Download ARRT EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 1005 ACCURATE SOLUTIONS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

ARRT EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 1005

ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

Main property of x-radiation that makes it potentially hazardous is its ability to? - Precise Answer ✔✔Ionize Describe the damage potential of ionization? - Precise Answer ✔✔Chain reaction in the human body that may eventually cause biologic damage. X-rays are from the Electric Magnetic Spectrum or radiation energy and is considered harmful in high energy ranges. What is the most likely potential hazard working with diagnostic radiology? - Precise Answer ✔✔Carcinogenesis - Stochastic/Non-Threshold Effect .1 Rem =? Seivert - Precise Answer ✔✔1 Sievert 0.1 Gray =? Rad - Precise Answer ✔✔10 Rad 1 Gray =? Rad - Precise Answer ✔✔100 Rad What is Aplastic Anemia? When dose it occur? - Precise Answer ✔✔All types of blood cells: Red & White 25 Rads A decrease in blood count is the earliest response seen to dose radiation. It can occur at dosease as low as? - Precise Answer ✔✔25 Rads or .25 Gray What is Cataractogenesis? - Precise Answer ✔✔Process of Cataract Formation Cataractogenesis occurs after acute or chronic exposures of how many Rads? - Precise Answer ✔✔ 200 Rads, 2 Gray

Skin Eyrythemia (Skin Redning) occurs above? - Precise Answer ✔✔Above 200 Rad, 2 Gray Temporary Sterility occurs in the adult male at acute doses of how many Rads? - Precise Answer ✔✔ 250 Rads, 2.5 Gray Pregnant radiographer should? (3) - Precise Answer ✔✔Always practice TDS Has legal right for re-assignment of duty Never confuse collar badge with waist badge Monthly dosimetry reports is based on what? - Precise Answer ✔✔OCCUPATIONAL exposures only. Monthly Dosimeter reports does NOT include? - Precise Answer ✔✔Natural or Background Radiation What is the recommended monthly dose-equivalent limit for the fetus in the third trimester? - Precise Answer ✔✔0.5 mSv .05 Rem NRCP 116 Radiation workers cumulative dose-equivalent limit is determined by? - Precise Answer ✔✔Age x 10 mSv Age x 1 Rem NCRP 110 What is the Occupational radiation dose equivalent limit for stochastic effects to the whole body? - Precise Answer ✔✔50 mSv (5 Rem) When using a C-Arm mobile unit, the intensification tower should be? - Precise Answer ✔✔As close as possible to the patient to reduce patient dose and unnecessary magnification.

Radiation exposure in air =? - Precise Answer ✔✔Roentgens - Ionization in air dose measurement. Electrical current being generated by a charge created in air thru ionization by x/gamma radiation is called a? - Precise Answer ✔✔Ion Chamber The quantity of radiation exposure measured by an ionization chamber would be? - Precise Answer ✔✔Coulomb/Kilogram The C/Kg or R is usually the unit measured in? - Precise Answer ✔✔Air dose List the 3 measurements that are more appropriate for measuring absorbed doses for radiation or occupational dose? - Precise Answer ✔✔Gray (1) - Rad (100) Seivert (1) - Rem (100) Curie - Bacquerel What type of changes are used to measure occupational dose? (3) - Precise Answer ✔✔Scintillation Biological Chemical Example of personnel monitor that measures radiation thru chemical change reaction? - Precise Answer ✔✔Film Badge - Operate off Gurney-Mott theory. Explain the Gurney-Mott Theory...? - Precise Answer ✔✔Describes how an x-ray photon changes silver halide into atomic silver in the film emulsion--a definite chemical change. How long can a film badge be worn? - Precise Answer ✔✔No more than a month Why shouldn't film badges be worn greater than a month? - Precise Answer ✔✔Extreme sensitivity to environmental conditions. TLD's operate thru? - Precise Answer ✔✔Luminescence (NO chemical rx's occur)

Pocket dosimeters can only work for? - Precise Answer ✔✔1 day and must be reset everyday. Upper reading limit of 200-300 rads Pocket dosimeter uses? - Precise Answer ✔✔Electrical current as a measurement of charge. The type of personnel monitor that could be worn the longest is the? - Precise Answer ✔✔OSD Optical stimulated detector can be worn up to? - Precise Answer ✔✔3 months and be sensitive to 2 mR Leakage radiation should NOT exceed how much mR at 1 meter from the scource? - Precise Answer ✔✔100 mR per hr 0.1 Rad per hr NCRP 102 According to Bushong, tabletop intensity should NOT exceed what? - Precise Answer ✔✔2.1 mR per min for each mA operating at 80 kVp. Under normal modes of operation, fluoroscopic procedures should NOT exceed? - Precise Answer ✔✔10 Renkens per min. What does GSD stand for? - Precise Answer ✔✔Genetic Significant Dose What is GSD? - Precise Answer ✔✔Average gonadal dose received by an exposed population. It is used to estimate the genetic impact of medical radiation dose on the entire population. Beam limiting devices will? (3) - Precise Answer ✔✔Improve image quality Reduce patient dose Reduce scatter radiation

The purpose of reducing added filtration is to reduce radiation dose to? - Precise Answer ✔✔Patients skin Recommended amount of filtration in Fluoro? - Precise Answer ✔✔3 mm Al Equivalent Disadvantage to having 3 mm Al Equivalent? - Precise Answer ✔✔Would require an increase in technical factors defeating the purpose of filtration. What is the usual amount of filtration in Fluoro? - Precise Answer ✔✔2.5 mm Al Equivalent What effect does excessive filtration have on xray image? - Precise Answer ✔✔Reduced contrast

of grid lines per inch or centimeter defines? - Precise Answer ✔✔Grid Frequency

For all dedicated chest units whose tube potential routinely exceeds 90 kVp, the minimum recommended grid ratio is? - Precise Answer ✔✔8: Techniques below or at 90 kVp would utilize what grid ratio? - Precise Answer ✔✔8: Techniques above 90 kVp would utilize what grid ratio? - Precise Answer ✔✔12: What is the ratio of a grid whose lead strips are 0.25 mm thick, 1.6 mm high and are seperated by a 0. mm alluminum spacer? - Precise Answer ✔✔16:1 grid During latent image formation, the concentration of metallic silver in the exposed crystals occurs in the region of the sensitivity specks. This explanation of the formation of the image is reffered to as? - Precise Answer ✔✔Gurney-Mott theory What type of interactions cause ionization of irradiated material? - Precise Answer ✔✔Photoelectric - Changes inner shell electrons Compton - Affects outer shell electrons

Which of the following xray interactions with matter is primarily responsible for contrast? - Precise Answer ✔✔Photoelectric effect Radiation produces at very discrete energies of approx 69 kiloelectron colts (kev) when electrons interact with the K shell of the tungsten target atom is called? - Precise Answer ✔✔Characteristic Radiation Pair-Production affects what portion of the cell? - Precise Answer ✔✔Nucleus. It does NOT cause ionization. What type of radiation would produce the greatest amount of biological damage in human tissue? - Precise Answer ✔✔High LET's What is the active component of the TLD? - Precise Answer ✔✔Lithium Fluoride What is used in input phosphors? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cesium Iodide What is used in output phosphors? - Precise Answer ✔✔Zinc Cadmium Sulfide What must be done to Xray film to make it compatible to rare earth phosphors? - Precise Answer ✔✔Add light absorbing dye in the x-ray film emulsion About what percentage of radiographic density is due to light emitted by an intensifying screen phosphor? - Precise Answer ✔✔95-98% What occurs when exit radiation interacts with a Photo-Stimulable imaging plate? - Precise Answer ✔✔Energy Absorption What is used in scintillation gamma cameras in nuclear medicine/CT? - Precise Answer ✔✔Sodium Iodide

What color of light emitted by lanthanum oxy-bromide rare earth crystals in the intensifying screen? - Precise Answer ✔✔Blue Maximum # of electron that may be found in the L-Shell of an atom? - Precise Answer ✔✔ 8 What is the most radiosensitive part of any human cell? - Precise Answer ✔✔Chromosome DNA Nucleus What is arguably the MOST radiosensitive cell in the human body? - Precise Answer ✔✔Mature Lymphocyte Example of Radiosensitive stem cells? - Precise Answer ✔✔Neuroblasts Spermatogonia Human tissue considered to be the most radio-resistant? - Precise Answer ✔✔Erythrocyte What is a Erythrocyte? - Precise Answer ✔✔End cells w/ no nucleus Like mature nerve cells, are practically immune from radiation and have about a 4 month life span Example of Deterministic Effect? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cataracto-genesis Examples of Deterministic or Non-Stochastic associated with a threshold dose? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cataracts (2 grey - 200 Rad) Examples of Stochastic, Non-Deterministic, Non threshold dose? - Precise Answer ✔✔Leukemia Thyroid Cancer Genetic Effects Whole body doses only need...? - Precise Answer ✔✔Very low doses for cancer & genetic effects.

What is a cutie pie? - Precise Answer ✔✔Radiation survey monitor or it can be a hot personnel monitoring device. Reduction in resolution often seen with the use of higher tube currents in a single focus tube is a phenomenon called? - Precise Answer ✔✔Blooming What type of exposure factors provide the least patient exposure? - Precise Answer ✔✔Lowest kVp and lowest mAs would cause the lowest patient dose. What film change can be made to reduce the dose to the patient and surrounding radiographer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Use higher speed screen w/ a comparable change in mAs Radiographing Lumbar vertebrae of a geriatric patient, what technique change could be made to reduce patient exposure but maintain significant density? - Precise Answer ✔✔Increase kVp by 15% with a 50% reduction in mAs What should be considered when using AEC? - Precise Answer ✔✔Proper selection of ionization chamber(s) Precise positioning over desired chambers NOT Proper selection time If using automatic exposure control (AEC) device to make an exposure, what would be adjusted to ensure proper optical density from pt to pt? - Precise Answer ✔✔Set Field Detector's (Chambers) Set Density compensation (+1, +2...) NOT Set time! Where should ionization chambers be located if it is to be used as an efficient automatic exposure - Precise Answer ✔✔Between the patient and the image receptor Underexposed radiograph produced by AEC device might result from? - Precise Answer ✔✔Having insufficient backup time set for a very large patient

Appearance of grid lines on radiograph with the table Bucky in use indicates? - Precise Answer ✔✔Exposure time too short What would be used by tech to compensate for the caring densities of anatomic structures on a routine PA projection of the chest? - Precise Answer ✔✔Trough Filter Using compression band will have what effect during the production of a radiograph? - Precise Answer ✔✔Reduces scatter radiation Decreases radiographic contrast NOT reduces patient motion What radiographic procedure requires an image demonstrating a long scale of contrast? - Precise Answer ✔✔Chest When using AEC w/ DR, selecting the center chamber on a PA radiogragh results in? - Precise Answer ✔✔Appropriate density in the lungs As the field size is increased with all other factors remaining constant, the scale of contrast will? - Precise Answer ✔✔Be lengthened What could decrease the production of scatter radiation? - Precise Answer ✔✔Decrease in kVp Which of following pathological conditions would allow the x-ray beam to easily penetrate the pt? - Precise Answer ✔✔Rheumatoid arthritis Which pathologic condition would require increase in technical factors? - Precise Answer ✔✔Ascites What is Ascites? - Precise Answer ✔✔Fluid in the peritoneal cavity What would affect shape distortion? - Precise Answer ✔✔Tube Angulation

If a radiograh demonstrates excessive size distortion, which of the following corrections should be made before repeating? - Precise Answer ✔✔Increase SID Image noise can be decreased by? - Precise Answer ✔✔Increasing xray dose Purpose does a photo-cathode serve? - Precise Answer ✔✔Converts light photons to electrons What type of generator would incorporate a DC chopper in order to convert 60 hz AC to pulsed DC? - Precise Answer ✔✔High frequency Disadvantage of a flat panel direct capture detector is? - Precise Answer ✔✔Difficult in mobile imaging How many heat units are generated when setting a technique of 75 kVp, 400 mA, 250 milliseconds on a 3 phase, 12 pulse generator? - Precise Answer ✔✔10,575 HU 250 millisec = .25 sec HU= kVp(mA)(Generator type - 1.35=6pulse, 1.41=12Pulse) When performing magnification radiography, if SID is 40" and the object-image receptor distance is 6", how much would the object be magnified? - Precise Answer ✔✔x1. SID/SOD In series circuit, the total resistance is calculated by the reciprocal of each of the individual resistors. We measure resistance in what unit? - Precise Answer ✔✔Ohm Where are the exposure timer located in a typical xray circuit? - Precise Answer ✔✔Primary side of the step-up transformer. In the image intensifier, the squared ratio of the area of the input screen to the output screen is defined at? - Precise Answer ✔✔Minification gain What component of the image intensifier accelerated electrons toward the output phosphor? - Precise Answer ✔✔Electrostatic Lenses

What is the typical frame size of the most spot film (photospot) cameras used for the diagnostic imaging? - Precise Answer ✔✔70-105 mm Compared to analog imaging, CR has the advantage of? - Precise Answer ✔✔Larger dynamic range To emit electrons from its surface, x-ray tube filament must be heated sufficiently to cause what? - Precise Answer ✔✔Incandescence Phosphorescence or afterglow is a property of intensifying screen that? - Precise Answer ✔✔Tends to increase image blur Which device in the typical x-ray circuit is adjusted to select the kilo-voltage? - Precise Answer ✔✔Auto- transformer How many pulses per cycle are found in a single phase, full wave rectified xray machine? - Precise Answer ✔✔ 2 What is the typical voltage ripple in a high frequency generator? - Precise Answer ✔✔Less than 4 percent In order to change the visibility of a digital image, lookup table (LUTs) alter the? - Precise Answer ✔✔Pixel value Primary factor affecting brightness of fluoroscopic image? - Precise Answer ✔✔Density of the anatomic part What QA tool would be used to evaluate mA output or pentrometer? - Precise Answer ✔✔Solid-State Detector Minimum suggested schedule for testing lead aprons and gloves for adequate shielded? - Precise Answer ✔✔Annually

What Quality Control tool would be used to evaluate blurr? - Precise Answer ✔✔Wire Mesh tool To ensure proper light field to radiation field alignment, the deflecting mirror must be at? - Precise Answer ✔✔45 degree angle to x-ray beam What type of device would increase diagnostic quality of a radiograph of the dorso-plantar projection of the foot? - Precise Answer ✔✔Wedge filter What test tool would be used to measure FSS? - Precise Answer ✔✔Star Test Pattern What tool would be used to measure kVp accuracy? - Precise Answer ✔✔Wisconsin test cassette or a solid state detector How would light and x-ray field alignment test be done? - Precise Answer ✔✔Standard ruler test cassette or measure the light field w/ radio-opaque objects such as pennies. What minimum distance should the safe light be positioned above the processor shelf to avoid fogging of the radiograph? - Precise Answer ✔✔3 feet Type of artifact will result on a radiograph from dirt or dust on an intensification screen? - Precise Answer ✔✔Area of decreased film density An older x-ray tube that has evaporated tungsten deposited on the tube window may cause one or more of the following problems. - Precise Answer ✔✔Decreased tube output Arcing of the tube Using Line Focus Principle images will enhance a side effect known as? - Precise Answer ✔✔Anode Heel Effect What radiograph would benefit from the use of the anode heel affect? - Precise Answer ✔✔AP Projection of the femur

Contrast can be measured from the characteristic curve by finding the tangent of which of the following? - Precise Answer ✔✔Straight line portion Pulling a sheet of film from the film bin/box will cause what type of static? - Precise Answer ✔✔Tree Static Sensitometric measurements in a quality assurance program are? - Precise Answer ✔✔The responses of film to exposure and processing Image brightness on a display monitor is adjusted by? - Precise Answer ✔✔Window Level What could demonstrate off-focus grid cutoff? - Precise Answer ✔✔Both sides of the film are underexposed A geometric characteristic of a computerized image is known as? - Precise Answer ✔✔Spacial resolution If tech failed to correctly mark a radiograph that subsequently resulted in a faulty diagnosis, he or she may be guilty of a tort under the doctrine res ipsa loquitur which means? - Precise Answer ✔✔The thing speaks for itself If a radiologist instructs you to inject a patient with a radiographic contrast medium and the patient collapses from anaphylactic shock, you may be protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondeat superior which means? - Precise Answer ✔✔Let the master speak for Touching the pt w/o permission is the legal definition of? - Precise Answer ✔✔Battery Intentional or unintentional acts performed by an individual and based on unreasonable conduct are known as - Precise Answer ✔✔Torts Destruction or alteration of medical records, such as the radiology report, by an unauthorized person is referred to as? - Precise Answer ✔✔Spoliation

Proper term for the patient who suddenly turns pale and feels cold & clammy is? - Precise Answer ✔✔Diaphoretic When radiographing multiple trauma patient who is incapacitated, what rule of thumb should be observed to provide the greatest diagnostic benefit for the patient? - Precise Answer ✔✔Obtain two views 90 degrees apart for all traumatized anatomy. What steps are necessary for performing radiographs on a patients with a head injury? - Precise Answer ✔✔Check the patients vital signs frequently Do NOT remove sandbags, collars or dressings NOT Suction as necessary any nasal drainage. Which of the following situations would cause a pt to go thru the grieving process? - Precise Answer ✔✔Losing a spouse Being diagnosed with cancer NOT F/x clavicle What can happen if a diabetic patient has taken his or her normal dose of insulin but has been NPO since midnight? - Precise Answer ✔✔patient can go into insulin shock Densitometer film density measurement of 3 corresponds to approx _____ of the light from a view-box being transmitted thru the film? - Precise Answer ✔✔0.1% According to quality assurance programs, how often should the chemicals be changes in an automatic processor? - Precise Answer ✔✔Once a month Which anatomic term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body? - Precise Answer ✔✔Contra-Lateral Which imaging study of the urinary system demonstrates the collecting ducts of the kidneys by injecting a radiographic contrast medium? - Precise Answer ✔✔Retrograde pyelogram

During cystography, when ureteral reflux is suspected, it is often necessary to include a radiograph with the patient? - Precise Answer ✔✔Voiding What is the name of the special imaging procedure or examination of the salivary glands? - Precise Answer ✔✔Sialography Into which anatomical structure is the superior end of the T-Tube placed for performing postoperative cholangiography? - Precise Answer ✔✔Common Bile Duct Which of the following imaging procedures would require formal informed consent? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cardiac Catheterization If a pt scheduled an arthrogram sts that he/she has an allergy to an iodinated contrast media, what other imaging method could demonstrate the anatomy w/o putting the pt at risk? - Precise Answer ✔✔MRI Reasons why lidocaine is often used in radiology dept? - Precise Answer ✔✔Provide topical anesthetic for invasive procedures. Anatomic organ used for phonation is called the? - Precise Answer ✔✔Larynx What is the central ray centering point for the RAO position of the esophagus? - Precise Answer ✔✔T5- T Which of the following radiographs positions will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile during a GI procedure? - Precise Answer ✔✔RAO If a patient is scheduled for an UGI and a small bowel series, which of the radiographic contrast media would be contraindicated if a perforation is suspect. - Precise Answer ✔✔Barium sulfate The radiographic contrast medium that absorbs more radiation than the organ in which it is instilled is called a (an) - Precise Answer ✔✔Positive agent

What type of contrast medium is acceptable for use with infants who have swallowing disorders or w/ adults who have suspected bronchoesophageal fistula? - Precise Answer ✔✔Water based barium A patient develops hives several minutes after a radiologic contrast agent has been administered. Which type of drug may the patient be given to counteract the reaction? - Precise Answer ✔✔Antihistamine Benadryle Claritan Sudafed Zyrtec A radiologist requires 60 percent more than the normal 50 cc dose of radiographic contrast media to be used for a urologic procedure. The cc's to be prepared is - Precise Answer ✔✔80 cc's The plane of the body that divides the thorax into equal anterior and posterior parts is called? - Precise Answer ✔✔Median Coronal Plane For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest position? - Precise Answer ✔✔Hypersthenic How much will the kidneys move when changing the patient position from recumbent to the erect position? - Precise Answer ✔✔2" The ampulla of Vater empties its contents into the duodenum thru the structure called the? - Precise Answer ✔✔Sphincter of Oddi Where should the contrast media be injected for a lumbar myelogram? - Precise Answer ✔✔Subarachnoid space Adding two tsp of salt per liter of water used in an enema preparation may prevent? - Precise Answer ✔✔Hypervolemia

Which of the following pathologies are well visualized by the double contrast BE? - Precise Answer ✔✔Polyps Which of the following positions would the patient be placed during insertion of an enema tip? - Precise Answer ✔✔Simms Which of the following anatomic structures pumps oxygenated blood into the Aorta? - Precise Answer ✔✔LT Ventricle Which of the following organs receives blood from the portal vein? - Precise Answer ✔✔Liver If pt places back of the right hand against the RT thigh, the humerus will be in? - Precise Answer ✔✔Lateral position What is the name of the process that extends superiorly from the scapula? - Precise Answer ✔✔Acromion Which two bones are united to form the sternoclavicular joint? - Precise Answer ✔✔Clavicle & Sternum Where is the center of the cassette positioned for a PA projection of the SC Jnt? - Precise Answer ✔✔T- Which radiograph of the shoulder will demonstrate the glenoid cavity in profile? - Precise Answer ✔✔AP oblique Grashey Method Which of the following anatomical structures articulates with the capitulum of the humerus? - Precise Answer ✔✔Head of the radius Which of the following radiographic methods would best demonstrate the coronoid process of the ulna?

• Precise Answer ✔✔45 degree internal oblique of the elbow Which of the following joints be examined by arthrography? - Precise Answer ✔✔Shoulder Wrist

TMJ

Which type of pathology would be best demonstrated by a radiograph of the lower leg? - Precise Answer ✔✔Osgood Schatter Disease What is the rounded projection on the anterior proximal surface of the tibia called? - Precise Answer ✔✔Tuberosity Which of the following methods for obtaining a radiograph of the hip should be performed when a fracture is suspected? - Precise Answer ✔✔Daniuelius-Miller Which of the following radiographic methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa? - Precise Answer ✔✔Holmblad Camp-Coventry Beclaire All called tunnel views What may be demonstrated on a tangential projection of the patella? - Precise Answer ✔✔Patello- Femoral Articulation Longitudinal Fx of the patella NOT transverse Fx of patella How should the pt hands be positioned for an erect lateral projection of the sternum? - Precise Answer ✔✔Clasped behind the pt back How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP projection of the sternum? - Precise Answer ✔✔15 degrees cephalic Determinatio of radiologic bone age is most frequently applied to the? - Precise Answer ✔✔Hand & Wrist

Which of the following represents the level of the iliac crest in the body? - Precise Answer ✔✔4th & 5th Lumbar Vertebre To better visualize the lateral thoracic spine, the patient should be instructed to? - Precise Answer ✔✔Breath Quietly Anterior curvature of the vertebral column is called? - Precise Answer ✔✔Lordosis Convexed Ex: Lumbar C-Spine How should the patient be instructed to breath for an AP position of the lower ribs? - Precise Answer ✔✔Full expiration How should the patients hand be placed for a PA Projection of the rib so that the scapula are rotated away from the rib cage? - Precise Answer ✔✔Back of the hands against the hips Which part of the rib articulated with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae? - Precise Answer ✔✔Tubercle To demonstrate the apophaseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae with an AP projection, the pt rotation is?

• Precise Answer ✔✔45 degrees The RT SI jnt should be clearly demonstrated in which of the following? - Precise Answer ✔✔LPO In the lateral position, how far posterior does the sacrum lie from the mid coronal plane? - Precise Answer ✔✔3 inches What is the name of the opening thru which the spinal nerves pass after branching from the spinal chord? - Precise Answer ✔✔Intervertebral foramen

What is the name of the type of skull that is considered to be of average shape and size? - Precise Answer ✔✔Mesocephalic MSP-Angle of petrous ridge/pyrimid = 47 degrees How many degrees of pt face rotation from the lateral for the single tube angulation of oxiolateral (Law) method of demonstrating the mastoid process? - Precise Answer ✔✔15 degrees What radiographic base line should be parallel to the image receptor for a SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses? - Precise Answer ✔✔IOML What is the name of the bony projection that extends superiorly from the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone? - Precise Answer ✔✔Crista Galli If the orbitalmeatal line is perpendicular to the film for an AP Axila (Grash.Townes) Projection of the skull, how much caudal angulation of the central ray requires - Precise Answer ✔✔30 Degree How much must the pt be rotated from the horizontal plane to visualize the apophaseal joints of the thoracic vertebre? - Precise Answer ✔✔70 degrees Which radiographic projection of the skull should clearly demonstrate all four sets of paranasal sinuses?

• Precise Answer ✔✔Lateral Which radiographic decubitus position preferred for demonstrating air fluid levels in the abdomen? - Precise Answer ✔✔LT Lateral Decub A RT Lateral Decub is taken of a patient with the grid placed behind the patient. This is an example of a ...? - Precise Answer ✔✔AP Projection What articulates with the medial cuneiform bone? - Precise Answer ✔✔First Metatarsus What degree of central ray angulations should be used for the axial plantodorsal projection of the os- calcis? - Precise Answer ✔✔40 Degrees

The proper medical term for a collapsed lung is? - Precise Answer ✔✔Atelectasis Where would a central line catheter be located? - Precise Answer ✔✔Subclavian Vein Most common injury to a health care worker in the radiology department? - Precise Answer ✔✔Lifting heavy objects Which of the following methods represents a means of transmitting a disease thru insect bites? - Precise Answer ✔✔Vector Medical asepsis can be defined as the _____ of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. - Precise Answer ✔✔Reduction in number You are called to the trauma center to perform a bedside radiographic procedure on a patient and you suspected the patient may have hepatitis B. What are safe practices to follow to protect yourself? - Precise Answer ✔✔Always put on gloves Always wash hands after the procedure NOT always put on mask A common group of drugs that are used to promote defecation are termed? - Precise Answer ✔✔cathartics Which of the following is an accepted method of sterilization? - Precise Answer ✔✔Dry Heat Which of the following is the normal diastolic pressure for an adult. - Precise Answer ✔✔60-90 Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate shock? - Precise Answer ✔✔115-130 beats per min During cardiopulmonary resuscitation of an adult, the cardiac compression rate should be about - Precise Answer ✔✔80-100 per min

Which method for measuring body temperature may be contraindicated for patients with cardiac conditions? - Precise Answer ✔✔Rectal THRESHOLD - Precise Answer ✔✔DOSE BELOW NO NEGATIVE EFFECTS OCCUR RBE (RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS) - Precise Answer ✔✔ALLOWS ONE TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ONE TYPE OF RADIATION TO ANOTHER. LET (LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER) - Precise Answer ✔✔THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY DEPOSITED TO A MEDIUM BY IONIZING RADIATION AS IT PASSES THROUGH IT RELATIVE TO THE LINEAR DISTANCE TRAVELED BY THE ENERGY. HIGHER LET HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DEPOSIT MORE ENERGY. RELATIVE TISSUE RADIOSENSITIVITY - Precise Answer ✔✔SAYS RADIOSENSITIVITY OF ANY TISSUE RELATES TO THE CELLULAR COMPOSITION. USES THE BERGONIE-TRIBONDEAU LAW BERGONIE-TRIBONDEAU LAW - Precise Answer ✔✔1. MORE CELL DIVISION

2. HIGHER OXYGEN
3. LESS DIFFERENTIATED (NO SPECIFIC PURPOSE) LD 50 - Precise Answer ✔✔LETHAL DOSE THAT WILL KILL 50% OF THE POPULATION IN AN AMOUNT OF DAYS. eg. LD 50/30 WILL KILL 50% OF THE POPULATION IN 30 DAYS. OXYGEN: - Precise Answer ✔✔OXYGEN ENHANCES THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION SHORT TERM EFFECTS: - Precise Answer ✔✔RELATIVELY SEVERE AND BEGIN IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AFTER EXPOSURE. LARGE AMOUNTS OF RADIATION OVER A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME. ARS (ACURE RADIATION SYNDROME) - Precise Answer ✔✔4 STAGES 3 TYPES. STAGES:

1. INITIAL: 48 HOURS AFTER EXPOSURE. NASUEA, FATUGUE, LOSS OF APPETITE.

2)LATENT: LAST ABOUT 1 WEEK, EARLY SYMPTOMS DISAPPEAR, FEELS BETTER.

3)MANIFEST: FEVER, INFECTION, DIARRHEA, DEATH MAY FOLLOW.

4)RECOVERY: IF DOSE NOT LETHAL, RECOVERY BEGINS. MAY TAKE MANY WEEKS.

TYPES:

1)CNS: VERY LARGE DOSE, DEATH OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE(FEW HOURS), BREAKS DOWN

NEURO+CARDIO SYSTEMS.

2)GASTROINTESTINAL(GI): DOSE ABOVE 600REMS, DEATH WITHIN 15-30 DAYS, DESTRUCTION OF

GASTROINTESTINAL LINING.

3)HEMATOPOIETIC: AKA BONE MARROW SYNDROME, DEATH MAY OCCUR FROM DAMAGE TO BLOOD

FORMING ORGANS.

LONG TERM EFFECTS - Precise Answer ✔✔APPEAR MONTHS OR YEARS AFTER EXPOSURE. 4 TYPES OF LONG TERM SOMATIC EFFECTS.

1. CATARACTOGENESIS: FORMATION OF CATARACTS. 2)LIFE SPAN SHORTENING: AVERAGE LIFESPAN SHORTENED. 3)CARCINOGENESIS: PRODUCTION OF CANCER 4)EMBRYOLOGICAL EFFECTS: 1ST TRIMESTER: EXTEREMELY SENSITIVE OF THE 3 TRIMESTERS, ABNORMALITIES MAY FORM BASED ON EXPOSURE TO EMBRYO/FETUS. ACUTE DISEASE: - Precise Answer ✔✔CHARACTERIZED BY A SUDDEN ONSET, SEVERE AND HAVE A SHORT DURATION. CHRONIC DISEASE: - Precise Answer ✔✔LONG DURATION. MAY EXIST CONSTANTLY, OR FLARE UP AT TIMES. ACUTE TO CHRONIC: - Precise Answer ✔✔MAY START OUT ACUTE BUT DEVELOP INTO A CHRONIC DISEASE. CARCINOGENESIS - Precise Answer ✔✔INCREASED RISK OF MALIGNANT DISEASE, PARTICULARLY CANCER OF THE SKIN, THYROID, BREAST, AND LEUKEMIA.

LEUKEMIA: - Precise Answer ✔✔MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE BLOOD THAT HAS BEEN PROVEN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH RADIATION EXPOSURE. EYES: - Precise Answer ✔✔INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CATARACTS. BONE MARROW: - Precise Answer ✔✔RESULT IN DISRUPTION OF BLOOD FORMING SYSTEMS. THYROID: - Precise Answer ✔✔THYROID TUMORS. EMBRYONIC CELLS: - Precise Answer ✔✔1ST TRIMESTER: GREATEST RISK, MOST RADIOSENSITIVE, DAMAGE TO CELLS, DEATH OF EMBRYO. 2ND TRIMESTER: LESS BUT STILL RADIOSENSITIVE, DEALTH LESS LIKELY BUT SEVERE DISFORMITIES LIKELY, MORE DIFFERENTIATED AND LESS MIOTIC ACTIVITY. 3RD TRIMESTER: MOST RADIORESISTANT, MOST DAMGE TO CNS (LOW IQ OR NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS. GENETIC: - Precise Answer ✔✔DAMAGE TO DNA MOLECULES IN THE SPERM OR OVA CAN CAUSE BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO OFFSPRING. MAY NOT SHOW UP FOR YEARS OR GENERATIONS GENETIC SIGNIFICANT DOSE: - Precise Answer ✔✔THE DOSE GIVEN TO THE IRRADIATION OF EGGS + SPERM OF A POPULATION + EFFECTS. GOALS OF GONADAL SHEILDING: - Precise Answer ✔✔TO MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION RECIEVED BY THE MALE/FEMALE GONADS COMPTON EFFECT - Precise Answer ✔✔INCOMING X-RAY PHOTON HITS A LOSELY BOUND OUTER SHELL ELECTRON. -THE ELECTRON WHICH IS STRUCK IS KNOCKED OUT AND BECOMES A COMPTON ELECTRON -THE ORIGINAL PHOTON IMPARTED SOME OF ITS ENERGY TO THE ELECTRON BUT STILL MAINTAINS ENOUGH TO EXIT BODY BUT INTERACTION CAUSES PHOTON TO CHANGE DIRECTION. -ACCOUNTS FOR MOST OF SCATTERED RADIATION PRODUCED DURING DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES.

PHOTOELECTRIC: - Precise Answer ✔✔AN X-RAY PHOTON GIVES UP ALL OF ITS ENERGY (TOTAL ABSORPTION) TO AN INNER SHELL ELECTRON. ELECTRON IS EJECTED FROM K OR L SHELL LEAVING A HOLE. THE HOLE IS FILLED BY ANOTHER ELECTRON FROM AN OUTER SHELL SLOWING DOWN AND TAKING THE EMPTY SPOT OF THE INNER SHELL. THE ELECTRON EJECTED IS CALLED A PHOTOELECTRON. IT CAUSES CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTRAST BETWEEN BONE AND SOFT TISSUE. COHERENT (CLASSICAL) SCATTER - Precise Answer ✔✔LOW ENERGY X-RAYS HIT AN ATOM AND "EXCITE" IT CAUSING THE RELEASE OF ENERGY. HOWEVER, THE ENERGY WHILE IT IS STRONG ENOUGH TO RELEASE THE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF A PHOTON IT DOES NOT KNOCK AN ELECTRON FROM THE SHELL THEREFORE IT DOES NOT PRODUCE IONIZATION. ATOMIC NUMBER - Precise Answer ✔✔# INCREASES, ABSORPTION INCREASES. (BONE ABSORBS MORE THAN SOFT TISSUE) DUE TO HIGHER ELECTRONS. THICKER BODY PARTS: - Precise Answer ✔✔ATTENUATE MORE X-RAY PHOTONS ATTENUATION: - Precise Answer ✔✔ABSORPTION OF X-RAY PHOTONS KVP - Precise Answer ✔✔-QUALITY -PENETRATIVE POWER -HIGH KVP = LESS RAD ABSORBED BY PATIENT. MAS - Precise Answer ✔✔-LOWEST MAS = LOWEST RAD DOSE -QUALITY OF ELECTRONS SHIELDING: - Precise Answer ✔✔MUST BE PLACED BETWEEN PATIENT AND X-RAY TUBE. THIN FLEXIBLE SHEETS OF LEAD. PURPOSE OF GONADAL SHIELDING - Precise Answer ✔✔TO PROTECT GONADS AND TO REDUCE BIRTH DEFECTS.