AP Psychology Unit 13 Study Guide, Study notes of Psychology

Download AP Psychology Unit 13 Study Guide and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! t rea men o nor a e avi0r Overview Unit XIII introduces, compares, and reviews psycho- therapy, biomedical interventions, and treatments of psychological disorders. A detailed comparison of the techniques and methods of psychoanalytic, human- istic, cognitive, behavioral, and group therapies are addressed. Biomedical treatments are also discussed, addressing both historical and modern biomedi- cal treatments for depressive disorders, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Finally, the unit examines methods of potentially preventing psychological disorders. Tip Get to Know the Exam Modules 70 Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies 71 Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies 73 The Biomedical Therapies and preventing Psychological Disorders As you get closer to the APO exam in May, it pays to make a visit to the College Board@ website where actual previous APO exams are available and come complete with answer keys for you to check yourself. Set aside a quiet time on a weekend a few months before the exam to take a released exam from beginning to end. The current time the College Board@ allows for the multiple-choice portion of the psychology exam is 70 minutes, so set your clock and give it a try! When you are finished, check your answers and create a short study guide addressing the content of all the questions and concepts you missed. Take some time to review that material and then take another released exam a week or two later to see if you have improved! 416 While You Read Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies Before You Read Module Summary Module 70 is an introduction to three different kinds of therapy: psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and client-centered therapy. An eclectic (or mixed methods) approach to thera- py is also discussed. The goals, techniques, and themes of psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology are compared side-by-side and an explanation of Carl Rogers' client-centered approach closes the module. Before beginning the module, take a moment to read each of the following terms and names you will encounter. You may wish to make vocabulary cards for each. 417 Key Terms psychotherapy biomedical therapy eclectic approach psychoanalysis resistance interpretation transference psychodynamic therapy insight therapies client-centered therapy active listening unconditional positive regard Key_Namgs__ Sigmund Freud Carl Rogers While You Read Answer the following questions/ prompts. 70-1 1. Compare the methods of psychotherapy and biomedical therapy. Discuss how they are used to treat psychological disorders. 2. How does eclectic therapy attempt to address the challenges with biomedical and/or psychotherapy? 420 Module 70 Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies 3. What does it means that humanistic therapy is non-directive? 4. How did Carl Rogers believe that acceptance, genuineness and empathy could contribute to a clients recovery? 5, Describe active listening and explain why Rogers believed that active listening would be helpful in treating clients? 6. How can changing the word "patient" to "client," as Carl Rogers did, impact therapy? 7. Define unconditional positive regard and explain how it is used as a tool in therapy by humanistic psychologists. After You Read After You Read Module 70 Review Complete the Matching Questions below to see if you have mastered the basics. 421 Terms or Nantes Definitions or Associations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. psychotherapy biomedical therapy eclectic approach psychoanalysis resistance interpretation transference client-centered therapy active listening unconditional positive regard A. B. C. D. E. E G. H. 1. J. an approach to psychotherapy that uses tech- niques from various forms of therapy the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors to promote insight Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening and unconditional positive regard a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed, would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance treatment involving psychological techniques and interactions between a trained therapist and a patient. This may include biomedical, psychody- namic, and humanistic methods as well as others empathic listening in which the therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies a client's statements in an effort for the client to gain a greater understand- ing of their own feelings the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material which may often be threatening to the individual feelings or emotions directed at the analyst that are actually linked with other relationships prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology in an effort to treat an illness Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies Before You Read Module Summary Module 71 explains how the basic assumption of behavioral therapy differs from human- iStic and psychodynamic therapies discussed in the last module. The techniques and meth- ods of exposure therapy, aversive conditioning, and operant conditioning (all behavior therapies) are reviewed and compared. In addition, the goals and techniques of cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, group, and family therapies are presented. Before beginning the module, take a moment to read each of the following terms and names you will encounter. You may wish to make vocabulary cards for each. Key Terms behavior therapy counterconditioning exposure therapies systematic desensitization virtual reality exposure therapy aversive conditioning token economy cognitive therapy rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) group therapy family therapy While You Read Key_Names____ Mary Cover Jones Joseph Wolpe B. F. Skinner Albert Ellis Aaron Beck Answer the following questions/ prompts. 71-1 1. Based on your prior knowledge regarding the behavioral and psychoanalytic approaches to psychology, how do you believe that a behavioral psychologist would approach the origins and recovery of someone dealing with a psychological illness? 422 While You Read 71-2 1. Explain the way in which therapy based on operant conditioning principles works. 2, Explain how operant conditioning could be used by a behavior therapist to treat ADHD. 3. Explain how a token economy can be utilized to impact and change behavior. What are the concerns with using this method? 71-3 1. Discuss the assumptions that cognitive theory relies on to explain disorders. 2. How does Albert Ellis' rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) address illogical thinking? 425 426 Module 71 Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies 3. Explain how Aaron Beck's therapy differs from Albert Ellis'. 4. Using table 71.1 explain the three phases of cognitive therapy regarding changing beliefs overtime, 5. Explain the goals and methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Also, explain why this treatment often works well in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. 6. Briefly explain how dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) attempts to help clients recover from their psycho- logical illnesses. 71-4 1. What are the benefits to group therapy? While You Read 2. Why is group therapy often more accessible for those seeking treatment? 3. Discuss the reasons a therapist would suggest family therapy for someone suffering from a disorder. 4. Discuss the benefits of joining a self-help group. 427 5. What is the most well-known self-help group and how do rates of recovery for those who have gone through this program relate to other types of therapies? Evaluating Psychotherapies and Prevention Strategies Before You Read Module Summary Module 72 evaluates the various psychotherapies and describes the elements shared by all forms of psycho- therapy. The impact of culture, gender, and values on the therapist-client relationship is explored. Finally, the author offers guidelines for selecting a therapist. Before beginning the module, take a moment to read each of the following terms you will encounter. You may wish to make vocabulary cards for each. Key Terms meta-analysis evidence-based practice therapeutic alliance While You Read Answer the following questions/ prompts. 72-1 1. Explain the three reasons the client's perception of the success of therapy may not be valid. b. c. 430 While You Read 431 2. Describe the findings of the Massachusetts experiment that raised questions about a client's perceptions of treatment. 3. In what ways do clinicians demonstrate confirmation bias or an illusory correlation regarding the success of treatment? 4. How did the findings of Hans Eyesnck call into question the effectiveness of psychological treatment? 5. How are studies being conducted today to attempt to address the question "Is psychotherapy effective?" What statistical procedure is used in the studies? 6. Based on the evidence presented in this module, summarize the answer to the question "Is psychotherapy effective?" taking into account client perceptions, clinician perceptions, and outcome research. 432 Module 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies and Prevention Strategies 7. What are the dangers to not seeking treatment? 72-2 1. Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specific disorders? Explain. 2. Explain what is meant by evidence-based practice, 72-3 1. Why should clients seeking treatment be especially careful when considering alternative treatments? 2. Discuss the supporting arguments and evidence in favor of EMDR therapy. 435After You Read 2. After convincing your friend that therapy is valid, she asks you about alternative therapies such as EMDR and light exposure therapy. How do you address her question about the effectiveness of these two therapies? 3. If your friend does agree to see a therapist, explain her options when selecting between different types of mental health professionals. The Biomedical Therapies Before You Read Module Summary Module 73 reviews the various biomedical therapies and identifies the use and outcomes of drugs, brain stimulation, and psychosurgery techniques but also addresses how lifestyle changes can produce similar results for some disorders. Completing the module, is a discus- Sion of self-care tlu•ough a healthy lifestyle and the importance of recognizing our biopsy- chosocial systems, and ways in which resilience can help overcome challenging situations. Before beginning the module, take a moment to read each of the following terms you will encounter. You may wish to make vocabulary cards for each. Key Terms psychopharmacology antipsychotic drugs antianxiety drugs antidepressant drugs psychosurgery lobotomy resilience posttraumatic growth electroconvulsive therapy (EC T) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) While You Read Answer the following questions/ prompts. 73-1 1. How can lifestyle changes impact the chemistry of the brain? 436 437While You Read 2. Presented in the Thinking Critically About Therapeutic Lifestyle Change box, describe the training sessions that were implemented with individuals suffering from depression and the impact the training had on their mental health. 73-2 1. How has psychopharmacology revolutionized the field of psychological treatment? 2. Describe how double-blind procedures are used in experimentation (think back to the unit on research). 3. Discuss why double-blind studies have been used to determine the effectiveness of drug therapies in treating psychological disorders. 44() Module 73 The Biomedical Therapies 73-4 1. Discuss the role resilience plays in preventing psychological disorders. 2. In what way can psychologists, therapists, and society in general use the concept of resilience to decrease the number of cases of disorders? 3. Explain how posttraumatic growth can actually serve as an advantage to some who have gone through a difficult experience. After You Read Module 73 Review Answer the following questions to see if you have mastered the basics. 1. A patient suffering from schizophrenia would likely be prescribed a. an antidepressant drug. b. an antianxiety drug. c. an antipsychotic drug. d. lithium. e. an SSRI. 2. An antianxiety drug such as Xanax a. is not addicting. b. produces no withdrawal symptoms upon ceasing the medication. c. works more efficiently when combined with alcohol. d. should be used alone without additional therapy. e. depresses the central nervous system. Check Yourself 3. Which of the following is not typically treated with the use of an antidepressant? a. depression b. somatoform disorders c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. posttraumatic stress disorder e. anxiety 441 4. Which of the following accurately describes how Prozac works in the nervous system to relieve depression? a. It prevents the release of dopamine into the synapse. b. It allows for the increased reuptake of dopamine from the synapse. c, Prozac partially blocks the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse. d, Prozac increased the speed of reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine from the synapse. e. It blocks acetylcholine from entering the synapse. 5. A patient undergoing a. ECT b. rTMS c. deep-brain stimulation would experience a brief electrical current sent through their brain. d. psychosurgery e. a lobotomy Check Yourself Now that you have mastered the basics, work through the problems below to see if you can synthesize, evaluate, and analyze what you have learned. Frank has been diagnosed with depression and an anxiety disorder and is considering the best treatment options. Explain the goals and specific techniques of each of the following so Frank can evaluate his options. e Psychoanalytic therapy: e Behavioral therapy: e Humanistic therapy o Cognitive therapy 442 Unit XIII Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Group therapy • Biomedical treatments ECT VI Before You Move On Use the checklist below to verify your understanding of the unit's main points. Can I describe the central characteristics of psychotherapeutic intervention? Can I describe the major following treatment orientations used in therapy and how those orientations influence therapeutic planning? Behavior Cognitive Humanistic Can I compare and contrast the different treatment formats (e.g., individual, group, family)? Can I summarize the effectiveness of specific treatments used to address specific psychological disorders? Can I discuss how cultural and ethnic context influence choice and success of treatment (factors that lead to premature termination of treatment) Can I describe prevention strategies that build resilience and promote competence? Can I identify major figures in psychological treatment? Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Sigmund Freud Mary Cover Jones Carl Rogers b F. Skinner Ü Joseph wolpe