ASTRO 1 EXAM 3: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io, Titan, Triton, and More, Exams of Geography

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What features are abundant on Callisto and Ganymede and almost absent on Europa and Io? volcanoes markings that show the surface is made of ice impact craters lakes and pools of liquid ammonia rings impact craters When astronomers say that Ganymede is a differentiated body, they mean that it: has a northern hemisphere which is different from its southern hemisphere has more of the larger crater types than the smaller ones has a magnetic field that is not centered on its axis of rotation has a heavier core, surrounded by a lighter, icy mantle and crust has a color that is surprising among outer solar system satellites has a heavier core, surrounded by a lighter, icy mantle and crust The majority of the moons orbiting the outer (jovian) planets are: large moons, roughly the size of Pluto or Mercury small moons orbiting in the same direction that their planet turns much warmer than the planet they orbit small moons orbiting

in a retrograde direction (opposite to the direction their planet turns and orbits) not in good working order, since they were made in Bayonne, New Jersey small moons orbiting in a retrograde direction (opposite to the direction their planet turns and orbits) When astronomers say that Ganymede is a differentiated body, they mean that it: has a northern hemisphere which is different from its southern hemisphere has more of the larger crater types than the smaller ones has a magnetic field that is not centered on its axis of rotation has a heavier core, surrounded by a lighter, icy mantle and crust has a color that is surprising among outer solar system satellites has a heavier core, surrounded by a lighter, icy mantle and crust What features are abundant on Callisto and Ganymede and almost absent on Europa and Io? volcanoes markings that show the surface is made of ice impact craters lakes and pools of liquid ammonia rings impact craters Which element plays the same role on Titan as water does on Earth (existing as gas, liquid, and solid)? carbon dioxide methane ammonia hydrogen cyanide propane methane The moon Triton orbits which of the planets? Mars

Through the radio waves given off as they interact with the magnetic field by using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (the telescope aboard an airplane) to observe Uranus moving in front of a distant star by using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (the telescope aboard an airplane) to observe Uranus moving in front of a distant star A main difference between asteroids and comets is that asteroids are mostly made of rock and comets are mostly made of: metals carbon compounds ice vapor (gas) you can't fool me, astronomers don't really know what comets are made of ice If there are at least a million asteroids, how did spacecraft like Galileo survive their trip through the asteroid belt? NASA sends its spacecraft above and below the orbits of the asteroids in the belt to avoid collisions spacecraft use a magnetic repulsion tool to make sure asteroids do not come too close although there are many asteroids, they are widely spaced (there is lots of space between them) the known asteroids are typically less than a centimeter across, so they do not represent a danger to spacecraft you can't fool me, NASA has lost over a dozen spacecraft to collisions with asteroids although there are many asteroids, they are widely spaced (there is lots of space between them)

Halley's Comet was given that name because Edmond Halley was the first person to ever see that comet the scientist who pointed out that the orbit of the comet was such that it should return every 76 years or so the chief scientist who designed the probe that flew by the comet the first person to be hurt by pieces falling off the comet prime minister of England at the time the comet was discovered the scientist who pointed out that the orbit of the comet was such that it should return every 76 years or so Which part of a comet is the DENSEST? the nucleus the atmosphere (coma) the dust tail the gas tail the hydrogen cloud the nucleus The large reservoir of comet nuclei far beyond Pluto, from which we believe new long-period comets come into the inner solar system, is called: the Lowell reservoir the Oort Cloud the Kohoutek Cloud the Alvarez belt Bayonne, New Jersey the Oort Cloud The typical meteor is: about the size of a small one-family house made of evaporated ices a small solid particle, no bigger than a pea visible only from above the Earth's atmosphere the result of magnetic activity in the upper atmosphere of the Earth a small solid particle, no bigger than a pea

that all the planets have solid surfaces on which we can see impact craters Astronomers now believe that the differences in composition among the planets reflect what characteristic in the early solar system: orbital speed temperature whether or not a planet had rings the age of the material none of the above temperature A type of planet that our surveys of exoplanets are revealing around other stars, but we don't have any examples of around the Sun are: terrestrial planets jovian (giant) planets Super-Earth's dwarf planets you can't fool me, we have examples in the solar system of all the types of planets our exoplanet surveys are revealing Super-Earth's Today we realize that the source of energy for the Sun is a process called nuclear fusion Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction mechanical to thermal energy conversion radioactivity dilithium crystal moderation nuclear fusion In the formula E=mc2, the letter c stands for the speed of sound the speed of an electron around the nucleus the amount of energy contained in one hydrogen nucleus the energy of a neutrino emerging from the Sun the speed of light the speed of light

Where in the Sun does fusion of hydrogen occur? only in the core only near the photosphere (its visible surface layer) pretty much throughout the entire body of the Sun only in the layer where there is a lot of convection going on nowhere only in the core The material inside the Sun is in the form of a solid liquid plasma ball of iron atoms none of the above plasma When energy is first produced by fusion deep in the core of the star, that energy moves outward mostly by what process? convection radiation conduction theoretical modeling none of the above radiation You are out on the beach, enjoying the warm sunshine with friends. As you glance up at the Sun (only briefly we hope), the part of the Sun that you can see directly is called its:

When an astronomer rambles on and on about the luminosity of a star she is studying, she is talking about: what color the star is the total amount of mass in the star the star's apparent size (the size seen from Earth) how much energy the star gives off each second the elements she can see in the star's spectrum how much energy the star gives off each second Which of the following looks the brightest in the sky? a star with magnitude 10 a star with magnitude 1 a star with magnitude 6 a star with magnitude - 1 you can't fool me, all of the above look equally bright from Earth a star with magnitude - 1 Which of the following types of star is the coolest (has the lowest surface temperature)? O A M F G M Most of the stars we can see with the unaided eye from Earth are intrinsically fainter than the Sun very close to us (among the closest stars) more luminous (intrinsically brighter) than the Sun only visible to our eyes because they actually consist of three or more stars blending their light together undergoing some sort of explosion which makes their outer layers unusually bright

more luminous (intrinsically brighter) than the Sun Which law do astronomers use to determine the masses of the stars in a spectroscopic binary system? Wien's Law Kepler's Third Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law Hubble's Law Jenny Craig's Law Kepler's Third Law Where on the H-R Diagram would we find stars that look red when seen through a telescope? only near the top of the diagram and never near the bottom only near the left side of the diagram and never near the right only on the right side of the diagram and never on the left only near the bottom of the diagram and never near the top anywhere in the diagram only on the right side of the diagram and never on the left Which of the following worlds does NOT have a ring? Jupiter Saturn Uranus Pluto Neptune Pluto Which of the following statements about Saturn's rings is TRUE?

a tidal stability limit a traffic problem a resonance What do astronomers think is the origin of the many irregular moons around the outer planets (irregular meaning they are orbiting backwards and/or have eccentric orbits)? These moons were likely formed elsewhere and captured by the giant planets These moons are fragments of a much larger moon around each planet that exploded These moons were expelled by volcanoes on the surfaces of the giant planets These moons had an early interaction with the rings of the giant planets and were moved to strange orbits as a result Astronomers have no idea about why these irregular moons exist; it's a complete mystery These moons were likely formed elsewhere and captured by the giant planets Saturn's ring particles are composed mainly of: silicate rocks frozen carbon dioxide droplets of very cold methane carbon that has been compressed until it is highly reflective water ice water ice The world in the solar system that is most active volcanically is: Earth Neptune Io Mars Ganymede

Io The moon Triton orbits which of the planets? Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Neptune If there are at least a million asteroids, how did spacecraft like Galileo survive their trip through the asteroid belt? NASA sends its spacecraft above and below the orbits of the asteroids in the belt to avoid collisions spacecraft use a magnetic repulsion tool to make sure asteroids do not come too close although there are many asteroids, they are widely spaced (there is lots of space between them) the known asteroids are typically less than a centimeter across, so they do not represent a danger to spacecraft you can't fool me, NASA has lost over a dozen spacecraft to collisions with asteroids although there are many asteroids, they are widely spaced (there is lots of space between them) Which part of a comet is the DENSEST? the nucleus the atmosphere (coma) the dust tail the gas tail the hydrogen cloud the nucleus Between 1992 and today, astronomers using large telescopes have discovered many icy pieces that orbit in the same region as the orbit of Pluto. These are believed to be members of the asteroid belt (which have escaped)

The large reservoir of comet nuclei far beyond Pluto, from which we believe new long-period comets come into the inner solar system, is called: the Lowell reservoir the Oort Cloud the Kohoutek Cloud the Alvarez belt Bayonne, New Jersey the Oort Cloud Comets change as they approach the Sun in their orbits. Which of the following statements about a comet approaching the Sun is FALSE? the solid water ice in a comet begins to evaporate just beyond the orbit of Mars comets close to the Sun can evaporate enough material to become as large or larger than Jupiter the gravity of the comet nucleus holds on to the evaporated material, and it all eventually freezes back into the nucleus when the ice evaporates, some dust frozen into the ice is freed up to join the comet's coma and tail the evaporation is not always even, but can occur in spurts (where jets of material are seen moving away from the comet nucleus) the gravity of the comet nucleus holds on to the evaporated material, and it all eventually freezes back into the nucleus The Murchison meteorite that was found in Australia in 1969 is important to scientists because it contained organic materials, such as amino acids more metal than any other meteorite large flecks of gold radioactive elements which we do not have on the Earth the decomposed bodies of small yellow aliens who were clearly intelligent organic materials, such as amino acids

One region on Earth that has become a rich source of new meteorites in recent decades (including the meteorite from Mars that got famous because some scientists claimed they had found evidence for the building blocks of life on Mars) is: the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico Bayonne, New Jersey the Great Salt Lake Australia the Antarctic the Antarctic Astronomers call the vast, rotating cloud of vapor and dust from which the solar system formed: the Oort Cloud the Kuiper Belt the proto-Sun the solar nebula Bayonne, New Jersey the solar nebula Which of the following is not a characteristic that worlds in our solar system have in common: that the planets all revolve around the Sun in the same direction that most of the planets spin in the same direction that they revolve that many of the larger moons go around their planets in the same direction that the planets' orbits lie in roughly the same plane that all the planets have solid surfaces on which we can see impact craters that all the planets have solid surfaces on which we can see impact craters One of the best proofs that our theory of how the solar system formed is correct is that astronomers now observe

the dust freed from some comets is clumpy and not evenly distributed along its orbit Chunks of solid material that survive passing through the Earth's atmosphere and are found on the Earth's surface are called meteorites asteroids meteors meteor showers comets meteorites One way to find a new meteorite is to: patrol the block on which you live carefully each night for a few years look for a bright comet in the sky and look where its tail is pointing search the area beneath or close to the point where a bright fireball was seen to burn out look near the Earth's equator where our planet's magnetic attraction is the greatest taste the meatloaf in the college cafeteria late in the week search the area beneath or close to the point where a bright fireball was seen to burn out Astronomers estimate that about 25 million meteors strike the Earth's atmosphere each day. How come we haven't run out of meteors in the long history of the Earth? meteors come from dust from the Earth's surface that winds have blown high into the atmosphere; the Earth is so big it has lots of dust meteors are pieces of dirt left over from the formation of our solar system and from old comets; there is a huge supply of small dirt particles from both sources meteors are caused by electrical sparking in the Earth's atmosphere and there is a lot of static electricity up there meteors have only been hitting the Earth's atmosphere recently; they are the result of human pollution of space this is an unsolved problem in astronomy that has a lot of astronomers mystified

meteors are pieces of dirt left over from the formation of our solar system and from old comets; there is a huge supply of small dirt particles from both sources If everything in the solar system is moving around, why do the Perseid meteors repeat regularly around August 11th or so? Because the Earth does not move relative to the meteor particles Because the Earth in its orbit intersects the same swarm of meteor particles at the same time each year Because the Perseids are not in space at all, but in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere Because August 11th is when the Sun's rays are the warmest, and thus tend to move the meteor particles toward us at the fastest speed Only astrologers can explain this regularity; astronomers do not understand it Because the Earth in its orbit intersects the same swarm of meteor particles at the same time each year The first technique that allowed astronomers to find exoplanets involved: photographing the planets using infrared waves looking for the decrease of light from the star during a transit of the planet across its disk sending a very small spacecraft to the exoplanet to take close-up images measuring changes in the radial velocity (Doppler shift) of the star caused by the pull of orbiting planets simply taking a visible light photo of the planet around the nearest star; it wasn't that hard measuring changes in the radial velocity (Doppler shift) of the star caused by the pull of orbiting planets