APES Review Questions: Guaranteed Pass, Exams of Nursing

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What are the 4 major layers of the earth and the predominant elements in each layer? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Crust (oxygen), Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core (iron); What are the three types of plate boundaries? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Convergent, Divergent, Transform) What are the two types of tectonic plates and what are they made up of?

• ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Oceanic (basalt) and Continental (granite) What are the major horizons of Soil? What is found in each? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ OA(nutrients) B(accumulated metals; iron, aluminum) CR(bedrock) How do clay, silt, and sand impact soil characteristics? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Clay holds water, Sand allows for quick percolation, silt is ideal for farming What are two abiotic factors that erode soil? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Soil is primarily eroded by water, second is wind.

What are the three types of rocks? Which is most common on the surface of the earth? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Igneous, metamorphic, Sedimentary (common on surface) What are the two major types of weathering? Where on the planet do they occur? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Physical and Chemical Weathering. Physical occurs commonly outside of the tropics, chemical within the tropics What are the major gases of the atmosphere? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (.93%), Carbon Dioxide (.035% or 350ppm) What are the layers of the atmosphere from the surface up to space? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Tropo, Strato, Meso, Thermo, Iso, Exo Name 3 greenhouse gases - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Water Vapor The bulk of the planet's freshwater is found where? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Frozen What is an Aquifer? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ An underground layer of porous rock between impermeable rock filled with water

What are 4 major properties of water? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillarity, Universal Solvent, High Specific heat What are the types of symbiotic relationships, and how is each species impacted? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+,0) Parasitism (+, -) What is a Keystone Species? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A species which serves to keep all other populations in balance in an ecosystem Biodiversity is defined as... - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ the number of species in an area and is a measure of the health of an ecosystem. Greater is better. How much energy is transferred up trophic levels - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 10% What trophic level has to be the largest? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Producers What is the primary energy source for terrestrial ecosystems? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Sun Which of the biogeochemical cycles does not utilize the atmosphere? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Phosphorus

How is atmospheric nitrogen converted to a useable form for plants? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Nitrogen fixing bacteria - Nitrogen fixation & ammonification Water leaving organisms, like plants through their stoma, is called? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Transpiration How do an r-strategist and k-strategist differ? Example of each? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ r=rapid reproduction (rabbits, mice) k=slow population growth (humans, elephant) 3. The presence of soil indicates secondary succession What is a carrying capacity? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ The maximum population size based on ecosystem limits What is the major difference between primary and secondary succession? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ The presence of soil indicates secondary succession How many people are on the planet? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 7 billion How many people are in the US? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 330 million

What is the formula for Ecological Impact? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ I = PAT (Population X Affluence X Technology The world population graph is a _________ curve - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ J What are the four phases of the demographic transition and details of each? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Preindustrial, Transitional, Industrial, Post Industrial How do you calculate population doubling time? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Rule of 70 (70/%growth rate) What is an age structure? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A diagram that shows the breakdown of a population by age, sex and reproductive capacity What is a GMO? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Genetically modified organism, Cisgenic - organism with genes from same species, Transgenic - organism with genes from different species. Monoculture plantations having low genetic diversity are vulnerable to ...? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ disease, pests

What is Integrated pest management (IPM)? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Altering agriculture to avoid greatest detriment from insects What are the major types of forestry? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Clear Cutting, Selective Cutting, Plantation forests What is Fracking? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Hydraulic fracturing is using water and solvents under pressure to break shale underground and release natural gas 3. Acidic water exiting from a subsurface mine, very detrimental to aquatic ecosystems What are the major surface mining techniques? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Strip mining, contour mining, open pit, mountaintop removal What is Acid mine drainage? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Acidic water exiting from a subsurface mine, very detrimental to aquatic ecosystems Commercial over fishing of the world's oceans is an example of what ecological concept? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Tragedy of the Commons What are the major types of commercial fishing - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ long line, fish farming, purse seine, trawl line, dredging

The US generates the bulk of its power from ... - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Coal Why do the fossil fuels have a high net energy? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Ease of extraction What is the primary fuel for Nuclear power? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Uranium 235 Tar Sands are full of bitumen, where are the bulk of the tar sands and what is bitumen? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Tar sands are predominantly found in Alberta, Canada. Bitumen is dense oil which must be refined for use. The US currently obtains the greatest amount of renewable energy from this source. - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Hydroelectric Photovoltaic cells utilize what mineral to capture solar energy? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Silicon Compared to non-renewable energy, what are three benefits of renewable energy? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Minimal (if any) CO2 emissions; No NOX, SO2, PM; endless supply; Wide region of application

What are 3 major outdoor air pollutants? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Nox, SO2, PM10 & PM 2.5, VOCs What are 3 indoor air pollutants - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Cigarette Smoke, Asbestos, Radon, Formaldehyde What is eutrophic? What is Oligotrophic? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Eutrophic - abundance of nutrients, oligotrophic - Nutrient poor How does a wastewater treatment plant work? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Primary treatment - remove solids Secondary treatment

• activated sludge(biological) remediation then sterilization with chlorine or UV What is leachate? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Liquid generated from a landfill What waste makes up the bulk of a landfill? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Paper products What is the Love Canal? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A residential community built on an hazardous waste dump created by the Hooker Company near Niagara Falls. Polluted drinking water, major problems.

What are major laws impacting water? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Water quality act What are major laws concerning wildlife protection? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Endangered Species Act, CITES What is the superfund site? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ CERCLA - A site is a heavily polluted area that is under extreme restoration to combat negative effects Where is the largest carbon sink - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ ocean What is the Pacific Plastic Ocean Gyre? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A large accidental landfill in the north eastern part of the Pacific Ocean where trash has accumulated due to currents in a large dump twice the size of Texas. How many FRQ will you answer on Monday? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 4 in 90 minutes. 1 is math, 1 is experimental design and 2 are general knowledge. Answer in complete sentences but stay organized! How many multiple choice questions? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 100 in 90 min.