AP CSP QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Computer Applications

Download AP CSP QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams Computer Applications in PDF only on Docsity! AP CSP QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 Algorithm A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be implemented in a programming language and executed by a computer. Control Structure one or more programming language statements that control the flow of a computer program. Examples: If/Else structure or a loop structure. Computer a machine that processes information under the control of a program. Program sequence of instructions that control the computer. To run, it must be loaded into the computer's memory where the CPU executes it one instruction at a time. Hardware the computer's electronic and mechanical components. Software the programs that control computers General purpose computer a computer that can run many different programs (e.g. a smartphone). Special purpose computer a computer that has a fixed program ( e.g. a calculator, a watch, a car's brakes) Memory physical device used to store information for use in a computer or other digital electronic device( e.g. disk drive, flash drive) RAM Random Access Memory- also called main memory stores the computer's programs and data temporarily while power is on. CPU Central Processing Unit is the hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It is made up of 3 main parts: the control unit (CU), the arithmetic and register. The CU processes the program's instructions, the ALU (arithmetic logic unit) performs the arithmetic and logic operations and the register stores intermediate data during program execution. Input devices bring data and programs into the computer (e.g. mouse, keyboard) Output devices transmit data to other computers to users (e.g. printer, monitor, speaker) Motherboard houses the computer's main electronic components Chips the computer's electrical components are composed of these very tiny integrated circuits. Integrated circuit packed with millions of electronic components Bit a binary digit, the smallest unit of data, a 1 or a 0. Byte is equal to 8 bits. High-level language a programming language that is human readable (app inventor) and provides the programmer with easy to understand abstractions. Machine language (or low-level language) a programming language that is machine readable (binary code), closer to the machine hardware and provides abstractions that are difficult for the programmer to understand. Compiler a software that translates source code (human readable) into binary code. Applications program or group of programs designed for end users such as Firefox, Excel, Word, etc. Operating System is a collection of computer software that manages hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. MacOS, Windows, Android, Linux, iOS are examples. Abstraction a general representation that stands for some collection of individual instances. Constant an abstraction that represents a single thing, e.g., the value 5 - something that doesn't change. Variable A symbol that can be used to represent any number and is therefore more general and more abstract than a constant. Data Abstraction Pseudocode a notation for expressing algorithms, which is more precise that ordinary English but less formal than a programming language. transistor a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. the fundamental building blocks of electronic devices. logic gate an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Examples would be AND, OR, and NOT gates that perform basic digital operations. integrated circuit (IC) informally, a chip. It is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, that integrates billions of tiny transistors and logic gates. OR gate a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when either or both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON). AND gate a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) only when both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON). NOT gate a circuit with one input and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when its input is FALSE (or OFF) and vice versa. flip flop (or latch) a digital circuit that has two states, ON or OFF, that can be used to store a 1 or a 0. It is the fundamental unit of computer memory. ASCII a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 cloud computing comparable to grid computing, cloud computing relies on sharing resources rather than having local servers handle applications. cryptography the art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, called cipher text digital any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers are digital machines because at the basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1. analog a device or system that represents changing values as continuously variable physical quantities digital signal processing: (DSP) refers to manipulating analog information download to copy data (usually an entire file) from a main source to a peripheral device lossless compression data compression techniques in which no data is lost. lossy compression data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. This technique attempts to eliminate redundant information. megabyte used to describe data storage, 1,048,576 bytes (abbreviated MB) megapixel one million pixels, used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device modeling process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations. OCR: optical character recognition the branch of computer science that involves reading text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate pixel short for a picture element, a single point in a graphic image raster the rectangular area of a display screen actually being used to display images render refers to the process of adding realism to a computer graphics by adding 3-D qualities, such as shadows and variations in color and shade. spam spam is electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings steganography the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages upload to transmit data from a computer to a bulletin board service, mainframe, or network. Ad Hoc when used to describe programming, it means a quick fix for a problem, not usually the best example that will sustain an issue Database a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select the desired pieces of data. Often abbreviated DB Data Aggregation process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form for purpose such as statistical analysis Data Mining a class of database applications that look for hidden patterns in a group that could be used to predict future behavior Data Repository generically refers to a general place where data is stored and maintained Data Sources name given to the connection setup from a database to a server. The name is commonly used when creating a query to the database Digital Detritus term used to describe unsightly debris that accrues as the result of the experience of digital living Dossier a collection of documents about a person, event, or subject EDR event data recorder Encode the phrase used to describe the method of preparing data for storage or transmission encryption the translation of the data into secret code IP an identifier for devices on a TCP/IP network Metadata data about data; describes how and when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, and how data is formatted Query a request for information from a database RFID radio frequency identification, similar to barcodes