has a meaning Syntax (4 main subsystems of language) - correct answer ✔✔the part of grammar that has to do with the arrangement of words to form phrases and sentences Semantics (4 main subsystems of language) - correct answer ✔✔Subsystem of language that relates words to meaning Lexicon (vocabulary) - correct answer ✔✔the total stock of words in a language Code Switching - correct answer ✔✔Moving seamlessly and appropriately between two different languages, or different styles of language; this ability may often be central to a group's or individual's identity Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔perceptions and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of a language; suggested that people who spoke different languages must understand the world in different ways; while language structure may be related to thought in some cases, generally the connection between language and perception is weak Artifacts (5 main approaches to the study of non-verbal communication) - correct answer ✔✔can be communication through clothing, jewelry, tattoos, etc Haptics (5 main approaches to the study of non-verbal communication) - correct answer ✔✔the study and analysis of touch ("contact" vs "noncontact" cultures) Chronemics (5 main approaches to the study of non-verbal communication) - correct answer ✔✔the study of cultural understandings of time ("M-Time" vs. "P-Time"), Mono chronemic vs. Poly chronemic Proxemics (5 main approaches to the study of non-verbal communication) - correct answer ✔✔the study of how different cultures use space; Intimate distance, personal distance, and social distance Kinesics (5 main approaches to the study of non-verbal communication) - correct answer ✔✔the study of body movement, facial expressions, and gaze Pidgin - correct answer ✔✔Language of contact and trade composed of features of the original languages of two or more societies. Not their primary language, and very informal. Creole - correct answer ✔✔A first language that is composed of elements of two or more different languages; so formalized that they are recognized as their own language Subsistence Strategy - correct answer ✔✔Ways of transforming the resources of the local environment into food, clothing and shelter; They develop in response to: seasonal variation in the environment; predictable, consistent, or environmental variations such as drought, flood, or animal diseases; unpredictable Foraging (4 main types of subsistence strategies) - correct answer ✔✔relies on food naturally available in the environment; hunting, gathering, fishing Pastoralism (4 main types of subsistence strategies) - correct answer ✔✔Caring for domesticated animals that produce meat and milk; herding animals, then domesticating them Horticulture (4 main types of subsistence strategies) - correct answer ✔✔Production of plants using non- mechanized technology; Horticulturalists allow fields to go fallow for a period of time so they restore fertility; producing plants using non mechanized tech, maintaining fields fertilization by letting it recover by not planting on it for a couple years Agriculture (4 main types of subsistence strategies) - correct answer ✔✔Production of plants using plows, animals, and modern soil and water control; constant state of food production; do this by fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation; just a business Industrialism (4 main types of subsistence strategies) - correct answer ✔✔how modern agriculture has evolved; mechanized means of producing Transhumant Pastoralism - correct answer ✔✔Herd animals are moved on a regular basis to different areas as fresh pasture becomes available; usually the men and boys move, while everyone else stays Nomadic Pastoralism - correct answer ✔✔The whole social group moves with their animals in search of new pasture Swidden (Slash and Burn) Horticulture - correct answer ✔✔clearing fields by felling trees and burning brush; much lower impact than agriculture techniques Globalization - correct answer ✔✔The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network Revolution - correct answer ✔✔an attempt to overthrow the existing political structure and put another type of political structure in its place Power - correct answer ✔✔the ability to exercise one's will over others and cause individuals or groups to take actions that they might not take otherwise Authority - correct answer ✔✔may be defined as the socially approved use of power Social Control and Conflict Management - correct answer ✔✔a major basis for conformity in most societies is the internalization of norms and values; Deviants, or those who transgress society's rules, are handled differently in different types of societies Social Complexity - correct answer ✔✔refers to the degree to which political roles, institutions, and processes are centralized and differentiated from or embedded within other social institutions Social Differentiation (hierarchy) - correct answer ✔✔The relative access individuals and groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, and prestige; social hierarchy Egalitarian Society (3 ideal forms of social differentiation) - correct answer ✔✔no individual or group has more privileged access to resources, power, or prestige than any other; less complex Rank Society (3 ideal forms of social differentiation) - correct answer ✔✔characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restrictions on access to basic resources; horticulture, pastoralist societies Stratified Society (3 ideal forms of social differentiation) - correct answer ✔✔characterized by formal, permanent social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources; very hierarchal, many layers in the society; very complex; differences in standard of living, political power; the states Band (4 main types of societies) - correct answer ✔✔a small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage Tribe (4 main types of societies) - correct answer ✔✔a culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestors Chiefdom (4 main types of societies) - correct answer ✔✔A society with social ranking in which political integration is achieved through an office of centralized leadership State (4 main types of societies) - correct answer ✔✔A hierarchical, centralized form of political organization in which a central government has legal monopoly over the use of force. More vertically set up Nation-State - correct answer ✔✔Governments and territories that are identified with a relatively culturally homogeneous population and history often form into nation-states Hegemony - correct answer ✔✔The dominance of a political elite based on a close identification between their own goals (elites) and those of the larger society Imagined Community and Invented Traditions - correct answer ✔✔Disparate groups come together to form a national community by creating shared traditions, histories, and social memories. Patriotism is an imagined community; glue to keep large countries together Ethnicity - correct answer ✔✔Perceived differences in culture, national origin, and historical experience by which groups of people are distinguished from others in the same social environment Indigenous Groups - correct answer ✔✔small-scale societies designated as bands, tribes, or chiefdoms that occupied their land prior to European contact Social Stratification - correct answer ✔✔A social hierarchy resulting from the relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods and services in a society Functionalism - correct answer ✔✔focuses on finding general laws that identify different elements of society, showing how they relate to each other and demonstrating their role in maintaining social order Conflict Theory - correct answer ✔✔focuses on economic inequality as a source of conflict and change Criteria of Stratification (3) - correct answer ✔✔Power, prestige, and wealth Class System - correct answer ✔✔A class is a category of persons with about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige and who are ranked high and low in relation to each other; A class system is a form of social stratification in which social mobility is possible Caste System - correct answer ✔✔Social stratification based on birth in which social mobility between castes is not possible; castes are hereditary, endogamous, ranked in relation to one another and usually associated with a traditional occupation Ascribed Status - correct answer ✔✔Ascribed status is the social position into which a person is born (sex, race, kinship group) Associated with "closed class systems" (caste systems) Achieved Status - correct answer ✔✔Achieved status is the social position that a person chooses or achieves (spouse, parent, professor, artist) Associated with "open class systems"