AP Biology Study Guide with complete solutions, Exams of Advanced Education

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AP Biology Study Guide

Law of Segregation - Answer- first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed allele - Answer- one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color Law of Independent Assortment - Answer- each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random Sickle Cell anemia - Answer- A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans, recessive Huntington's - Answer- dominant disease, shows up in adult, generally 50's, effects motor functions and speech, slow loss of physical functions, mental ones last to go, wheelchair bound and totally dependant Dwarfism - Answer- a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature, dominant Hemophilia - Answer- sex-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more proteins required for blood clotting Barr body - Answer- A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome. genetic recombination - Answer- new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis disorders caused by nondisjunction - Answer- Downs syndrome, XXY Klinefelters, XXX, XO Turners syndrome, XYY

Semiconservative model - Answer- Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. replication fork - Answer- A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. helicase - Answer- an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands topoimerase - Answer- Relieves super coiling , cuts DNA and then ligates the DNA back together DNA polymerase - Answer- enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule leading strand - Answer- The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' 3' direction. lagging strand - Answer- A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork. Okazaki fragments - Answer- Short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication. DNA ligase - Answer- an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments telemeres - Answer- special sequence of nucleotides at the end of molecules that protect genes from erosion telomerase - Answer- An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments. TATA box - Answer- A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. spliceosomes - Answer- particles made of RNA and protein that cut intron from mRNA primary transcript and joins together the remaining coding exon regions anticodons - Answer- group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon wobble - Answer- flexible base pairing at the third codon position

silent mutation - Answer- A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. missense mutation - Answer- a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid nonsense mutation - Answer- A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. transcription unit - Answer- the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule promoter - Answer- region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA operator - Answer- region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions operon - Answer- a unit of gene regulation and transcription in bacterial DNA that consists of a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes repressor - Answer- protein that binds to the operator in an operon to switch off transcription