Aqa Biology Paper 1 Exam Questions And Answers Updated 2024/2025 All Answers 100% Correct, Exams of Biology

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oxygen debt - CORRECT ANSWERS the extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWERS Organelle that is the site of respiration Responses to exercise - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart rate increases, Breathing rate increases, glycogen in muscles is converted to glucose endothermic reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS a reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the environment aerobic respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells anaerobic respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast. A small amount of energy is transferred for the cells Glucagon - CORRECT ANSWERS A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentration exothermic reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS a reaction that transfers energy to the environment glycogen - CORRECT ANSWERS carbohydrate store in animals lactic acid - CORRECT ANSWERS the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells glucose - CORRECT ANSWERS a simple sugar limiting factors - CORRECT ANSWERS limit the rate of a reaction, for example photosynthesis

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photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS the process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water, and light Reactants for photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS water and carbon dioxide Products of photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS glucose and oxygen Chloroplast - CORRECT ANSWERS Site of photosynthesis white blood cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease- causing microorganisms Sperm cells - CORRECT ANSWERS It has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim. There are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed. It also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane. light - CORRECT ANSWERS energy source for photosynthesis aorta - CORRECT ANSWERS the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body arteries - CORRECT ANSWERS blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse atria - CORRECT ANSWERS the upper chambers of the heart capillaries - CORRECT ANSWERS the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick coronary arteries - CORRECT ANSWERS the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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double circulatory system - CORRECT ANSWERS the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body epidermal - CORRECT ANSWERS the name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism guard cells - CORRECT ANSWERS surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing haemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWERS the red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells palisade mesophyll - CORRECT ANSWERS the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis phloem - CORRECT ANSWERS the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant plasma - CORRECT ANSWERS the clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body platelets - CORRECT ANSWERS fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood pulmonary artery - CORRECT ANSWERS the large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs pulmonary vein - CORRECT ANSWERS the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart red blood cells - CORRECT ANSWERS biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

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spongy mesophyll - CORRECT ANSWERS the lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases statins - CORRECT ANSWERS drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and improve the balance of high- to low-density lipoproteins in the blood stent - CORRECT ANSWERS a metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the blood vessel by the inflation of a tiny balloon translocation - CORRECT ANSWERS the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem transpiration - CORRECT ANSWERS the loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata urea - CORRECT ANSWERS the waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver veins - CORRECT ANSWERS blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood vena cava - CORRECT ANSWERS the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart ventricles - CORRECT ANSWERS chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart white blood cells - CORRECT ANSWERS blood cells involved in the immune system of the body. They engulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins xylem - CORRECT ANSWERS the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

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active site - CORRECT ANSWERS the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind amino acids - CORRECT ANSWERS building blocks of proteins molecules made up of carbon - CORRECT ANSWERS hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are the building blocks of proteins amylase - CORRECT ANSWERS enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars bile - CORRECT ANSWERS neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well. It is not an enzyme carbohydrases - CORRECT ANSWERS enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWERS molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the energy for the metabolism and are found in foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread catalyst - CORRECT ANSWERS a substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used up or changed itself denatured - CORRECT ANSWERS the breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions differentiate - CORRECT ANSWERS the process where cells become specialised for a particular function digestive system - CORRECT ANSWERS organ system where food is digested and absorbed enzymes - CORRECT ANSWERS biological catalysts, usually proteins fatty acids - CORRECT ANSWERS part of the structure of a lipid molecule

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glycerol - CORRECT ANSWERS part of the structure of a lipid molecule lipase - CORRECT ANSWERS enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS include fats and oils and are found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen metabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS the sum of all the reactions taking place in a cell or the body of an organism organ - CORRECT ANSWERS an aggregation (collection ) of different tissues working together to carry out specific functions organ system - CORRECT ANSWERS a group of organs that work together to carry out specific functions and form organisms proteases - CORRECT ANSWERS enzymes that speed up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are made of long chains of amino acids. They are used for building the cells and tissues of the body and to form enzymes simple sugars - CORRECT ANSWERS small carbohydrate units, for example glucose tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function adult stem cells - CORRECT ANSWERS stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number of cells cell cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS the three-stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in the formation of two identical daughter cells

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cloning - CORRECT ANSWERS the production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction differentiate - CORRECT ANSWERS the process where cells become specialised for a particular function embryonic stem cells - CORRECT ANSWERS stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body mitosis - CORRECT ANSWERS part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division stem cells - CORRECT ANSWERS undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types therapeutic cloning - CORRECT ANSWERS a process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in medical treatments zygote - CORRECT ANSWERS the single new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction How many chromosomes in the human genome? - CORRECT ANSWERS 23 pairs Where are stem cells found in plants? - CORRECT ANSWERS Meristems in roots and stems benign tumours - CORRECT ANSWERS growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other tissues cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS the common name for a malignant tumour, formed as a result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division carcinogens - CORRECT ANSWERS agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the risk of developing cancer

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causal mechanism - CORRECT ANSWERS something that explains how one factor influences another correlation - CORRECT ANSWERS an apparent link or relationship between two factors ionising radiation - CORRECT ANSWERS has enough energy to cause ionisation in the materials it passes through, which in turn can make them biologically active and may result in mutation and cancer malignant tumours - CORRECT ANSWERS invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours. They are also known as cancers tumour - CORRECT ANSWERS a mass of abnormally growing cells that forms when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control growth and when control of the cell cycle is lost clinical trials - CORRECT ANSWERS test potential new drugs on healthy and patient volunteers hybridomas - CORRECT ANSWERS cells created during the production of monoclonal antibodies by the fusion of an antibody-specific lymphocyte and a tumour cell placebo - CORRECT ANSWERS a medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested, used in clinical trials of new medicines preclinical testing - CORRECT ANSWERS is carried out on a potential new medicine in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live animals Nerve cells - CORRECT ANSWERS These cells are long (to cover more distance) and have branched connections at their ends to connect to the other cells and form a network throughout the body agar gel - CORRECT ANSWERS widely used solid (gel) culture medium used for growing microorganisms

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aphids - CORRECT ANSWERS insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved food. They act as plant pathogens and are also vectors that carry pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi into healthy plant tissue binary fission - CORRECT ANSWERS reproduction by simple cell division, for example in bacteria chlorosis - CORRECT ANSWERS the yellowing seen on the leaves of plants when they cannot make chlorophyll due to a lack of magnesium ions communicable disease - CORRECT ANSWERS disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another culture medium - CORRECT ANSWERS a liquid or gel used to support the growth of microorganisms or other cultures, often containing specific nutrients inoculate - CORRECT ANSWERS introducing microorganisms to a culture medium, or introducing modified microorganisms into an individual to protect them against disease microorganisms - CORRECT ANSWERS organisms that are usually single-celled and can only be seen using a microscope. They include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protists mutation - CORRECT ANSWERS a change in the genetic material of an organism non-communicable diseases - CORRECT ANSWERS are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another pathogens - CORRECT ANSWERS microorganisms that cause disease sexually transmitted disease (STD) - CORRECT ANSWERS transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person by unprotected sexual contact vaccine - CORRECT ANSWERS dead or inactive pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person

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virus - CORRECT ANSWERS pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells of other organisms Muscle cells - CORRECT ANSWERS These cells are long (so that they have space to contract) and contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction algae - CORRECT ANSWERS a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water. Alveoli - CORRECT ANSWERS tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood Bronchi - CORRECT ANSWERS two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. gas exchange - CORRECT ANSWERS process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide Root hair cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into long "hairs" that stick out into the soil. This gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil. Cellulose - CORRECT ANSWERS a carbohydrate composed of many monomers. Phloem and xylem cells - CORRECT ANSWERS forms tubes to transport substances such as food and water. To form the tubes, the cells are long and joined end to end. Xylem cells are hollow in the centre and phloem cells have very few subcellular structures so that stuff can flow through them. Magnification - CORRECT ANSWERS Image size/actual size Bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS don't have a true nucleus instead they have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS Don't have chloroplasts or mitochondria

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Eukaryotic cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. Plasmid - CORRECT ANSWERS A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome Rigid cell wall (plant cells) - CORRECT ANSWERS Made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWERS where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWERS Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell Cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWERS Gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contain enzymes that control these chemical reactions. Partially permeable membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS A membrane that allows the free diffusion of some small solute molecules but not others Permanent vacuole - CORRECT ANSWERS Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid Phloem - CORRECT ANSWERS The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants Veins - CORRECT ANSWERS Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Prokaryote - CORRECT ANSWERS A single celled organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus‐ ‐ and specialized organelles.

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Capillaries - CORRECT ANSWERS Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS Site of protein synthesis Arteries - CORRECT ANSWERS Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Stomata - CORRECT ANSWERS Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move Turgor - CORRECT ANSWERS Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it ventilation - CORRECT ANSWERS the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs; measure with respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth Xylem - CORRECT ANSWERS The vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWERS Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWERS the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration sperm cell - CORRECT ANSWERS the male reproductive cell nerve cells - CORRECT ANSWERS fast cell communication, sends impulses through nervous system Root hair cell - CORRECT ANSWERS Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil. Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWERS causes the cell to produce two new identical daughter cells that are also identical to the parent cell

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Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms small intestine - CORRECT ANSWERS Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place large intestine - CORRECT ANSWERS colon; organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS Regulates the level of sugar in the blood and produces insulin Liver - CORRECT ANSWERS Produces bile red blood cells - CORRECT ANSWERS carries oxygen, glucose muscular tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS contracts to move whatever it's attached in glandular tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones epithelial tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS covers some parts of the body muscular tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS moves the stomach wall to churn up the food glandular tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS makes digestive juices to digest food epithelial tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS covers the outside and inside of the stomach rate of reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS 1000/time Carbohydrases - CORRECT ANSWERS Convert carbohydrates into simple sugars

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Proteases - CORRECT ANSWERS Convert proteins into amino acids Lipases - CORRECT ANSWERS Convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids salivary glands - CORRECT ANSWERS These produce amylase enzyme in the saliva Liver - CORRECT ANSWERS Where bile is produced. Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats gall bladder - CORRECT ANSWERS Where bile is stored before it's released into the small intestine large intestine - CORRECT ANSWERS where excess water is absorbed from the food Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes. It releases these into the small intestine small intestine - CORRECT ANSWERS Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion. This is also where the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood Rectum - CORRECT ANSWERS Where the faeces are stored before they leave through the anus