ASU BIO 181 EXAM 3 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS & DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS | A+ GRADE 2025, Exams of Biology

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ASU BIO 181 EXAM 3 NEWEST ACTUAL

EXAM QUESTIONS AND DETAILED

CORRECT ANSWERS | A+ GRADE 2025

Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. Correct Answer The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved. Correct Answer - blood glucose rises

• b-cells of pancreas release insulin

• insulin stimulates cells to use glucose and convert glucose to glycogen and fat

• blood glucose falls

• pancreas stops releasing insulin

• cells use glycogen and fat for energy

• blood glucose falls too low

• a-cells release glucagon

• glucagon stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered is trigger to act by exposure to epinephrine. Correct Answer False

Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. Correct Answer True Insulin is a ligand. Correct Answer True What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? Correct Answer The stress could cause the sympathetic nervous system to kick in and increase glucose into the blood Vitamin D is really a hormone. Correct Answer True Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol Correct Answer True Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? Correct Answer Osteoporosis, the parathyroid hormone released on the thyroid glad has a large role in bone density. Too much parathyroid hormone causes calcium loss in the urine at the expense of bone. Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen? Correct Answer If there is extra glucose present in a cell the reserve glucose is put in reserve as glycogen (stored as fat) mainly in the liver and muscle cells to be used at a later time

Insulin is produced by alpha cells. Correct Answer False When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. Correct Answer True The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline). Correct Answer True When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System? Correct Answer sympathetic The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle. Correct Answer True Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs. Correct Answer True The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. Correct Answer False To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are __________________. Correct Answer valves Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: Correct Answer The circulatory system. Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. Correct Answer False

Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries. Correct Answer False When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? Correct Answer 2. Alveoli and capillary cells. The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. Correct Answer True When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process. Correct Answer The kidneys release renin which activates angiotensin (makes vessels constrict) which causes arterial pressure to rise When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. Correct Answer True Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth). Correct Answer True The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. Correct Answer False

The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs. Correct Answer False Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire. Correct Answer False The neural tissues are: Correct Answer Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? Correct Answer The cell wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons. The action potential is: Correct Answer A result of the movement of ions. Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. Correct Answer True List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. Correct Answer Microglia: cleans up cellular debris- Astrocytes: support and repair neurons- Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS- Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. Correct Answer True

When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. Correct Answer True Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. Correct Answer True The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump. Correct Answer True Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y- axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures. Correct Answer Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. Correct Answer False Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor. Correct Answer False The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. Correct Answer False Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. Correct Answer False

The post-synaptic cell can be: Correct Answer In glands, muscle cells, neurons Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. Correct Answer False Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid Correct Answer False Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post- synaptic cells. Correct Answer False Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post- synaptic cell. Correct Answer True The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. Correct Answer True The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. Correct Answer False The resting potential of neurons is: Correct Answer The answer is not on this list Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture. Correct Answer

The central nervous system (CNS) contains: Correct Answer There is no Correct Answer The terminal web: Correct Answer is a site of exocytosis In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: Correct Answer Calcium ions The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. Correct Answer True The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. Correct Answer False One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the __________________ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes __________________ into the lungs. Correct Answer alveoli, surfactant What does carbonic anhydrase do? Correct Answer Makes carbonic acid from water and C02. When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting. Correct Answer True The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. Correct Answer True

The heart contains two circuits. Name them. Correct Answer Systemic and pulmonary Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. Correct Answer True Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen. Correct Answer hemoglobin What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin? Correct Answer four The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. Correct Answer True The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity? Correct Answer Intercostal muscles The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the __________________ __________________. Correct Answer sinoatrial node In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. Correct Answer True When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume. Correct Answer False

Draw a cross-section of an artery or arteriole and label the layers. Correct Answer The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. Correct Answer False When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? Correct Answer External intercostal muscles (diaphragm) In mammals ventilation is tidal. Correct Answer True The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. Correct Answer True The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. Correct Answer True Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations. Correct Answer True Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs. Correct Answer False There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them. Correct Answer pH and p

The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood. Correct Answer True The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen. Correct Answer True There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by __________________. Correct Answer Myoglobin Urine leaves our body through the urethra. Correct Answer True Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. Correct Answer Kidneys will release an enzyme called renin which activates a circulating hormone angiotensin. This hormone does things to get blood pressure back up so the pressure remains high for proper function. Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. Correct Answer True The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney. Correct Answer True The kidney controls the water balance in the body. Correct Answer True

Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus. Correct Answer False Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman' s capsule. Correct Answer False The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. Correct Answer True The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron. Correct Answer True In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials. Correct Answer True The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day. Correct Answer True The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Correct Answer True What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly? Correct Answer blood wont be able to be filtered, and kidneys could turn off (go into kidney failure) The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine. Correct Answer True

Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. Correct Answer True Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. Correct Answer True The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _______________ and this enters the _______________ _______________. Correct Answer ureter, urinary bladder The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. Correct Answer False