AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023, Exams of Nursing

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AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 List the differences between a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell. - Eukaryotic Cell: - nucleus (has more DNA) that's bound by a double membrane - endomembrane organelles in the cytosol (nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, various types of vesicles & vacuoles) - typically larger Prokaryotic Cell: - no nucleus, but has DNA (circular chromosome) that is concentrated in the nucleoid that's not bound by a membrane - no endomembrane organelles - typically smaller List the similarities between a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell. - - plasma membrane - cytosol (filler) - chromosomes (carry genes in the form of DNA) - ribosomes - phospholipid bilayer AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 - vacuoles (Plant cells have one large vacuole; animal cells have multiple small vacuoles) - cytoplasm - cholesterol Give two causes for size limits for certain cell types. Which would be considered the main reason for size limits? - The need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells. A large surface area : volume ratio is helpful because nutrients needed to sustain the cell enter via the surface of the cell & are needed in quantities related to the cell volume. The smaller the size of the object, the larger its surface area : volume ratio. Ex: In the jelly auger cell lab, diffusion was most efficient in the smallest cube. The larger the cube, the less diffusion occurs because volume increases faster. - Surface area : volume ratio needs to be small. - DNA overload - the larger you get, the bigger the result & the more stuff. It cannot handle all the jobs it needs to do. - As the cell gets bigger = the job of its DNA gets bigger AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 - Powerhouse of the cell Function of Chloroplast - - Performs photosynthesis - Converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules - Contain thylakoids (individual pancakes) that holds the chlorophyll Function of Cell Membrane - - Encloses the cell - Selective barrier allowing the passage of oxygen, nutrients, & waste to service the whole cell - Regulates what enters & leaves the cell (selectively permeable) Function of Peroxisome - - Contains a collection of enzyme catalysts that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen. - Digestive enzyme sacs - Helps detoxify alcohol & other poisons in liver cells - Break down fatty acids Function of Cytoskeleton - - Organizes the structures & activities of the cell - Reinforces the cell's shape & gives mechanical support to the cell AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 - Interacts with motor proteins to function in cell motility (to move molecules around the cell) - Provides a track for vesicles & other organelles to travel throughout the cell - Flexible (can manipulate the plasma/cell membrane so that it bends inward to form food vacuoles) - Makes up the centrioles in the Animal cell - Intermediate microfilaments - Provides structure & helps in movement* List the all similarities of a nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondrion. - - Semi- autonomous (can almost live on their own & can grow & divide like a cell) - Slowly able to function by itself - Contains their own DNA - Double-membrane - Contains ribosomes - Nuclear division (how we get a new cell) Explain the process of the Golgi apparatus in modifying proteins and lipids, using transport vesicles, cis and trans sides, cisternae, and secretion vesicles. AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 (Textbook Pg. 81) - 1. Nuclear envelope is connected to rough ER, which is also continuous w/smooth ER. 2. Membranes & proteins produced by the ER flow in the form of transport vesicles to the Golgi. 3. Golgi pinches off transport vesicales & other vesicles that give rise to lysosomes, other types of specialized vesicles, & vacuoles. 4. Lysosome is available for fusion w/another vesicle for digestion. 5. Transport vesicle carries proteins to plasma membrane for secretion. 6. Plasma membrane expands by fusion of vesicles; proteins are secreted from cell. DNA (Nucleus) >> Rough ER (Ribosomes; form of DNA) >> Golgi Apparatus (cis, cisternae, trans) >> secretion vesicles. Explain the need for lysosomes and possible results/disease with nonfunctioning lysosomes. - If a lysosome breaks open/leaks its contents, the released enzymes are not very active b/c the cytosol has a neutral pH. The lysomal enzymes dismantle the enclosed material, & the resulting small organic compounds are released to the cytosol for reuse. With the help of lysosomes, the cell continually renews itself. The cells of people w/inherited lysosomal storage diseases lack a functioning hydrolytic enzyme normally present in lysosomes. The lysosomes become AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 - Eukaryotes >> Prokaryotes (bacteria engulfed mitochondria) >> developed into aerobic eukaryote >> engulfed chloroplast >> evolution & photosynthetic eukaryote. Please give the flow, in the correct order of an ion from the cytoplasm of a plant cell into the vacuole of a cell, as it moves through several structures (vacuole, cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane. - 1. Cell wall 2. Plasma/Cell Membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Vacuole The cell wall doesn't control what goes in & out, instead it just goes right through the cell wall. Describe how animal and plant cells differ in their present/absence of cellular organelles. - In Animal cells, but not Plant cells: - lysosomes - centrosomes, w/centrioles - flagella (but present in some plant sperm) - small vacuoles AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 In Plant cells, but not Animal cells: - chloroplasts - cell wall - plasmodesmata - central vacuole - tonoplast What are major components of cell membrane (4)? Describe the function of each cellular membrane component. - 1. Phospholipids* - bilayer that create a permeable membrane, which allows only certain substances to diffuse through the membrane. 2. Proteins* - control what enters & leaves the cell. 3. Cholesterol - maintains the fluidity of cell surface membrane. 4. Glycoprotein - tags it, sticks out & identifies the cell; helps cell-to-cell communication. Describe diffusion and give some specific examples of molecules which move by diffusion. - - The random thermal motion of particles of liquids, gases, or solids. In the presence of a concentration or electrochemical gradient, diffusion results in AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 the net movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated. - The movement of particles of any substance, so that they tend to spread out into the available space. - Ex. of molecules that move by diffusion: carbon dioxide (CO2) & oxygen (O2). What are all the passive processes of cellular transport? - - Diffusion: the movement of particles of any substance so that they tend to spread out into the available space. - Osmosis: the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. - Facilitated Diffusion w/a Carrier Protein: undergo a subtle change in shape that somehow trans locates the solute-binding site across the membrane. - Facilitated Diffusion w/a Protein Channel: simply provide corridors that allow specific molecules or ions to cross the membrane. What is the protein found to help water pass through the cell membrane so quickly? - Aquaporin - Aqua = water - Porin = pores AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 Some molecules found in our body can move into a cell in two ways: through simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion by protein channels. Which would be a more productive, rapid way to move large quantities? - - Facilitated diffusion by protein channels. - Why? Because the "glucose" moves along with its gradient. What process of cellular transport requires energy in the form of a pump? - Active Transport Give 2 examples of this type of transport (Active Transport) - - Sodium-Potassium Pump : exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells. - Proton Pump: electrogenic pumps that store energy by generating voltage across membranes. Why is the energy of ATP needed? - Because it transfers its terminal phosphate group directly to the transport protein. This can induce the protein to change its shape in a manner that translocates a solute bound to the protein across the membrane. - ATP supplies energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. What is another term for voltage of a cell? - Membrane potential AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 Explain 2 examples of bulk transport into a cell. - - Pinocytosis: "cellular drinking"... aka Pina Coladas - Phagocytosis: "cellular eating" Describe some examples of how each is used in the body. - - Ex. of Phagocytosis: white blood cells (it engulfs a bulk transport of bacteria). - Ex. of Pinocytosis: bacteria, human egg cell (that matures in the ovary that's surrounded by other cells). What is the difference between pinocytosis & receptor-mediated endocytosis? - - Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: controls what goes in & out; acts as a moderator; has a very specific receptor* & similar to a lock & key. - Pinocytosis: less specific* when it engulfs liquid. Describe the process that occurs to activate protein membranes? - Reception: the signal molecule (ligand) bonds with receptor molecule, fitting like a lock & key, changing the receptor protein's confirmation (shape). * AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide 2023 Explain how steroid receptors work. - - The steroid is the molecule that gets through the membrane. These intracellular receptors/hormones passes through the cell membrane, then binds to a receptor protein & activates it. Then, it enters the nucleus & binds to specific genes. Next, it acts as transcription factor & stimulates the transcription of gene into mRNA. Finally, mRNA translates into protein. Where can steroid receptors be found? - - Cytoplasm (cytosol) - Nucleus (of target cells) When a neuron responds to a neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway? - The neurotransmitter is serving as the single molecule or the ligand, in the signal pathway. How does testosterone function inside a cell? - Functions as a receptor molecule (ligand) in the cell (long-distance), a transcription factor (turns the gene on or off), & is an intracellular receptor. What are transcription factors? What is their function? - - Factors that will control whether a gene is turned on or off. - The gene transcribes (hold instructions for proteins) proteins.