Anatomy of the Pancreas and Abdominal Cavities: Arteries, Veins, Ascites, and Abscesses - , Exams of Nursing

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Ardms Abdomen Board Exam Review

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the normal AP ddimension of the aorta lumen should not exceed - Correct Answer-3 cm the celiac trunk is the first _____ branch of the aorta - Correct Answer-anterior the celiac trifurcates into...? - Correct Answer-the common hepatic artery the left gastric artery the splenic artery the gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the...? - Correct Answer-the common hepatic artery this artery branches off the anterior aspect of the aorta and travels vertically anterior and parallel to the aorta - Correct Answer-the superior mesenteric artery

which renal artery has a more complicated course? - Correct Answer-the right renal artery an arterial disease in which the vessel wall loses its elasticity and becomes hardened - Correct Answer-arteriosclerosis dilatation of a segment of a vessel wall caused by a weakness of all three layers of the vessel wall..? - Correct Answer- aneurysm majority of aneurysms are located below...? - Correct Answer- the level of the renal arteries the most common type of a true aneurysm is...? - Correct Answer-fusiform tear of the intima layer of the vessel wall is a... - Correct Answer-dissecting aneurysm aneurysm caused by arterial catheterization or trauma - Correct Answer-pseudo aneurysm

which renal vein has the more complicated course? - Correct Answer-the left renal vein the right gonadal vein empties directly into the IVC but the left gonadal vein empties... - Correct Answer-into the left renal vein which then empties into the IVC a liver measurement greater than ____ - ____ cm is considered hepatomegaly - Correct Answer-15- normal variant of the right lobe of the liver extends inferiorly and may be mistaken for hepatomegaly - Correct Answer- Riedel's Lobe the liver is almost completely covered by... - Correct Answer- Glisson's Capsule arrange these in order from most echogenic to least echogenic: pancreas, spleen, renal medullary pyramids, liver, renal sinus, renal cortex - Correct Answer-renal sinus > pancreas > liver > or = spleen > renal cortex > renal medullary pyramids

the liver is composed of three lobes... - Correct Answer-left lobe, right lobe, caudate lobe the middle hepatic vein divides the liver into ... - Correct Answer-right lobe and left lobe the right hepatic vein divides the... - Correct Answer-right lobe into anterior and posterior segments the left hepatic vein divides the... - Correct Answer-left lobe into medial and lateral segments these veins drain blood from the caudate lobe - Correct Answer-the right and left hepatic veins the ligamentum venosum divides the... - Correct Answer- caudate lobe and the left lobe the ligamentum teres divides the... - Correct Answer-left lobe into medial and lateral segments

the falciform ligament divides the ... - Correct Answer-right and left lobe the coronary ligament connects the liver to... - Correct Answer-the diaphragm the main lobar fissure divides... - Correct Answer-right and left lobe the portal triad is... - Correct Answer-the portal vein, the hepatic artery, and the common bile duct AST is increased with... - Correct Answer-hepatocellular disease this lab value is useful in detecting acute hepatitis before jaundice occurs and following in the course of hepatitis - Correct Answer-AST this lab test rises higher than AST and takes longer to return to normal - Correct Answer-ALT

alkaline phosphatase is increased in... - Correct Answer- obstruction of the biliary system decrease in liver function with an increase in the liver enzymes due to the amount of necrosis is known as... - Correct Answer-diffuse hepatocellular disease accumulation of fat within the hepatocytes... - Correct Answer-fatty liver diffuse inflammatory process of the liver - Correct Answer- acute hepatitis diffuse fibrotic process that involves the entire liver.. - Correct Answer-cirrhosis autosomal recessive liver disorder of carbohydrate metabolism.... - Correct Answer-glycogen storage disease portal vein is considered enlarged if it measures over...? - Correct Answer-13mm

obstruction of the hepatic veins caused by thrombosis or compression from a liver mass is known as..? - Correct Answer-Budd-Chiari Syndrome the gallbladder wall should not exceed... - Correct Answer- mm the gallbladder is divided into three segments called..? - Correct Answer-neck, body, fundus where are the spiral valves of Heister located? - Correct Answer-in the cystic duct the three functions of the gallbladder: - Correct Answer- concentrate bile, store bile, transport bile what hormone causes the gallbladder to contract? - Correct Answer-cholecystokinin (CCK) a fold or septum on the posterior wall between the body and neck is called? - Correct Answer-Junctional Fold

fold located in the fundal portion of the gallbladder? - Correct Answer-phrygian cap small sac located between the junctional fold and the neck of the gallbladder is called? - Correct Answer-Hartman's Pouch calcification of the wall of the gallbladder is called? - Correct Answer-porcelain gallbladder a hyperplastic change in the gallbladder wall is known as..? - Correct Answer-adenomyomatosis when a stone obstructs the cystic duct, this is known as..? - Correct Answer-Mirizzi Syndrome inflammation of the gallbladder wall with decreased gallbladder function is..? - Correct Answer-acute cholecystitis most common of the benign gallbladder tumors, frequently located in the fundus - Correct Answer-adenoma

the common bile duct should not exceed... - Correct Answer- mm the most common fatal liver disorder in children - Correct Answer-biliary atresia genetic trait characterized by a segmental saccular dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts that leads to bile stasis, bacterial growth, abscesses, cholangitis, formation of stones, and decreased liver function caused by the compression of the hepatocytes is called? - Correct Answer-Caroli's Disease inflammation of the biliary tract caused by bacterial infection of the biliary tract - Correct Answer-cholangitis stones in the common bile duct - Correct Answer- choledocholithiasis inflammation and fibrosis of bile duct commonly associated with intrahepatic calculi complications is called.. - Correct Answer-sclerosing cholangitis

this is caused by the absence of blood supply to the gallbladder? - Correct Answer-Gangrene of the Gallbladder a shotgun sign is seen when... - Correct Answer-bile ducts are dilated carcinoma that arises at the union of the right and left hepatic ducts... - Correct Answer-klatskin tumor the head of the pancreas is ______ to the inferior vena cava and the right renal vein - Correct Answer-anterior the common bile duct is in the __________ _________ margin of the pancreatic head - Correct Answer-posterior lateral the ________ artery may be visualized at the anterior lateral margin of the pancreatic head - Correct Answer-gastro- duodenal tongue-like extension of the pancreatic neck - Correct Answer- uncinate process

a prominent uncinate process will displace the ________ ________ artery and vein _______ to the pancreas - Correct Answer-superior mesenteric, anterior largest portion of the pancreas - Correct Answer-the body the splenic vein courses along the _________ margin of the pancreas - Correct Answer-posterior the portal confluence is _________ to the neck of the pancreas - Correct Answer-posterior the main pancreatic duct is also known as - Correct Answer- the duct of wirsung the accessory duct is called - Correct Answer-duct of santorini true or false, the duct of wirsung and the duct of santorini enter the duodenum together - Correct Answer-false true of false, the pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions - Correct Answer-true

what are the three different types of cells within the islet cells of Langerhans - Correct Answer-alpha, beta, delta which cells secrete insulin? - Correct Answer-beta which cells secrete glucagon? - Correct Answer-alpha which cells secrete somatostatin - Correct Answer-delta the exocrine function of the pancreas secretes these enzymes that aid in digestion - Correct Answer-amylase, lipase, trypsin diffuse inflammatory process of the pancreas - Correct Answer-pancreatitis this form of pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas goes through inflammatory changes and interstitial edema - Correct Answer-edematous this form of pancreatitis occurs when there is a rapid progression of the disease caused by autodigestion of the

pancreatic tissue, which causes area of fat necrosis - Correct Answer-hemorrhagic form of pancreatitis where inflammation can extend outside the pancreas - Correct Answer-phlegmonous encapsulated pancreatic enzymes that are commonly found in the lesser sac? - Correct Answer-pseudocyst the spleen is a part of the ________ system - Correct Answer- reticuloendothelial breakdown of hemoglobin, formation of bile pigment, formation of antibodies, production of lymphocytes and plasma cells, resevoir for blood, blood formation in the fetus are all functions of... - Correct Answer-the spleen spleen in the ectopic location - Correct Answer-wandering spleen failure of the spleen to develop - Correct Answer-aplasia

what are the three layers of protection the kidneys have from outside to inside? - Correct Answer-Gerota's Fascia, perirenal fat, true capsule true or false, gerotas fascia encloses both the kidney and the adrenal gland - Correct Answer-true maintaining salt and water balance, regulate the fluid volume, maintain acid and base balance are the functions of... - Correct Answer-the kidneys renal dysfunction will cause this lab value to be elevated - Correct Answer-serum creatinine this lab value is elevated when acute or chronic renal disease is present, urinary obstruction, decreased with overhydration, liver failure, pregnancy - Correct Answer-Blood Urea Nitrogen least common and most fatal autosomal recessive, more common in females, bilateral echogenic enlarged kidneys with cysts - Correct Answer-infantile polycystic kidney disease (IPKD) or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

autosomal dominant disease, relatively frequent, may be latent for years and not show symptoms until 4th decade, decreasing renal function, hypertension, flank pain, bilateral large kidneys with randomly distributed cortical cysts of various sizes, kidneys loose shape in advanced stages - Correct Answer-adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) or autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) kidneys inability to filter metabolites from the blood resulting in decreased renal function - Correct Answer-renal failure most common cause of acute renal failure, destruction of the tubular epithelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules - Correct Answer-acute tubular necrosis most common disease of the urinary tract, and the combination of parenchymal, caliceal, and pelvic inflammation - Correct Answer-pyelonephritis perinephric fluid collections commonly associated with transplanted kidneys - Correct Answer-hematoma, abscess, urinoma, lymphocele

two most common places for obstruction in the ureter? - Correct Answer-ureto-pelvic junction (UPJ) , and ureto-vesical junction (UVJ) where is the bladder located? - Correct Answer-directly posterior to the pelvic bone the apex points anteriorly and is connected to the umbilicus by the... - Correct Answer-umbilical ligament the area of the bladder between the neck and apex - Correct Answer-the trigone the bladder wall should measure between - Correct Answer- to 6 mm the adrenal glands are part of which system? - Correct Answer-the endocrine system this adrenal gland lies lateral to the right crus of the diaphragm - Correct Answer-the right adrenal gland

will the IVC be displaced if there is pathology present in the right adrenal gland - Correct Answer-yes true or false, the splenic vein will be displaced if there is pathology present in the left adrenal glad? - Correct Answer- true what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner - Correct Answer-zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis which zone of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids - Correct Answer-zona fasiculata which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralcorticoids - Correct Answer-zona glomerulosa which zone of the adrenal cortex produces gonadocorticoids - Correct Answer-zona reticularis

the adrenal hormones are regulated by... - Correct Answer- adrenocorticotropic homones (ACTH) epinephrine and norepinephrine is produced by... - Correct Answer-the adrenal medulla the 5 layers of the GI tract in order from inner to outer - Correct Answer-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa, mesothelium three part of the small intestine in order - Correct Answer- duodenum, jejunum, and ileum the ascending colon into the transverse colon is called - Correct Answer-the hepatic flexure the transverse colon into the descending colon is called - Correct Answer-the splenic flexure the thyroid gland is consider this type of gland - Correct Answer-endocrine

what are the three major hormones the thyroid secretes - Correct Answer-thyroxine, triidothyronine, calcitonin which two major vessels lie posterior lateral to the thyroid - Correct Answer-common carotid artery and internal jugular vein which strap muscle lies anterior and slightly lateral to the thyroid - Correct Answer-sternohyoid muscle which strap muscle is posterior to the sternohyoid - Correct Answer-sternothyroid muscle this strap muscle is adjacent to the trachea and is posterior to the thyroid and the common carotid arteries - Correct Answer- longus colli muscle this gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone - Correct Answer-the anterior pituitary gland painless diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland is known as - Correct Answer-Hashimotos Thyroiditis

enlarged tender neck and the patient has a fever, signs and symptoms of... - Correct Answer-thyroiditis multiple adenomas associated with hyperthyroidism - Correct Answer-goiter autoimmune disease characterized by thyrotoxicosis - Correct Answer-graves disease septum that divides the scrotum is called - Correct Answer- median raphe the lining of the inner wall of the scrotum is comprised of - Correct Answer-a double layer of peritoneum and the tunica vaginalis true or false, the double layer of peritoneum that lines the inner wall of the scrotum will normallly contain a small amount of fluid - Correct Answer-true

the dense white fibrous capsule that encases each testicle - Correct Answer-tunica albiguina the two primary functions that occur in the cone shaped lobules of the testicles - Correct Answer-spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion production of spermatozoa is called - Correct Answer- spermatogenesis what is the name is the cells that secrete testosterone - Correct Answer-leydig cells the epididymis run into this duct - Correct Answer-ductus vas deferens the draining veins of the scrotum, nerves, and lymphatics form this - Correct Answer-spermatic cord the spermatic cord joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form this duct - Correct Answer-the ejaculatory duct

the space between the liver and the diaphragm and is a common site for abscess - Correct Answer-subphrenic space which crus of the diaphragm is visualized anterior to the aorta above the level of the celiac artery? - Correct Answer-the left crus the right crus is seen where? - Correct Answer-posterior to the caudate lobe and IVC abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneum secondary to a pathological process - Correct Answer-ascites anechoic freely mobile usually benign ascites - Correct Answer-transudative internal echoes, loculated, associated with infection and malignancy ascites - Correct Answer-exudative in cases of massive ascites this will also be present - Correct Answer-respiratory distress

fluid accumulations in order in the supine patient (5 areas) - Correct Answer-inferior tip (right lobe liver), superior portion (right flank), pelvic cul-de-sac, right paracolic gutter (lateral and anterior to liver), Morrison's pouch encased collection of pus - Correct Answer-abscess this type of abscess is associated with cholangitis, sepsis, and penetrating trauma to the liver - Correct Answer-intrahepatic this type of abscess is associated with cholecystectomy - Correct Answer-subhepatic this type of abscess is associated with bacterial spill into peritoneum, bowel rupture, peptic ulcer perforation, trauma - Correct Answer-subphrenic how to tell the difference between ascites and abscess - Correct Answer-move the patient erect, ascites will move to the dependent portion

what are the three areas of the retroperitoneum - Correct Answer-anterior perirenal space, perirenal space, posterior perirenal space what organs lie in the anterior perirenal space - Correct Answer-retroperitoneal portion of the intestines and the pancreas what organs lie in the perirenal space - Correct Answer- kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, IVC, retroperitoneal nodes what organs lie in the posterior perirenal space - Correct Answer-posterior abdominal wall, iliopsoas muscle, quadratus muscle originates from fat, has complex echogenic pattern with thick walls - Correct Answer-liposarcoma originates from connective tissue, has complex sonolucent pattern, invading surrounding tissues - Correct Answer- fibrosarcoma

originates from muscle, occurs as a solid, complex, or homogeneous echogenic mass, invading surrounding tissue - Correct Answer-rhabdomyosarcoma originates from smooth muscle, occurs as a complex echodense mass that may have areas of necrosis and cystic degeneration - Correct Answer-leiomyosarcoma originates from all three germ cell layers, most occur in the area of the upper pole of the left kidney, 90% are benign, complex with echogenic and cystic areas, 50% occur in children - Correct Answer-teratoma originate from nerve tissue and occur mostly in the paravertebral region, heterogeneous and echogenic - Correct Answer-neurogenic tumor formation of thick sheets of connective tissue extending from the perirenal space to the dome of the bladder - Correct Answer-retroperitoneal fibrosis lymphatic vessels assist these vessels - Correct Answer-veins