APSC 151 Midterm Exam Study Guide | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version, Exams of Geography

Download APSC 151 Midterm Exam Study Guide | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version and more Exams Geography in PDF only on Docsity! APSC 151 Midterm Exam Study Guide | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version Compared to the age of the Universe of about 14 billion years, the currently accepted age of Earth is about ________ years as determined by using radioactivity for dating rocks and minerals. A) 4.6 thousand B) 4.6 billion C) 5.4 million D) 13.7 billion - ✔✔B The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic Eon. A) Paleocene B) Paleozoic C) Permian D) Proterozoic - ✔✔B The Earth's core was formed from ________. A) a massive nickel iron asteroid that was the nucleus upon which Earth condensed B) high density radioactive carbon C) the left over nickel and iron that would not fit into the earlier formed crust and mantle D) molten iron and nickel that separated from silicates and sank due to its higher density - ✔✔D Pangaea was ________. A) a large, ocean basin that opened in the Triassic and closed in the Paleocene B) a large, Precambrian shield area in Africa and South America that broke apart late in the Proterozoic Eon C) a huge mountain range that formed when Africa pushed northward into Europe in Eocene time D) a super continent that formed in the late Paleozoic and broke apart in Triassic time - ✔✔D The oceanic crust is made of mafic rock called ________ and is about ________ thick on average A) basalt, 7 km B) marine sedimentary rocks, 25 km C) basalt, 70 km D) granite, 35-40 km - ✔✔A The composition of the upper mantle of Earth is thought to be A) basalt B) granite C) peridotite D) iron-nickel alloy - ✔✔C Which one of the following statements is not correct? A) Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma. B) Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks. A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometric, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern. C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of minerals. D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles. - ✔✔C When elements or compounds combine in the same proportions but in more than one structural arrangement, relative to each other, those mineral structures are called ________. A) Amorphous B) bimorphs C) isotopes D) polymorphs - ✔✔D Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric? A) calcite B) quartz C) diamond D) talc - ✔✔A The ion at the centre of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by ________. A) 4 oxygen ions B) 6 oxygen ions C) 4 sodium ions D) 6 sodium ions - ✔✔A Which of the following minerals are silicates? A) hematite, magnetite, and corundum B) muscovite, hornblende, and plagioclase C) calcite, aragonite, and dolomite D) anhydrite, gypsum, and barite - ✔✔B What is the name of dark-coloured mica? A) Calcite B) biotite C) quartz D) olivine - ✔✔B Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? A) Carbonates B) pyroxenes C) clays D) feldspars - ✔✔C Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? A) Biotite B) quartz C) olivine D) muscovite - ✔✔C Mafic rocks like basalt and gabbro ________. A) are major constituents of the continental crust B) are very low in their iron and magnesium contents C) form mainly in continental mountain belts D) make up most of the ocean floor and volcanic island chains - ✔✔A Name the texture that requires a magnifying glass or microscope to see individual mineral grains A) Aphanitic B) porphyritic C) phaneritic D) pegmatitic - ✔✔A In general, which of the following types of magma will be more likely to erupt explosively? A) a highly viscous felsic magma B) a relatively low viscosity mafic magma C) an intermediate andesitic magma with a low water content D) a very fluid komatiitic magma - ✔✔A is the average gradient? A) 2 m/km B) 2 km/m C) 0.5 m/km D) 0.5 km/in - ✔✔C Which statement below best describes how narrow valleys form? A) Stream water dissolves the bedrock along a narrow swath of soluble bedrock. B) Stream cuts vertically along soft fault gouge. C) Streams tend to flow down abandoned mine shafts. D) Stream cuts vertically, but valley sides cave in due to weathering and mass wasting - ✔✔A A radial drainage pattern would most likely develop ________. A) on an active, growing volcano B) in areas underlain by horizontal strata C) in areas where the bedrock is cut by sets of fractures at right angles D) in areas of folded and tilted strata with varying resistances to erosion - ✔✔A The process of turning a sediment into a sedimentary rock is called ________. A) Conglomeration B) crystallization C) lithification D) redeposition - ✔✔C Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite? A) detrital sedimentary rocks B) varieties of dolostone C) varieties of coal and peat D) evaporites; chemical sedimentary rocks - ✔✔D ________ is typically formed by metamorphism of a mature sandstone. A) Marble B) Slate C) Amphibolite D) Quartzite - ✔✔D What type of environment is typified by brittle deformation? A) deep burial with great confining pressure B) intermediate depths with long slow heating and gradual strain rates C) shallow, low temperature settings with high strain rates D) shallow very high temperature settings as in contact metamorphism - ✔✔C The main direct geologic effect(s) of glaciers is (are) to ________. A) erode the continental landscape and to transport and deposit sediments B) reduce high latitude marine sedimentation by reducing biologic productivity C) warm the global climate by absorbing more solar radiation D) raise global sea level by depressing the crust - ✔✔A What glacial landform is responsible for a large portion of the water resources for metropolitan Toronto? A) the remnants of glacial Lake Bonneville B) the drumlin field near Guelph and Peterborough C) the Oak Ridges moraine and its included channel fills of coarse glacial outwash D) pingoes and blocks of buried ice mined from glacial sediments between Toronto and Muskoka - ✔✔C Drumlin fields contain ________. A) smooth, tapering, asymmetric ridges of till usually formed and shaped beneath a continental ice sheet B) bowl-shaped depressions eroded largely by frost action and glacial plucking C) mounds of outwash deposited by meltwater streams at the snout of a glacier D) Wedge failure - ✔✔D Which of the following is not a physical property? A) Boiling Point B) Stiffness C) Reactivity D) Magnetism - ✔✔C A cube of rock with a horizontal joint plane in the middle is being tested. At a normal stress of 1 MPa applied to the joint plane, an appled shear stress of 1MPa is achieved before slip failure. For a friction coefficient of 0.5, what is the shear strength achieved at a normal stress of 3MPa. A) 3 MPa B) 1.5 MPa C) 2 MPa D) 0.5 MPa - ✔✔C Water pressure acting on a joint plane in a mass of rock A) Increases the cohesion B) Decreases the Cohesion C) Reduces the effective normal stress acting on the solid area of joint contact D) Reduces the material friction coefficient - ✔✔C Which of these is not an effective way to stabilize a slope failure in rock? A) Drainage of Water from the slope B) Building a rock pile above the Slope C) Retaining Walls D) Mechanical Stabilization - ✔✔B Draping Mesh over a rock slope A) Prevents major circular slump failure B) Prevents rock blocks from moving C) Catches small blocks of falling rock and redirects them into a ditch D) Holds back water within the slope - ✔✔C Rotational Slump Failures occur in A) Strong layered rock B) Massive hard rock slopes C) Soil or weathered rock masses D) Sensitive clay slopes - ✔✔C Which of the following statements is not true? A) An Earthquake is a vibration caused by rapid release of energy B) An Earthquake always results in a break in the Earth's surface C) An Earthquake's energy is derived from the release of shear strain D) An Earthquake creates more vibration amplitude in soil than in rock - ✔✔B If an earthquake occurred 2400 km away from a seismic station, how long after the earthquake would the station detect the arrival of a P-wave travelling at 8000m/s? A) 5 minutes B) 3 minutes C) 30 second D) 5000 seconds - ✔✔A The Mercalli Scale is a scale from ________. A) 1 to 12 that rates the energy required for faulting to occur B) 1 to 10 that rates the energy released by an earthquake C) I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake D) I to X that rates the total energy released during the main quake and all aftershocks - ✔✔C Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5? A) 3200 times B) 100 times C) 32 times Normal and reverse faults are characterized mainly by ___________ a) horizontal slip b) oblique slip c) strike slip d) dip slip - ✔✔C The best isotope for dating early human settlements in North America after the last ice age would be a) Uranium - 235/238 b) Potassium-40 c) Rubidium-87 d) Carbon-14 - ✔✔D Diedrichs license plate says: a) GEOENG85 b) I<3ROCKS c) GEOBUG68 d) PAHOEHOE - ✔✔C A reserve is a) an aggregate of minerals that are of value b) a mass of minerals that can be extracted and used c) a confirmed portion of a mineral deposit that can be extracted at a profit d) an anomalous concentration of metallic minerals - ✔✔C Which of the following is not true about Block Caving Mining a) initial costs and risks are very high b) operation of a developed mine is inexpensive c) the ore mines itself once fracture initiates d) there is a lot of flexibility to adapt to geological suprises - ✔✔B Diamonds are found in rare ultramafic volcanic pipes called a) pyroclastite b) rhyolites c) kimberlite d) volcanite - ✔✔C A void where ore is moved from the surrounding rock mass is called a a) drift b) stope c) shaft d) raise - ✔✔B The rich orebodies near Sudbury formed as the result of a) an asteroid impact b) a super-volcano c) tectonic rifting d) placer deposition - ✔✔A Which of the following foundation materials is most stable during earthquake shaking? a) sand and mud b) bedrock c) unconsolidated moist soil d) water-saturated sand - ✔✔B Rock slides are caused by a) intersecting sets of joints planes b) intact blocks of rock on steep joint or bedding planes c) overhanging rock blocks d) poor quality rock or soil under heavy rainfall - ✔✔C DNAPLS a) adhere to the soil particles b) travel down until they hit an aquitard c) dissolve into the groundwater d) float on the water table - ✔✔B What portion of canada's drinking water is supplied by groundwater aquifiers? a) half b) 80% c) one tenth d) 30% - ✔✔D Which of the following is not a trigger for mass wasting a) rainfall b) over-steepening of slopes c) earthquake d) regional drought - ✔✔D In the search for oil, seismic exploration is primarily looking for a) hydrocarbon signatures b) changes in porosity c) fluid concentrations d) geological and stratigraphic structure - ✔✔C In order to replace the energy needs of the planet with biodiesel from soy beans we would need a) the entire land surface of the earth b) a landmass equal to the USA c) 6 million hectares of land d) minimal space as this fuel has a very small footprint - ✔✔A LNAPLS are a) associated with gas station leaks b) less soluble than 25g/m3 c) contaminants with S.G. <1 d) all of the answers - ✔✔D The first living cells to appear in the archean has what key components? a) organelles, DNA b) chloroplasts, flagellum c) closed phospholipid layer, RNA d) phospholipid layer, mitochondria - ✔✔C Which reservoir of the hydrosphere has the largest fraction of earth's liquid freshwater? a) lakes and reservoirs b) groundwater c) glaciers and ice sheets d) soil moisture - ✔✔C One possible catalyst for the early genesis of RNA molecules could be: a) olivene crystals b) cytoplasm c) phospholipid capsules d) montmorillonite clay - ✔✔D The elastic rebound theory for the origin of earthquakes was first proposed by ____________ following the ____________ earthquake. a. Reid; 1906, San Francisco b. Giuseppe; 1925, Pizza Lake c. Richter; 1989, Loma Prieta d. Mohorovicic; 1964, Anchorage - ✔✔A When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the __________. a. inertial point b. epicenter c. focus d. seismic zone - ✔✔C Which one of the following statements is correct? a. P waves travel through solids; S waves do not. b. P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves do not travel through solids. c. S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids. d. P and S waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not travel through solids. - ✔✔C ____________ have the highest velocities. a. Primary waves b. Secondary waves c. Mercalli d. Richter - ✔✔D The instrument which records earthquake events is termed a __________. a. polygraph b. thermograph c. seismograph d. barograph - ✔✔C ____________ is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale. a. XII b. 12 c. X d. 10 - ✔✔A The position on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the __________. a. epicenter b. inertial point c. focus d. seismic zone - ✔✔A The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed __________. a. elastic rebound b. seismic rebound c. fault displacement d. stress fracture - ✔✔A Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive. a. P wave b. S wave c. surface wave d. tsunami - ✔✔C Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5? a. 3000 times b. 3 times c. 300 times d. 30 times - ✔✔D P waves ____________. a. propagate only in solids b. are faster than S waves and surface waves c. have higher amplitudes than do S waves d. produce the strongest ground shaking - ✔✔B The Mercalli Scale is a scale from ____________. a. 1 to 12 that rates the energy required for faulting to occur b. 1 to 10 that rates the energy released by an earthquake c. I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake d. I to X that rates the total energy released during the main quake and all aftershocks - ✔✔C c. time-travel graph d. epigraph - ✔✔B Most of our knowledge about Earth's interior comes from __________. a. drill holes b. volcanic eruptions c. seismic waves d. examination of deep mine shafts - ✔✔C Which one of the following statements about the crust is NOT true? a. it is the thinnest of the major subdivisions b. it is thickest where prominent mountains exist c. oceanic crust is enriched in potassium, sodium, and silicon d. continental rocks are compositionally different than oceanic rocks - ✔✔C The dense core of Earth is thought to consist predominantly of __________. a. nickel b. lead c. iron d. copper - ✔✔C The lithosphere is defined as __________. a. a rocky layer having a relatively uniform chemical composition b. a rigid layer of crustal and mantle material c. a rocky layer composed mainly of crustal rocks d. a plastic layer composed mainly of mantle material - ✔✔B The average composition of the oceanic crust is thought to approximate that of __________. a. granite b. basalt c. peridotite d. iron - ✔✔B The average composition of the continental crust most closely approximates that of __________. a. granite b. basalt c. peridotite d. iron - ✔✔A The Earth's magnetic field originates by ____________. a. weak electrical currents associated with hot, rising, mantle plumes b. magnetic mineral grains in the inner core c. weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core d. magnetization of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmospheric ozone layer by solar radiation - ✔✔C The asthenosphere is located __________. a. within the crust b. in the upper mantle c. between the mantle and outer core d. within the outer core - ✔✔B A ____________ fault has little or no vertical movements of the two blocks. a. stick slip A transform fault is ____________. a. a strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates b. a dip-slip fault connecting an anticline with a syncline c. a reverse fault that steepens into a thrust fault d. the rift bounding faults on a mid-ocean ridge - ✔✔A Brittle deformation would be favored over plastic deformation in which of the following conditions? a. high confining pressures b. warmer temperatures c. cooler temperatures d. shallow depths - ✔✔C A thrust fault is best described as ____________. a. a steeply inclined, oblique-slip fault b. a low-angle, reverse fault c. a vertical, normal fault d. a near vertical, strike-slip fault - ✔✔B A horst is ____________. a. an uplifted block bounded by two normal faults b. a downdropped block bounded by two reverse faults c. an uplifted block bounded by two reverse faults d. a downdropped block bounded by two normal faults - ✔✔A A syncline is ____________. a. a fold in which the strata dip away from the axis b. a fold with only one limb c. a fold in which the strata dip toward the axis d. a fold characterized by recumbent limbs - ✔✔C The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of a(n) __________. a. anticline b. syncline c. basin d. dome - ✔✔D Large circular downwarped structures are called __________. a. anticlines b. synclines c. basins d. domes - ✔✔C Which of the following combinations should favor folding rather than faulting? a. high temperature and low confining pressure b. low confining pressure and low temperature c. high confining pressure and low temperature d. high temperature and high confining pressure - ✔✔D Tensional forces normally cause which one of the following? a. strike-slip faults b. reverse faults c. normal faults