AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 What is a Crime? - Correct Answers ✅An act which breaks the criminal laws of society and is punishable by law. What is Deviance? - Correct Answers ✅Behaviour which is disproved off by most people in society. As it breaks norms, morals and values. What is white collar crime. - Correct Answers ✅Commited in the courcse of legitmate employment, its a financial abuse of occupational role. eg. Fraud, insider dealing, tax evasion. What is corporate crime? - Correct Answers ✅Is when a company commits a crime. According to Durkheim why is Crime functional? - Correct Answers ✅'Crime is an intergral part of all healthy societys'. It is inevitable, because not every one is going to equally commited to the collective sentiments. However too much crime = dysfunctional society as it suggests that somthing is wrong in society and needs resolving. What is Mertons value consensus? - Correct Answers ✅The expected norms, morals and values in society. According to merton what are the five ways in which memebers in society could respond to their goals. - Correct Answers AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 ✅Conformity- accepting society and institutionalised means of acheiving them. Innovation- Accepting the goals ( eg- wealth) but rejecting institutionalised means, and deviating from them. Ritualism - rejecting the gaols but going along with the institution. Its deviant because it results from strong socialised to conform to expected behaviours. Retreatism - rejecting goals and rejecting the institution. Decent into alcholism. Rebellion - Creating a new society against the mainstream. According to Croall why is White Collar crime difficult to convict. - Correct Answers ✅White collar crime is morally ambiguous as it's victimless as its crime aginst business. It's an indirect offence. Offenders are invisble, Diffiult to blame it on. Complex, as no one really understands it fully. The public deosn't fear it What is the new Criminology according to neo Marxists Taylor, Walton, Young? - Correct Answers ✅Crime takes place when a capitalist system where some people have a lot of wealth and power, wheras the fustrated majority don't. These inequalitys are the root of crime. Define right realism? - Correct Answers ✅The right wing political perspective, emphases James Q Wilson and emphasing 'zero tolerance'. AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 What do left realists Lea and Young argue about rising crime rates - Correct Answers ✅Statistics cannot soley explain crime. Tackling black minority crime head-on through policing has only lead to more crime. Because police taget and discriminate them, the deprived community leads to the black youth having low aspertions and are more likely to turn to crime. According to Lea and Young what are the 3 key factors that lead to crime? - Correct Answers ✅Subculture- accepting deprivation but wanting material wealth to gain status. A consumption culture, leading to crime becomig more attractive. Marginalisation-they are down in society. lack of reprsentation of groups in the media, goverment, educational institutions. leading to prejudice and harrasment. Relative Deprivation- fustration on underpiaid jobs and uneployment. Denied through deprivation the right of success. According to left realist Jock Young, why is there a growth in crime? - Correct Answers ✅Modernity is making crime worse. Society is unstable, there is job uncertanty, less value consensus about morals, people desire immedaite pleasure. A break down of social control. Give some criticisms of the Left Realist aproach - Correct Answers ✅Relative deprivation and marginalisation cannot explain the motive behind offenders actions. Not all poor people are criminals. AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 What is the overall Postmodern assumption? - Correct Answers ✅Postmodernism rejects grand narratives particularly those which concentrate on external factors. They argue its our emotions which lead to criminal and devaint behaviour. What are the three Postmodern assumptions? - Correct Answers ✅1. Difference - society is a 'global village' coonected by mass media, this highlights how different we all are. 2. Fragmentation- the death of old grand narratives such as traditionl nborms and Value (religion) now society is more fragmented. 3. Incoherance - This involves resurrecting the importance of the irrational. What did Post modernists Levin and McDevitt argue as to why people commit crimes? - Correct Answers ✅Most crime and deviancey is the result of 'thrill seeking'. If trhe reward for cime is as psychological as it is social. The thrill which people recieve from engaging in criminal activity can highten there exhilaration, and they may find joy in inflicting suffering onto offers. Fenwick and Hayward - Thrill seeking activivty provides and escape from the dullness of reality. How is society controled and regualted in a Postmordern Society? - Correct Answers ✅New technologys has made surveillance and control of the population easier, as individuauls practise a form of self- AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 surveilance. Id cards which have now been planned, are an example of surveilance this would include biometric info. New prisons are being built and new wyas are being developed to tacile crime. Give three biological explainations to Criminal behaviour? - Correct Answers ✅1. Lombroso- People are born criminal and physical deformitys (hairyness, slopped forehead) are innate traits of a criminal. 2. Supermale - the XXY chromosone which is genetic deformity in males, leads to men being taller then average however with less than average intelegance and are more likely to engage in criminal activity. 3. Raine - Some insane Murders had less activity in the prefrontal cortex, which regulates behaviour. Describe Eyesnicks pathological theory as to why soem people are more likely to commit crimes than offers? - Correct Answers ✅Personality traits such as extrovertion, Neuroticness and psychopathy may make inviduals moe inclined to commit deviant acts. These heritory traits in character may lead to people with are high level of those traits are more likely to commit crime. Describe Beckers labeling theory to crime? - Correct Answers ✅It's a social action theory, If we label people as deviant they are more likely to create a criminal master status and adopt societys veiws of them. This master status may cause a person to persue a deviant career and commit more crimes. AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 individuals become admired. Normative conflict leads to dissfunctions, which leads to morals favourable to law violation. Differntial association may vary in frequency, intensity and duration. The criminal behaviour requires the same mechanisms as any other learning. Describe Archer's Social learning theory as to how behaviour can be positively or negatively reinforced? - Correct Answers ✅Behaviour is either reinfroced through reward, or punished. Rewards can be status, arousal, excitement, money or possessions acceptance. These reinforcements teach a person how to adquately behave. According to Hirshi, what does the typical deliquent lack? - Correct Answers ✅Attachment - Lacks emotional componant of conformity. Commitment - Rational component of conformity and refers to a lifestyle in which one has invested considerable time and energy in the persuit of a lawful career. Involvement - A direct consquences of commitment, it is part of an overall conventional pattern of existance. Belief - The acceptance of social norms regulating conduct. Most crimes are sponatneous acts which require little skill for minimal short term satisfication. Describe Matza's theory of 'delinquency drift' and subterranean values. - Correct Answers ✅Argued young people escpecially boys are leass AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 skilled in there SV when these values drive deviant behaviour they use techniques of neutralisation to justiffy them out of deviance as a part of growing up. SV- What we want to do. Criminals drift in and out of conventional criminal bahviour. Even the most invovled criminals take breaks from crime. As they want to feel less guilt and shame. To neuralise the feeling they use five techniques. Denial of responsibility, injury, victim. Condeming the condemers and appeal to higher loyaltys (I had to do it). The discomfort is called Cognative dissorance. neutralisation is used to loosen moral constraints. Describe Walter Reckless nterpretation of Containment theory? - Correct Answers ✅Assumes that for every individual there is a contincy external structure or/and protective internal structure. Both of which provide response protection or insulation agianst deliquency. Deliquency takes place if the internal structures are not there, such as self respect. Deliquency is a push and pull process between ones internal and outer containment. Outline Cambell's theory on Aggressive masculinity? - Correct Answers ✅Men are expectes to behave agressively. Links with Mc Collinsons thoery. AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 Give a Postmosern critism of subcultural theroy? - Correct Answers ✅The theory trys to rationally explain crime and deviance, much like offer theorys. J Katz (1988)- Argues that crime is seductive and people engage with it because it is exciting. We flirt with crime, as Danger is attractive. According to Jock Young why do police obsess over moral panics? - Correct Answers ✅Police get a level of arousal when they are running after moral panics! As police veiw weed smokers as hippi's with long hair. Hippis become united in there differnace, retreated and become deviant. What are Jock Youngs five stages of moral panics? - Correct Answers ✅1. Somthing someon is defined as a threat to values of interest. 2. This threat is depicted in an asy recognisible form of media. 3. There is a rapid build up of public concern. 4. There is a response from authorities or opinion makers. 5. The panic results in social changes. Laws have been created quickly after moral panics. What is the connection between mental illness and deliquency? - Correct Answers ✅It's not criminal to be mentally ill, but it is often reagrded as deviant. The stigma with an illness such as depression, according to labelling theorists lead to more harm. These labels don't exist and is just a convient lable to explain away strange and 'bizare' behaviour. AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 What is the 'Cuffing' of Crime? - Correct Answers ✅The dishonest practice of not recording crimes is known inside the police as 'cuffing' or 'spanish practices'. Only crimes thay can successefuly solve are reported. How are Crime statistics a social construction? - Correct Answers ✅Because they are the product o social processes. Involves not only offenders but reporting, the crime and the behaviour of the police. The process is influenced by gatekeepers and goverment agendas. Describe the Marxist perecpetive of crime stats - Correct Answers ✅Recognises the systematic bias in favour of the power of the application of law. Higher people are in the system, they are less likely to be arrested, prosecuted and forund guilty. The Darkside of white collar crime is that largey invisible and absent from crime stats. Define Globalisation and how it relates to crime and Deviance? - Correct Answers ✅Refers to the way in which the world has become more interconected, the cultural, political and socil boundaries which once seperated countries are dissolving. The UN, has created laws which protect humans acros the globe and violations of thsese laws is a crime recognised by all goverments. According to Castells (1998) what are the typical crimes seen globally? - Correct Answers ✅Arms trafficking, nuclear materials traffiking, 21st AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 century Slavoury, cyber crimes, sex tourism, terrosism, Money Laundering, illegal Drug selling. Most global crime is supply side economies provided by developing countries, feeding and demand being led by devloped countires. According to Taylor how deos global crime creates crime at both ends of the social spectrum? - Correct Answers ✅Lack of legitimate employment opputunities caused by outstanding to cheaper labeor means illegal options of employment become more rational. Higher social groups use this for there own interests, leading to increase insider traiding, tax evasion and wide social fraud. How deos Globalisation benefit gangs, as according to Hobbs and Dunnigham? - Correct Answers ✅Use the term 'Global organisation' to explain how new type of gang structures have emerged to facilitate new global markets, espcially international drug deals. Such structures communicate through the internte and these gangs are dispereced across nations. Unlike the Italain American Mafia, which was focuse on a specific neighbourhood and family. Crime has become fluid, flexible and fatser to respond to emerging oppurtunitys. Who are the New Mafia according to Glenny 2008? - Correct Answers ✅The increase im eastern Europe gangs are on ilustrative example of the social, cultural and ploitical changes since the fall of communism in AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance- A level Question & Answers 2024 1998. Many corrupt KGB (Russian Spys) officaila bought up coal, steal and mineral industries at low prices. What is Green Crime? - Correct Answers ✅Commited against the enviroment, it's a highly subjective and contested concept. Globalisation ensure that nations can no longer act as seperate countries,and that coutries are responsible for pollution and damage to eco systems. Large corperations have to follow enviromental protection laws. Define Anthropocentrism? - Correct Answers ✅Veiw states that humans have the right to dominate nature for their own ends, (Big business interests). Define Ecocentrism? - Correct Answers ✅Sees humans and the enviroment as interdependant, harming the enviroment ultimately harms humans. According to Cohen how do countries legitimise their human right crimes - Correct Answers ✅Dictatorships often deny acts of torture, while Democracys often use complex laws to legitmise acts of torture. Cohen borrow Matza's idea to show how goverments use the same technique of neutralisation to excuse their actions.