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APHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam with 100% correct answers, Exams of Community Health

APHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam with 100% correct answersAPHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam with 100% correct answersAPHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam with 100% correct answersAPHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam with 100% correct answers

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2024/2025

Available from 01/14/2025

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APHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam

with 100% correct answers

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - Answer Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts What are the levels of organization? - Answer subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What are the requirements of life? - Answer Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure What are the characteristics of life? - Answer Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) Define homeostasis - Answer Body's maintenance of a stable environment What is a homeostatic mechanism? - Answer the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure Define matter - Answer Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements. Define element - Answer fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms Define atoms - Answer smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter

What is the structure of an atom? - Answer An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Atomic nucleus - Answer the nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton - Answer subatomic particle that has a positive charge Neutron - Answer subatomic particle that has no charge Electron - Answer subatomic particle that has a negative charge Atomic number - Answer number or protons in nucleus Atomic mass - Answer number of protons plus number of neutrons What are covalent bonds? - Answer Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells What are ionic bonds? - Answer 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom What are hydrogen bonds? - Answer Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules Define ion - Answer When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.

Define synthesis reaction - Answer Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together Define decomposition reaction - Answer Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Define exchange reaction - Answer Parts of molecules trade places Define reactant - Answer The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules Define product - Answer Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction Define catalyst - Answer influence the rates of chemical reactions What is an acid? - Answer Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water What is a base? - Answer Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water What is a salt? - Answer Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes What is a pH scale? - Answer represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution Neutral solution - Answer pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH- Acidic solution - Answer pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+

Basic solution - Answer pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH- What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? - Answer organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - Answer Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers. What are carbohydrates? - Answer Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What are lipids? - Answer Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are proteins? - Answer Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds What are nucleic acids? - Answer Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA. Fats (triglycerides) - Answer Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates

Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids - Answer major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule steroids - Answer 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol Define amino acids - Answer building block of proteins What are enzymes? - Answer large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - Answer RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes. cell membrane - Answer regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells nucleus - Answer surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production

cytoplasm - Answer consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles cytosol - Answer the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended organelles - Answer small, specialized structures in cells which operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks What are the functions of the cell membrane? - Answer controls the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell from its surroundings What is the structure of the cell membrane? - Answer a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward Ribosome - Answer tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis endoplasmic reticulum - Answer the manufacturing plant; responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. - Answer With ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis. Golgi apparatus - Answer UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies proteins for transport and export out of the cell Mitochondria - Answer the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration

Lysosome - Answer "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria Peroxisome - Answer contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol Centrosome - Answer structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division Cilia - Answer motile extensions from the cell Flagella - Answer long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move Vesicle - Answer small, membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell nuclear envelope - Answer a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm nuclear pores - Answer regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together nucleolus - Answer The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein chromatin - Answer It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA

diffusion - Answer the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached osmosis - Answer transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute facilitated diffusion - Answer a process ions use to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane filtration - Answer passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure active transport - Answer a carrier molecule transports substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) - Answer active transport mechanism in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle in the cell transcytosis - Answer the transport of macromolecular cargo from one side of a cell to the other within a membrane-bounded carrier transport mechanisms that are passive mechanisms - Answer simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration What is the difference among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions? - Answer A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called isotonic; one with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is hypertonic; one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic.

What is a hypotonic solution? - Answer the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst What is hypertonic solution? - Answer The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze Steps of the cell cycle - Answer interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis What are the two types of metabolic reactions? - Answer Anabolism and Catabolism Anabolism - Answer Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy Catabolism - Answer larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed? - Answer When the enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction. What is the active site on an enzyme? - Answer Active sites on the enzyme combine with the substrate and a reaction occurs. Denaturation - Answer the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer carry out its cellular function. What is ATP? - Answer the primary source of energy for a cell How do cells get the energy to make ATP? - Answer By breaking apart glucose molecules

What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are produced? - Answer Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP. What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - Answer The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell does it take place? - Answer Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm. What is the electron transport chain? - Answer The electron transport chain passes each electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that energy to ATP synthase What are the characteristics of DNA? - Answer Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the "rungs." What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - Answer (A) adenine (T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - Answer A T C G Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - Answer Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis.

Nucleotides - Answer Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - Answer A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine How is RNA made? - Answer All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases. List the steps of protein synthesis. - Answer During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds. Transcription - Answer the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA Translation - Answer The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids. codons - Answer set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids How does DNA replicate? - Answer During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between the base pairs. The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form between the new and the old.

Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Mutations - Answer The rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or feel. Mutations may be spontaneous (due to transient mispairing during DNA replication) or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. What is a tissue? - Answer layers or groups of similar cells with a common function What are the four types of tissues in the body? - Answer Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue? - Answer Covers body surface and organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, composes glands, lacks blood vessels, cells readily divide, and cells are tightly packed; they function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception. How are most epithelial tissues named? - Answer Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers What is glandular epithelium? - Answer a single cell or a mass of cells; produces and secretes substances into ducts or into body fluids Simple Squamous Epithelium - Answer single layer of thin, flattened cells; it functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - Answer single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei; it functions in secretion and absorption in the kidneys, and in secretion in glands

Simple Columnar Epithelium - Answer a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane; it lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - Answer These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered; in the female reproductive tract, cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through the oviducts to the uterus Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Answer layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers; it makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - Answer three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas Stratified Columnar Epithelium - Answer several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx Transitional Epithelium - Answer designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder What are the general characteristics of connective tissue? Cell types? Fiber types? - Answer Bind, support protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells; The fibroblast is the most common cell type, and is a large, star-shaped cell that secretes fibers and is fixed into position; Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of the protein collagen, add strength for holding body parts together

Adipose Tissue - Answer connective tissue designed to store fat; it is found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes Dense Connective Tissue - Answer Densely packed collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments. Cartilage - Answer rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework; lacks blood supply 3 types of cartilage - Answer Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage condrocyte - Answer cartilage cell osteocyte - Answer bone cell Canaliculi - Answer small channels through matrix; necessary for nutrient and wast exchange 3 types of muscle tissue - Answer skeletal, smooth, and cardiac skeletal muscle tissue - Answer muscles attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle tissue; long and narrow cells smooth muscle tissue - Answer comprises walls of hollow internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of internal organs cardiac muscle tissue - Answer heart movements; involuntary

difference between neurons and neuroglia - Answer Neurons are highly specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another; the basic functional units of nervous tissue Neuroglia brace and protect neurons, but are not capable of generating and transmitting nerve impulses. What is the epidermis? - Answer outer layer of skin What is the dermis? - Answer inner layer of skin What is the subcutaneous layer? - Answer It is also known as the hypodermis, and it's the inner most layer of skin; binds the skin to underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin what cells and pigments produce skin color? - Answer melanocytes produce meanin What is the arrector pili muscle? - Answer A bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to each hair follicle. What is the sebaceous gland? - Answer associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? - Answer Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous and respond throughout to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical exertion. apocrine glands produce sweat in response to emotional tension, heat and sexual activity; present from birth, activate during puberty

What are the parts of a long bone? - Answer Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Periosteum Epiphysis - Answer Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones Diaphysis - Answer Shaft of a long bone bone Medullary cavity - Answer The diaphysis contains a hollow medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with marrow. Periosteum - Answer tough layer of vascular connective tissue in long bone, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons What is compact bone? - Answer tightly packed tissue that covers the wall of the diaphysis; there are no gaps Spongy bone? - Answer Lighter section of the bone often filled with red bone marrow. This is what epiphyses are composed of. Describe the process of ossification. - Answer Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium, the perichondrium is converted into a periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone, osteoclasts create a narrow cavity. What is the ephiphyseal plate (disk)? - Answer A band of hyaline cartilage that forms between the two ossification centers; responsible for lengthening bones It functions as the center for cell growth in the distal ends of long bones, it controls the growth of long bones.

Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - Answer Osteocytes- mature bone cells Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells Osteoclasts- cell that erodes bone What are the functions of the skeletal system? - Answer Supports the body, protects innards, production of blood cells, provide place for muscle attachment, store minerals and salts What is the axial skeleton? - Answer skull, spine, rib cage Appendicular skeleton - Answer Upper limbs, Lower limbs, Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle What are the steps of fracture repair? - Answer hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling by osteoclasts to get back to its original shape How are bones classified? - Answer according to their shapes -- long, short, flat or irregular synovial joint - Answer most common and complex joint in skeletal system; allow free movement and are diarthrotic it consists of articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and reinforcing ligaments articular cartilage - Answer reduces wear on the bone ends and minimizes friction joint capsule - Answer consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue that joins the periosteum, and an inner layer made up of synovial membrane

ligament - Answer tough collagenous fibers that reinforce the joint capsule and help bind articular ends of bones synovial membrane - Answer covers surfaces within the joint capsule synovial fluid - Answer comes from the synovial membrane, egg white consistency, decreases friction from movement of joint; it lubricates the joint and nourishes the structures in the joint meniscus - Answer cushion articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight bursae - Answer Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane on the inside and make synovial fluid. Cushion and aid the movement of tendons that glide over bony parts of other tendons What are the six different types of synovial joints? - Answer plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball & socket FLEXION - Answer decreases the angle of the joint and brings 2 bones closer together OPPOSITION - Answer touching the opposing thumb with a finger DEPRESSION - Answer moving the part inferiorly like drooping the shoulders (opening the mouth, lowering the jaw) ELEVATION - Answer lifting the body parts superiorly like shrugging your shoulders (closing the mouth, raising the jaw) PROTRACTION - Answer a non-angular movement in the transverse plane (moving the jaw forward)

RETRACTION - Answer moving the jaw backwards EVERSION - Answer turning the sole of the foot lateral INVERSION - Answer turning the sole of the foot medially SUPINATION - Answer turning backwards or rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces upward; this is the anatomical position and the radius and ulna are parallel in this position PRONATION - Answer (opposite of supination) the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces down. this is the relaxed position. ROTATION - Answer turning a bone on the long axis like shaking the head no CIRCUMDUCTION - Answer moving the distal end of a limb in a circle and the proximal end is stationary EXTENSION - Answer increases the angle of the joint and the 2 bones are further apart DORSIFLEXION - Answer lifting the foot so the superior surfaces approaches the shin, like rocking on your heels PLANTAR FLEXION - Answer pointing the toes downward, like on your tip toes ABDUCTION - Answer moving a limb away from the midline or median ADDUCTION - Answer moving a limb towards the midline

fascia - Answer sheets of connective tissue that separates an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and holds it in place tendon - Answer bands of dense connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bone aponeuroses - Answer sheets of connective tissue which may attach muscle to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated - Answer myofibrils contain 2 kinds of protein filaments -- thick ones composed of myosin and thin ones composed of actin. the organization of these filaments produces the characteristics alternating light and dark striations of skeletal muscle fiber. myofibril - Answer parallel, threadlike structures; bundles of protein in a muscle cell; play a fundamental role in muscle contraction; long bundles of contractile proteins found in the sarcoplasm Which are components of thin filaments? - Answer actin, troponin, tropomyosin myosin - Answer makes up thick filaments sarcolemma - Answer plasma membrane of a muscle cell sarcomere - Answer distance between Z lines; extends from one Z line to the next and constitutes one contractile unit of a muscle sarcoplasm - Answer the cytoplasm found in muscle cells sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answer endoplasmic reticulum of other cells

transverse tubules - Answer The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules activate the muscle contraction mechanism when the fiber is stimulated. What is the function of actin and myosin? - Answer According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the myosin crossbridge attaches to the binding site on the actin filament and bends, pulling on the actin filament; it then releases and attaches to the next binding site on the actin, pulling again What is the neuromuscular junction? - Answer the connection between the motor neuron and muscle fiber Acetycholine - Answer A neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement, sleep and wakefulness. The neurotransmitter used at the skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction. Origin and Insertion - Answer The immovable end of a muscle is the origin, while the movable end is the insertion; contraction pulls the insertion toward the origin. Difference between synergists and antagonists? - Answer Helper muscles are called synergists; opposing muscles are called antagonists prime mover - Answer muscle doing majority of work What is the central nervous system (CNS)? - Answer The brain and the spinal cord which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system. What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? - Answer All of the peripheral nerves that connect all of the parts of the body with the CNS. These are the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. What is the autonomic nervous system? - Answer maintains homeostasis of visceral activities without conscious effort.

What is the somatic nervous system? - Answer division of PNS; communicates voluntary instructions to skeletal muscles What are the basic parts of a neuron? - Answer cell body with mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, Nissl bodies containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, and neurofibrils. What are the functional classifications of neurons? - Answer Neurons can be grouped in two ways: on the basis of structural differences (bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar neurons) and by functional differences (sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons). List the neuroglial cells and what are their functions. - Answer 1. Microglial cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris.

  1. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord.
  2. Astrocytes are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces.
  3. Ependyma cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles. Resting Potential - Answer In a resting nerve cell the potential difference between the potassium ions inside the membrane and the sodium ions outside the membrane what is the resting potential value? - Answer - 70 millivolts polarization - Answer A cell membrane is usually polarized, with an excess of negative charges on the inside of the membrane; polarization is important to the conduction of nerve impulses

depolarization - Answer When the membrane potential becomes less negative, the membrane is depolarized. If sufficiently strong depolarization occurs, a threshold potential is achieved as ion channels open. At threshold, action potential is reached. repolarization - Answer At the same time, potassium channels open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell, the membrane becomes repolarized, and resting potential is reestablished. what is action potential? - Answer At threshold potential, membrane permeability to sodium suddenly changes in the region of stimulation. As sodium channels open, sodium ions rush in, and the membrane potential changes and becomes depolarized. At the same time, potassium channels open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell, the membrane becomes repolarized, and resting potential is reestablished. This rapid sequence of events is the action potential. saltatory conduction - Answer when myelinated fibers conduct impulses from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier; it is many times faster than conduction on unmyelinated neurons synapse - Answer a junction between two neurons meninges - Answer membranes that are located between the bone and the soft tissues of the nervous system that protect the brain and spinal cord What are the three layers of meninges? - Answer dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater ventricles - Answer four interconnected cavities in the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem; they are continuous with central canal of spinal cord and filled with CSF What is the function of the spinal cord? - Answer Two main functions of spinal cord center for spinal reflexes, conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain ascending tracts - Answer conduct sensory impulses to the brain; comprised of axons

descending tracts - Answer conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands; comprised of axons lobes - Answer named according to the bones they underlie and include the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and insula. fissures - Answer Two deep longitudinal grooves (anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus) divide the cord into right and left halves. What role do the convolutions play in the brain? - Answer Increase the surface area of the brain gyri - Answer the puffs or ridges that cover the cerebral surface sulci - Answer shallow grooves on cerebral surface; divide each hemisphere into lobes Functions of cerebrum? - Answer Higher brain functions including interpreting sensory impulses; initiating muscular movements; storing memory; reasoning, and intelligence What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe? - Answer planning; initiation and inhibition of voluntary motion; cognitive function What is the function of the Parietal Lobe? - Answer receives sensory information; integrates information from vision, audition and somatic information What is the function of the Temporal Lobe? - Answer receives auditory information; important for audition & language processing What is the function of the Occipital Lobe? - Answer receives visual information

basal ganglia - Answer masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemispheres that relay motor impulses from the cerebrum and help to control motor activities by producing inhibitory dopamine Diencephalon - Answer Processes sensory input; The diencephalon lies above the brain stem and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus. What are the major functions of the hypothalamus? - Answer Maintains homeostasis by regulating a variety of visceral activities and by linking the nervous and endocrine systems. What are the major functions of the thalamus? - Answer "Gateway to the sensory cortex." Receives all sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) and channels them to appropriate regions of the cortex for interpretation. The thalamus is not only a messenger but also an editor. what are major parts of brain? - Answer cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem what are parts of the brainstem? - Answer midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata Functions of the midbrain? - Answer Contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain, and masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers. It contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes. Functions of the pons? - Answer transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord, and contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing Functions of the medulla oblongota? - Answer control visceral functions, including the cardiac center that controls heart rate, the vasomotor center for blood pressure control, and the respiratory center that works to control the rate and depth of breathing