APEA AANP EXAM REVIEW2024-2025/ACTUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH VERIFIED ANSWER/A+ GRADE A+/APEA, Exams of Nursing

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APEA AANP EXAM REVIEW2024-

2025/ACTUAL EXAM QUESTION

WITH VERIFIED ANSWER/A+

GRADE A+/APEA AANP EXAM 2024

Gestational diabetes screening occurs between what weeks gestation? ----------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -- 24 - 48 When you ask the patient to take a deep breath in and then palpate over the RUQ abdomen. Positive when pain is elicited. This is a sign of ------------------------------------------------------------------- Corr ect Answers --Murphy's sign; cholecystitis What are names of LABA medications? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------- salmeterol What is encopresis in children? -------- Correct Answers ----------------------------------------------------- stool incontinence after the age of being toilet trained The medical term for being cross-eyed -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------strabismus What is atopic dermatitis? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ eczema Tests used to diagnose developmental hip dysplasia -------- Correct Answers -------- Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers What is the female athlete triad? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------ disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis How do patients with aortic regurgitation typically present? -------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers

-------- they will have a long asymptomatic period followed by exercise intolerance, then dyspnea at rest. The left ventricle eventually fails unless the aortic valve is replaced. What does the rash of fifth disease (a viral exanthem) look like? -------------------------------------------------------Correct Answers -------- maculopapular rash that blanches easily and may be accompanied by joint aches What cardiac abnormalities are expected to be heard on auscultation of a pregnant patient? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------- a venous hum murmur and an S When a headache accompanies a stroke, is this most often hemorrhagic or ischemic? -------- Correct Answers hemorrhagic AV nicking is most commonly seen on retinal exam of which chronic condition? -------- Correct Answers hypertension Within 6 months of being started on a TCA or SSRI, what is a common side effect that occurs? -------- Correct Answers ----------- weight gain When does otitis media with effusion usually occur? -------- Correct Answers -------- either before or after an episode of acute otitis media. This effusion is not infected fluid but it is considered a breeding ground for bacteria. This should not be treated with antibiotics. The medical term for jock itch -------- Correct Answers tinea cruris Tinea cruris "jock itch" is a common infection and should be treated with what? -------- Correct Answers --------- fungal; OTC antifungal cream What are teaching points for males to avoid contracting tinea cruris? ------------------------------------------------ Correct

Answers --dry off after swimming and don't stay in a wet bathing suit Tinea cruris can affect the inner thighs but never what else? --------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- the penis or scrotum On microscopic exam, what is most likely to be seen in the presence of a bacterial infection? -------- Correct Answers ------------ cocci and rods On microscopic exam, what is most likely to be seen in the presence of a candidal infection? -------- Correct Answers ------------ yeasts What are dermatophytes? -------- Correct Answers fungi On microscopic exam, what is most likely to be seen in the presence of a dermatophytic (fungal) infection? ------ -- Correct Answers -----------------hyphae that are long, thin, and branching (such as in the case of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis) The medical term for ringworm -------- Correct Answers ---- tinea corporis What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia in peds? -------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers RSV Viral pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia in children of what ages? -------- Correct Answers 6 months to 5 years What is the simplest way to screen for nutritional adequacy in older adults? -------- Correct Answers measure their weight How are scabies treated? -------- Correct Answers via permethrin and good

hygiene What are common side effects of NSAIDs? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------------------------------------- renal impairment, acute renal failure, gastritis What is the most common cause of pernicious anemias? ---- ---- Correct Answers -------- vitamin B12 deficiency How should oral iron supplements be taken? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------ on an empty stomach with something acidic and high in calcium such as orange juice Group A strep pharyngitis can be accompanied by what symptoms other than the classic Centor criteria? -------- Correct Answers --- abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting A stool specimen that is positive for WBCs is a sign of what? ---------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- a viral or bacterial infection The only type of incontinence that would not benefit from pelvic floor therapy is what? -------- Correct Answers overflow incontinence What do the skin manifestations of a penicillin allergy look like? ------------------------------------------------------ Correct Answers hives What are symptoms that someone will experience as soon as they are started on a SSRI and when will this resolve? -------- Correct Answers ------headache, nausea, insomnia, restlessness, agitation; will resolve in 2 weeks What causes the dry cough in people taking an ACEI? -------

• Correct Answers -------- the buildup of bradykinin which is usually degraded by ACE ACEI induced coughs usually begin how soon after starting the medication? -------- Correct Answers within 2 weeks COPD is often associated with what sequelae? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------- anxiety and depression When should an antiviral be started in a patient with shingles?----------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms What is the drug of choice for treating UTIs in male patients? ---------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- bactrim for 7 - 10 days What is the leading cause of CKD and ESRD in the united states?------------------------------------------------------Correct Answers --diabetes What is the usual recommendation about administering MMR and varicella immunizations? -------- Correct Answers -----------------------------they should be given on the same day or at least one month apart What are the classic symptoms of an atopic pregnancy? ----- --- Correct Answers -------- amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain What is sideroblastic anemia? -------- Correct Answers when the bone marrow is unable to incorporate iron into hemoglobin. This may be either inherited or acquired. Can a pregnant woman get the MMR vaccine while pregnant? ---------------------------------------------- Correct Answers

yes Why are the carotid arteries auscultated for bruits? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ this is indicative of generalized atherosclerosis What is roseola? -------- Correct Answers a viral exanthem characterized by a high fever for 3 days then abrupt stopping of the fever and a maculopapular rash that blanches. also known as exanthem subitum. What are signs indicative of a meningitis infection? -------- Correct Answers -------- Kernig and Brudzinski's signs Cancer in the bone marrow that results in skeletal destruction---------------------------------------------Correct Answers -------- multiple myeloma What is the average age of diagnosis of multiple myeloma? --------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers 65 a skin disorder that causes the nose to enlarge and become red, bumpy, and bulbous -------- Correct Answers rhinophyma What are physical exam findings common in alcohol abuse? --------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- tremors, macrocytosis (due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies common in alcoholics), hypertension, rhinophyma, peripheral neuropathy, teleangectasia, hepatosplenomegaly What is the first sign of sexual maturation in a male? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------an increase in testicular size (tanner stage 2) The inability to name a familiar object -------- Correct Answers ----------------------------------------------- anomia

What happens to a womans vital signs when she is in her second trimester of pregnancy? -------- Correct Answers -------------- her blood pressure decreases

What is the most common cause of acute pharyngitis in children? -------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --respiratory viruses A depressed patient is started on an SSRI. When should another antidepressant be tried if there is no response? -------- Correct Answers ----- 8 - 12 weeks If the number of bacteria on a urinalysis are greater than--------------------------------------- , this is indicative of a UTI. -------- Correct Answers ------ 100, What are signs of a ruptured TM other than the obviously ruptured TM? ------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --muffled hearing and bright red blood in the canal Osgood Schlatter disease produces pain where? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------------------------------- in the knees Growing pains usually occur when? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------------- at nighttime Children with complaints of midbone pain should be worked for what MNM differential? -------- Correct Answers acute lymphocytic leukemia NSAIDs should be used in caution with what patient population? ---------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- anyone with hypertension because they cause sodium retention and increase blood pressure What is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea? --------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- endometriosis; symptoms include spotting in between periods, cervical stenosis or displacement, nodular or tender uterosacral ligaments When should AAA screening be performed via US? --------

Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------once for all males age 65 - 75 who have ever smoked What is responsible for the transmission of poison ivy? -------

• Correct Answers -------- the oils from the plant itself. So the only way someone can pass it on to another person is if they still have oil from the plant on their skin (like if they haven't bathed). Note that the fluid inside the blisters is not contagious Actinic keratosis is a precursor for what? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------- squamos cell carcinoma What is papilledema? -------- Correct Answers swelling of the optic nerve and disc secondary to increased ICP. Often co-occurring with a headache Is sexual activity safe during pregnancy? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------- it can expose someone to STDs and it can also stimulate preterm labor due to stimulation of the lower uterine segment and release of oxtocin A report of "knee locking" is a classic complaint of what? ---- ---- Correct Answers -------- a meniscal tear Can a pregnant woman be on levothyroxine during pregnancy?--------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- yes, she should continue it and have TSH checked monthly because she may need a higher dose as thyroid hormone needs increase during pregnancy What characterizes mild persistent asthma? -------- Correct Answers ----------------------------------------------------- asthma where symptoms occur more than twice weekly

People who do not have a spleen (asplenic) are at a greater risk of what? ---------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --more susceptible to bacterial infections What 2 things put someone at the highest risk of developing pancreatitis? ---------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --gallstones and alcohol abuse. Hypertriglyceridemia can also cause it. What are the RF for GI bleeding? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------- age 75 or older, warfarin use, daily NSAID use, chronic steroid use, PMHx of GI bleed When two or more RF for a GI bleed are present, we should not start a patient on aspirin without what? -------- Correct Answers ---- a daily PPI What medication is first line for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria or UTI in pregnancy? -------

• Correct Answers ------------ nitrofurantoin Athletic amenorrhea increases one's risk of developing what? ---------------------------------------------------Correct Answers -------- osteoporosis; this is because there is a loss of body fat and body fat is what produces estrogen so estrogen levels decline An intervention being performed to prevent the occurrence of the same event happening again is an example of prevention. Give an example. -------- Correct Answers secondary; taking a daily aspirin to prevent another stroke after already having one What is Strattera (atomoxetine) used for? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------- ADHD; side effect includes increased BP and HR so monitor closely What is the drug Danazol and what is it used for? -------- Correct Answers ----------------------------------------------- an

androgen used in the treatment of endometriosis and fibrocystic breast disease Danazol, an androgen, has what potential side effects? ------ -- Correct Answers -------- edema, hirsutism, hair loss, vocal changes The Mirena (Levonorgestrol) IUD stays in for how long? ----- --- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ 5 years What is the most common reason for persistent gonorrhea infections? ---------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --failure of the patient to abstain from unprotected sexual intercourse What class of drug is theophylline? What does it do? -------- Correct Answers -------- methylxanthine; it's a bronchodilator Beta blockers are contraindicated in which cardiovascular condition?---------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --variant (prinzmetal) angina bc they may induce coronary vasospasm from unopposed alpha receptor activity What class of drug is Ropinirole (requip) and what is it used for? -------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- dopamine agonist; restless leg syndrome Are males or females more likely to commit suicide? -------- Correct Answers -------- males How do depression vs. anxiety differ in the way that they affect sleep? ------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --anxiety usually causes people to have problems falling asleep whereas depression causes early morning wakening

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in all ages? --------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- strep pneumo What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke? ---- ---- Correct Answers -------- hypertension What helps prevent infection by maintaining the acidic environment of the ear canal? -------- Correct Answers cerumen Mortality associated with Kawasaki disease is most likely related to what? -------- Correct Answers coronary artery aneurysm What is Kawasaki disease? -------- Correct Answers an acute febrile illness of early childhood characterized by vasculitis of the medium sized arteries, most noticeable in the coronary vessels Serial echos must be performed in a patient with Kawasaki disease in order to rule out coronary artery aneurysms. When should these occur? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------------------------------- a t the time of diagnosis, 1 - 2 weeks after onset of illness, 5 - 6 weeks after onset of illness What is the most common cause of croup? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------------------- parainfluenz a virus What are the two subsets of impetigo? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ bullous (fluid filled) or nonbullous (honey crusts)

Which protein is an important mediator of the inflammatory response and serves as a messenger at the site of antigen (allergen) invasion? -------- Correct Answers -------- cytokines; they are released by mast cells in response to an invading antigen and recruit leukocytes and eosinophils Paroxysmal events associated with abnormal electrical discharges of neurons in the brain -------- Correct Answers -------- seizures What is HELLP syndrome in pregnancy? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------- stands for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets; is characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and liver dysfunction HELLP syndrome in pregnancy is due to what? -------- Correct Answers -------- endothelial dysfunction Patients with acute coronary syndrome typically have plaque erosion caused by what? -------- Correct Answers accumulation of hyaluronan and neutrophils Which diagnostic study is most helpful for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies? -------- Correct Answers PET scan ADHD is a risk factor for both depression and what else? --- ----- Correct Answers -------- substance abuse Epididymitis with orchitis is commonly related to what? -------

• Correct Answers -------- genitourinary infections

Mycoplasma genitalium is most commonly associated with which disease presentation in men? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------- urethritis, especially if persistent or recurrent C. trachomatis stands for what common type of bacteria infection? -------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --chlamydia Chlamydia passed from a mother to a newborn can result in which problems for the newborn? -------- Correct Answers -------------conjunctivitis and pneumonia In a patient with patent ductus arteriosus, where is the murmur best heard? -------- Correct Answers localized at the left clavicle and is both systolic and diastolic What is the ductus arteriosus? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------------------------------------- provides the fetus with a pathway from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in utero in order to skip the lungs What are examples of some conditions that have multifactorial inheritance? -------- Correct Answers diabetes, obesity, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimers Seborrheic dermatitis is basically the same thing as what? -------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- eczema of the scalp The flow of air coming in and out of the lungs in one inhalation and one exhalation -------- Correct Answers peak expiratory flow What does an incentive spirometer measure? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------------peak expiratory flow What happens in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? --- ----- Correct Answers --------

LH and FSH decrease, the ruptured follicle closes after an egg has been released and forms the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone remain high and it is those two things that cause the lining of the uterus to thicken further in preparation for fertilization What is a sign of the initial appearance of measurable histamines in a patient with allergic rhinitis? -------- Correct Answers sneezing The bacteria responsible for syphilis is called what? -------- Correct Answers -------- treponema pallidum The STI, chancroid, is caused by what responsible bacteria? ---------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- haemophilus ducreyi What is the most common cause of septic arthritis? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ staph aureus The STI, mycoplasma genitalium, is unique in what way? --- ----- Correct Answers -------- it lacks a cell wall and has a terminal tip-like structure which allows it to attach to and enter other cells. It then modulates the host's immune response What are the 3 secondary causes of type 2 diabetes? -------- Correct Answers -------- prolonged physical or emotional stress, pregnancy, drugs such as steroids and hormonal contraceptives How does hyperinsulinemia in PCOS work? -------- Correct Answers ----------------------------------------------------- insulin resistance occurs in all places except for the ovary which remains sensitive to insulin. This insulin upregulates androgen production. Which drug classes are responsible for causing urinary retention? ------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --antihistamines, TCAs, antispasmodics,

bronchodilators, antipsychotics, carbidopa levodopa A 75 year old patient is experiencing progressive confusion and memory deterioration. Which condition mimics dementia that this patient should be tested for? ------------------------------------------------------------------- Corr ect Answers --neurosyphilis Which hormones in late pregnancy can block insulin and cause gestational diabetes? -------- Correct Answers cortisol, estrogen, and placental lactogen Target shaped skin lesions as a result of a hypersensitivity reaction to certain infections and drugs - ------- Correct Answers -----erythema multiforme An abnormal growth of squamos epithelium in the middle ear and mastoid -------- Correct Answers cholesteatoma The cremasteric reflex is assessed in infants for what purpose? ------------------------------------------------ Correct Answers -------- to assess for retractile testicles; this occurs when the reflex is too strong and it pulls the testicle out of the body and into the groin; this is normal and should go away by puberty Patient populations who may present atypically when having a MI include who? -------- Correct Answers diabetics, females, elderly A disorder that results in the destruction of platelets due to an autoimmune response -------- Correct Answers idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura Pelvic inflammatory disease is most commonly caused by what? ----------------------------------------------------- Correct

Answers --chlamydia and gonorrhea A protruding abdominal mass after bending over, lifting, or coughing, and is painful with coughing, is often what in adults? -------- Correct Answers ---------- inguinal hernia Hiatal hernias cause what type of symptoms? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------------GERD What is the name of an immature female gamete? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------oocyte The fused ovum and sperm once fertilization has occurred -------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- zygote What are conditions that are often co-occurring with alopecia areata? ------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, thyroid disease, collagen-vascular diseases, Down syndrome The medical term for eczema -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------- atopic dermatitis The leading cause of death in infants under the age of 1 ----- --- Correct Answers -------- sudden unexplained infant death How is varicella zoster transmitted? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------------- via the respiratory tract

The presence of pruritic papules, macules, and vesicles in various stages of healing -------- Correct Answers varicella zoster What is presbycusis? -------- Correct Answers age related hearing loss Age is the most common cause of presbycusis, but what other conditions may play a role in quickening the onset of this? -------- Correct Answers - white, infections, smoking, hypertenson, diabetes, vascular disease, immune disorders, hormonal factors The fascia layer of the male anatomy that the anterior 2/3s of the testicle resides in -------- Correct Answers tunica vaginalis A subtype of strabismus that describes an inward turning of the eye ------------------------------------------------------ Correct Answers --esotropia The abducens nerve (CN VI) is responsible for what? -------- Correct Answers -------- lateral movement of the eye outward The trochlear nerve is responsible for what extraocular movement?------------------------------------------------ Correct Answers --down and inward movement Why is primary open-angle glaucoma considered a chronic glaucoma?-----------------------------------------------------Correct Answers --there is a SLOW rise in intraocular pressure A benign epidermal tumor that is a well-demarcated, coin-like, pigmented lesion with a stuck on appearance -------- Correct Answers ------------- seborrheic keratosis The most common precancerous skin lesion that results from years of repeated sun exposure --------

Correct Answers ------------ actinic keratosis What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? ------------------------------------------------------Correct Answers --FSH and LH increase which stimulate the production of estrogen. Ultimately, it is estrogen that prepares the uterus for ovum fertilization A superficial dermatophyte/fungal infection of the skin of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes -------- Correct Answers ------------- tinea capitis Bacterial invasion of the renal parenchyma -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------------------- pyelonephriti s What is phimosis vs. paraphimosis? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------------- phimosis is tightening of the foreskin over the glans that prevents retraction; paraphimosis is when you can retract the foreskin but you can't pull it back up What is a common characteristic of a person with Graves disease? --------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --ophthalmopathy causing lymphocytes to infiltrate the extraocular muscle, resulting in paralysis of EOMs, involvement of the optic nerve, and corneal ulcers Which phase of the menstrual cycle begins with a surge in LH and FSH? -------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --ovulatory phase What is the pathophys of HIV? -------- Correct Answers -----------------------------------------------------causes destruction of the CD4 T cells resulting in eventual immune suppression Cells within the epidermis that are primarily responsible

for protecting the skin from UV rays in sunlight -------- Correct Answers ----------------- melanocytes Body lice primarily live where? -------- Correct Answers on bedding and clothing, not people Body lice are vectors for which diseases? -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------- epidemic typhus, trench fever, relapsing fever Fifth disease is spread via how? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------ respiratory droplets What are other names of fifth disease? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------- parvovirus, slapped cheek disease What is the life span of lice? -------- Correct Answers 30 days The hypersensitivity and pain crescendo experienced in conjunction with a migraine is thought to be related to the release of what? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------------------------------------------------- substa nce P; a neurotransmitter which functions as the pain transmitter of the dorsal horn and is responsible for causing nausea, vomiting, stress, and anxiety Where is the location of the tricuspid valve? -------- Correct Answers ----------------------------------------------------- separates the right atrium and ventricle What does a tricuspid regurgitation murmur sound like? ----- --- Correct Answers -------- best heard at the left sternal border, on both systole and diastole. Increases with inspiration When can you hear the murmur associated with pulmonic stenosis?---------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --mid-late systolic murmur

When can you hear the murmur associated with aortic regurg? --------------------------------------------------Correct Answers -------- diastole only When can you hear the murmur associated with mitral valve stenosis?------------------------------------------------------ Correct Answers --diastole only What EKG changes may be present during episodes of angina?--------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- transient ST elevation, T wave changes such as inversions, ST depressionals, Q waves Children and teens present with depression most commonly how? --------------------------------------------------------Correct Answers --irritability Are the sickling of RBCS in sickle cell anemia reversible? --- ----- Correct Answers -------- initially, yes they are reversible with oxygenation. But repeated episodes cause the cells to become irreversibly sickled. When the brain is exposed to something rewarding, it responds by increasing the release of what? -------

• Correct Answers ---------------- dopamine Where are T cells produced? -------- Correct Answers in the thymus Where are B cells produced? -------- Correct Answers in the bone marrow What is the pathophys behind a thyrotoxic crisis (aka thyroid storm)? ------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --T3 and T4 are overproduced which leads to increased production of epinephrine and severe hypermetabolism What causes a reduction in the number of RBCs in

pregnancy?--------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- iron deficiency anemia due to blood volume expansion and a decrease in hemoglobin levels so the iron stores are depleted because they are needed to be used for the expanded blood volume When should the ductus arteriosus close in an infant? -------- Correct Answers -------- within the first 1 - 2 days of birth The minimum arterial pressure exerted during relaxation and dilation of the ventricles -------- Correct Answers diastole Lyme disease is caused by what spirochete present on ticks? --------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- borrelia burgdorfei What are the potential sequelae of strep pharyngitis? -------- Correct Answers -------- acute glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, toxic shock disease, rheumatic heart disease (although rare) The medical term for pubic lice aka crabs -------- Correct Answers --------------------------------------------------- phthirus pubis Petechiae noted on the cervix during a pelvic exam is a sign of what disease process? -------- Correct Answers trichomoniasis; also called "strawberry cervix" What is the difference between a folliculitis and a furuncle? -------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- folliculitis is an inflammation of the follice whereas a furuncle is an abscess that results from folliculitis Urea is eliminated by the kidneys, but where does it come from originally? -------- Correct Answers from the liver as a byproduct of protein metabolism

What are the 5 primary structures of the immune system? --- ----- Correct Answers -------- lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow Bacteria most commonly responsible for pyelonephritis ------ -- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------- e coli What causes back pain in pregnancy? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ curvature of the lumbosacral vertebrae What is dacrocystitis? -------- Correct Answers inflammation of the nasolacrimal duct due to duct obstruction or infection What are potential causes of blepharitis? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------- bacterial infection, dry eyes, rosacea What are s/s of croup? -------- Correct Answers hoarseness, cough, inspiratory stridor, possible respiratory distress due to narrowing of the larynx Women who become pregnant later in life have an increased risk of what? -------- Correct Answers breast cancer What are things women can do to decrease their risk of breast cancer? ----------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --regular physical activity, breastfeeding Does an increase or decrease in blood pH affect the rate and degree of sickling in sickle cell anemia? -------- Correct Answers --------------- a decrease in blood pH increases the rate What is the difference between Prinzmetals and stable (classic angina)? --------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --Prinzmetals may occur randomly and while at rest, whereas stable angina is usually only with physical activity

Why may infection of the palatine tonsils become serious very quickly? -------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --the area is composed of loose connective tissue What are cutaneous xanthomas? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------- localized lipid deposits caused by elevated lipids or LDL Uterine prolpase is caused by stretching of the uterine ------------------------------------------------------------------ Correct Answers --ligaments What causes bacterial vaginosis? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------- a decrease in lactobacillus species within the vagina Where is acanthosis nigricans most likely to occur? -------- Correct Answers -------- axillae, neck, groin What causes subjective tinnitus? -------- Correct Answers -------------------------------------------------------abnormal neuronal activity HIV produces cellular immunity deficiency by depleting what? ---------------------------------------------------Correct Answers -------- helper T cells What is the function of B cells in the immune system? -------- Correct Answers -------- development of antibodies When does the male fetus begin to produce testosterone and how? --------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers --around 9 weeks gestation due to the Leydig cells What is the pathophys of Addison's disease? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------------ causes decreased or absent aldosterone levels resulting in increased excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, and hyperkalemia

What is the most serious complication of Addison's disease? ---------------------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- acute adrenal insufficiency or adrenal crisis What are the 4 heart defects of Tetralogy of Fallot? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis What are the s/s of Kawasaki disease? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------- think CREAM; conjunctivitis, rash, erythema of hands and soles of feet, adenopathy (cervical), mucous membranes (strawberry tongue) A palpable softening of the cervical isthmus during pregnancy --------------------------------------------- Correct Answers -------- Hegar's sign A bluish tint to the vagina and cervix due to increased vascularity during pregnancy -------- Correct Answers Chadwick's sign What is Paget's disease? -------- Correct Answers ------------------------------------------------ where there is abnormal bone destruction or growth of bone. It is also a malignant disease of the breast. Does Meniere's disease result in hearing loss? -------- Correct Answers ---------------------------------------------yes, gradual but progressive sensorineural hearing loss