Social Work Ethics and Theories: Core Values, Ethical Standards, and Learning Theories, Exams of Social Work

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Social work core values - \service social justice dignity and worth of the person importance of human relationships integrity competence The NASW Code of Ethics serves six purposes: - \The Code identifies core values on which social work's mission is based. The Code summarizes broad ethical principles that reflect the profession's core values and establishes a set of specific ethical standards that should be used to guide social work practice. The Code is designed to help social workers identify relevant considerations when professional obligations conflict or ethical uncertainties arise. The Code provides ethical standards to which the general public can hold the social work profession accountable. The Code socializes practitioners new to the field to social work's mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards. The Code articulates standards that the social work profession itself can use to assess whether social workers have engaged in unethical conduct. NASW has formal procedures to adjudicate ethics complaints filed against its members.* In subscribing to this Code, social workers are required to cooperate in its implementation, participate in NASW adjudication proceedings, and abide by any NASW disciplinary rulings or sanctions based on it. Social Work Ethical Standards - (1) social workers' ethical responsibilities to clients, (2) social workers' ethical responsibilities to colleagues, (3) social workers' ethical responsibilities in practice settings, (4) social workers' ethical responsibilities as professionals, (5) social workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession, and (6) social workers' ethical responsibilities to the broader society. Closed system - \Uses up its energy and dies

Systems theory - \A system is a whole comprising component parts that work together. Applied to social work, systems theory views human behavior through larger contexts such as members of families, communities, and broader society. If one thing changes within the system, the whole system is affected. Systems tend toward equilibrium and can have closed or open boundaries. Differentiation - \Becoming specialized in structure and function Entropy - \Closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy Equifinality - \Arriving at the same end from different beginnings Homeostasis - \Steady state Input - \Obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system Negative entropy - \Exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation Open system - \A system with cross-boundary exchange Output - \A product of the system that exports to the environment Subsystem - \A major component of a system made up of two or more interdependent components that interact in order to attain their own purpose and the purpose of the system in which they are embedded Suprasystem - \An entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships Throughput - \Energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals

Strategic family therapy - \Social worker initiates what happens during therapy, designs a specific approach for each person's presenting problem and takes responsibility for directly influencing people. It is active, brief, directive and task centered. Structural family therapy - \this approach stresses the importance of family organization for the functioning of the group and well-being of its members. Family structure is defined as the invisible set of functional demands organizing interaction among family members. Bowenian family therapy - \Bowenian-trained social worker is interested in improving the intergenerational transmission process. The focus within this approach is consistent whether a social worker is working with an individual, couple, or the entire family. It assumes that improving on overall functioning will ultimately reduce a family members symptomatology. It has eight major theoretical constructs. Differentiation (Bowenian) - \the core concept of this approach. The more differentiated, the more a client can be an individual while in emotional contact with the family. Allows the client to think through a situation without being drawn to act by either internal or external emotional pressures. Emotion fusion (Bowenian) - \is the counterpart to differentiation and refers to the tendency for family members to share an emotional response. This is the result of poor interpersonal boundaries between family members. In a fused family, there is little room for emotional autonomy. Multigenerational transmission (Bowenian) - \stresses the connection of current generations to past generations as a natural process. Multigenerational transmission gives the present context in history. This context can focus on a social worker on the differentiation in the systems and on the transmission process. Emotional triangle (Bowenian) - \the network of relationships among three people. Bowen's theory states that a relationship can remain stable until anxiety is introduced. However, when anxiety is introduced into the dyad, a third party is recruited into a triangle to reduce the overall anxiety. It is almost impossible for two people to interact without triangulation. nuclear family (Bowenian) - \is the most basic unit in society and there is a concern over the degree to which emotional fusion can occur in a family system. societal regression (Bowenian) -

\in contrast to progression, is manifested by problems such as the depletion of natural resources. Bowen's theory can be used to explain societal anxieties and social problems, because Bowen viewed society as a family-an emotional system complete with its own multigenerational transmission, chronic anxiety, emotional triangles, cutoffs, projection process, and fusion/differentiation struggles. Psychodrama - \a treatment approach in which roles are enacted in a group context. Members of the group recreate their problems and devote themselves to the role dilemmas of each member. Stages of any group - \1. preaffiliation- development of trust

2. power and control - struggles for individual autonomy and group identification
3. Intimacy- Utilizing self in service of the group
4. Differentiation - acceptance of each other as distinct individuals
5. Separation/Termination- independence Factors affecting group cohesion - *Group size *homogeneity- similarity of group members *participation in goal and norm setting for group *Interdependence *member stability Groupthink - \when a group makes faulty decisions because of group pressures. Group polarization - \occurs during group decisions making when discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the members would adopt on their own. Psychodynamic theories - \explain the origin of the personality. Although many different psychodynamic theories exist, they all emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personalities. psychoanalytic theory (Freud) - \Freud - client is seen as the product of their past and treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious. Three different levels of awareness - conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Freud proposed that personalities have 3 components: id, ego and superego. psychosexual stages of development (Freud) -

\Freud believed that personality solidifies during childhood, largely before 5. He proposed 5 stages of psychosexual development. Oral, anal, phallic, Latency, Genital. Fixation is the inability to progress normally from one stage to another. Individual psychology (Adler) - \Adler believed the main motivations for human behavior are not sexual or aggressive urges, but striving for perfection. The aim of this therapy is to develop a more adaptive lifestyle by overcoming feelings of inferiority and self centeredness and to contribute more toward the welfare of others. Compensation- the attempt to shed normal feelings of inferiority. Self psychology - \defines the self as the central organizing and motivating force in personality. The objective of this psychology is to help a client develop a greater sense of self-cohesion. Through therapeutic regression, a client re-experiences frustrated self-object needs. 3 self-object needs are: Mirroring, Idealization, Twinship/Twinning Ego psychology - \focuses on the rational, conscious process of the ego. this psychology is based on an assessment of a client as present in the present. Treatment focuses on the ego functioning of a client, because healthy behavior is under the control of the ego. It addresses: how a client behaves in relation to the situation he or she finds himself in, reality testing, coping abilities, capacity for relating to others. stages of psychosocial development - \Erickson - maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on sexual development, he was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. According to Erickson there are 8 different stages with 2 possible outcomes. *trust v. mistrust *autonomy v. shame and doubt *initiative v. guilt *industry v. inferiority *identity v. role confusion *intimacy v. isolation *generativity v. stagnation *ego integrity v. despair Object relations theory - \focus of Margaret Mahler - centered on relationships with others. Lifelong relationships skills are strongly rooted in early attachments with parents, especially mothers. 0-1 mo. Normal autism 1-5 mo. Normal symbiotic 5-9 mo. Seperation/Individuation

9-15 mo. Subphase- Practicing 15-24 mo. Subphase- Rapprochement 24-38 mo. Object Constancy Behavioral Theory - \suggests that personality is a result of interactions between the individual and the environment. Theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account. These theories represent the systematic application of principles of learning to the analysis and treatment of behaviors. Behaviors determine feelings. Thus, changing behaviors will also change or eliminate undesired feelings. There are 2 fundamental classes of behavior: respondent (involuntary) and operant (voluntary). positive reinforcement - \Increases probability that behavior will occur - praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior Negative reinforcement - \behavior increases because a negative stimulus is removed Positive punishment - \presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (hitting, shocking) Negative punishment - \removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (removing something positive such as a token or dessert) aversion therapy - \any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated or pairing of it with an aversive stimulus. biofeedback - \behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temp and muscular tension. extinction - \withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease. flooding - \a treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli. in vivo desensitization -

\pairing and movement through anxiety hierarchy from least to most anxiety provoking situation; takes place in "real" setting. modeling - \method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client. rational emotive therapy - \a cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self statements shaping - \method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. systematic desensitization - \an anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing response so that eventually an anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxation response. Timeout - \removal of something desirable - negative punishment technique token economy - \a client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors. The tokens function as currency. Cognitive Theory - \Piaget- these stages address the acquisition of knowledge and how humans come to gradually acquire it.

1. Sensorimotor- 0-2 years
2. Preoperational 2-7 years
3. Concrete operations 7-11 years
4. Formal Operations 11-maturity Learning Theory - \a conceptual framework describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed. Learning theory - Behaviorist - (Pavlov, Skinner) Learning is viewed through change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. Social workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.

Learning theory-Cognitive - (Piaget) Learning is viewed through internal mental processes (including insight, information processing, memory and perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. SW's aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skill to improve learning. Learning theory-Humanistic - (Maslow) Learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs. SW's aim to develop the whole person Learning theory- Social/Situational - (Bandura) Learning is obtained between people and their environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunity for conversation and participation to occur. Person-in-environment (PIE) - \PIE perspective highlights the importance of understanding individual behavior in light of the environmental contexts in which a client lives and acts. PIE examines social role functioning, the environment, mental health, and physical health. cognitive dissonance - \arises when a person has to choose between two contradictory attitudes and beliefs. The most dissonance arises when two options are equally attractive congruence - \matching of awareness, experience, and communication echolalia - \repeating noises and phrases (associated with autism, schizophrenia, etc) metacommunication - \the context within which to interpret the content of the message (nonverbal, body language) Maslow's Hierarchy of needs -
defense mechanisms - \behaviors that protect people from anxiety. Automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activities. not to be confused with coping mechanisms which are voluntary. Rationalization - \a defense process by which plausible reasons justify an action or opinion.

Repression - \refuses to let into awareness unacceptable impulses but remains unconsciously operative in behavior. Displacement - \a defense mechanism in which affect is transferred from one object to another. Identification - \typically refers to the display of a particular characteristic or trait that has been absorbed into one's own personality. Intellectualization - \a process by which content is separated from repressed affect. Asceticism - \characterized by rigor and self‐denial. *An adult uses this defense mechanism when she refuses to eat or sleep until a major work project is complete. Reaction Formation - \a process by which unacceptable impulses are expressed as their opposites. helps release anxiety and guilt associated with the true impulse. Introjection and Internalization - \internalization of outside events or characteristics of other people. Projection - \places unacceptable feelings from the person feeling them onto another person. Denial - \distorts reality and does not acknowledge emotion Sublimation - \displace unacceptable instincts for constructive and socially acceptable behaviors. Undoing - \a process by which we avoid being punished for undesirable thoughts or actions. stages of grief or loss - \denial anger bargaining depression acceptance ethnicity -

\refers to the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place of origin. cultural identity - \the identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by his or her self- identification with that group or culture. crystallized intelligence - \the collection of skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social conventions fluid intelligence - \basic information processing skills such as working memory and spatial visualization Heterogeneity - \individual level variations between people. looks at differences specific to individuals, even within the same culture or racial group homogeneity - \similarities between people task centered approach - \very concrete approach that uses specific techniques, such as contracts and homework assignments to help clients make the changes they want to by following discrete steps that are laid out along the way. problem solving approach - \focuses on identifying the problem, thinking of solutions, picking a solution, and having the client try the solution. solution focused approach - \starts with the solution to the client's problem and establishes a plan that will lead the client to the solution Heritability estimates - \are obtained from kinship studies, which compare the characteristics of family members, to measure the extent to which individual differences are due to genetics concordance rates - \refer to the percentage of instances in which both twins show a particular trait when it is present in one twin. parental imperative theory - \during middle adulthood, when most adults are actively parenting children under the age of 18, individuals tend to identify with traditional gender roles to help ensure the survival of children.

feminization of poverty - \the trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty. administration of practical services - \method of treatment in which a social worker provides assistance to a client by helping that client choose and use social resources that are paid for by the community like legal aid, foster homes, medical care Strengths Perspective - \Based on the assumption that clients have the capacity to grow, change, and adapt. Clients also have the knowledge that is important in defining and solving their problems social constructionism - \a theory which puts forth the idea that there is not one single objective reality; there are multiple social and cultural realities. This perspective looks at the way people learn through their interactions with each other. Stages of Change - \precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance Differential Diagnosis - \A systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of an entity where multiple alternatives are possible Psychosocial stress - \Results when there is a perceived threat (real or imagined) examples include threats to social status, social esteem, respect, acceptance in a group, threats to swing worth or threats that are perceived as uncontrollable O in SOAP - \Objective - vital signs or objective factors such as problems such as disorientation, failing school, legal issues. A in SOAP - \Assessment - pull together the S and O for a short assessment P in SOAP - \Plan - what will be done as a consequence of th assessment General Personality disorders Cluster A - \schizioid, paranoid, schizotypal, General Personality disorder cluster B - \anti-social, borderline, narcissistic, histrionic.

General Personality disorder cluster C - \avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, Mental Status Exam - \1. Appearance

2. Orientation
3. Speech pattern
4. Affect/mood
5. Impulsive/potential for harm
6. Judgement/insight
7. Thought process/reality testing
8. Intellectual functioning/memory endogenous depression - \depression caused by biochemical imbalance rather than a psychosocial stressor or external factors exogenous depression - \depression caused by a biochemical imbalance rather than a psychosocial stressor or external factor folie a deux - \shared delusion hypomanic - \elevated, expansive or irritable mood that is less severe than full-blown manic symptoms postmorbid - \subsequent to the onset of an illness premorbid - \prior to the onset of an illness SMART objectives - \specific measurable achievable relevant time specific Intervention steps - \Engagement Assessment Planning

Intervention Evaluation Termination manifest content - \Concrete words or terms contained in a communication latent content - \Not visible, underlying meaning of words Single subject design - \Aim to determine whether an intervention has the intended impact on an individual or on many who form a group Pre-post design or single case study - \Comparison of behavior before treatment (A) and behavior after treatment starts (B) AB design Evaluation of practice-formative - \Examine the process of delivering services Evaluation of practice - summative - \Examines the outcome Community based decision making - \Orientation stage Conflict stage Emergence stage Reinforcement stage S in SOAP - \Subjective- clients report on how he/she has been doing