ATLS PRACTICE TEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS GR, Exams of Nursing

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ATLS PRACTICE TEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL EXAM

QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

GRADED A

A 22-year-old man is hypotensive and tachycardic after a shotgun wound to the left shoulder. His blood pressure is initially 80/40 mm Hg. After initial fluid resuscitation his blood pressure increases to 122/84 mm Hg. His heart rate is now 100 beats per minute and his respiratory rate is 28 breaths per minute. A tube thoracostomy is performed for decreased left chest breath sounds with the return of a small amount of blood and no air leak. After chest tube insertion, the most appropriate next step is: re-examine the chest A construction worker falls two stories from a building and sustains bilateral calcaneal fractures. In the emergency department, he is alert, vital signs are normal, and he is complaining of severe pain in both heels and his lower back. Lower extremity pulses are strong and there is no other deformity. The suspected diagnosis is most likely to be confirmed by: complete spine x-ray series Which of the following is true regarding the initial resuscitation of a trauma patient? Evidence of improved perfusion after fluid resuscitation could include improvement in Glasgow Coma Scale score on reevaluation. In managing a patient with a severe traumatic brain injury, the most important initial step is to: secure the airway A previously healthy, 70-kg (154-pound) man suffers an estimated acute blood loss of 2 liters. Which one of the following statements applies to this patient? An ABG would demonstrate a base deficit between - 6 and - 10 mEq/L. The physiological hypervolemia of pregnancy has clinical significance in the management of the severely injured, gravid woman by: increasing the volume of blood loss to produce maternal hypotension

The best assessment of fluid resuscitation of the adult burn patient is: urinary output of 0.5 mL/kg/hr The diagnosis of shock must include: evidence of inadequate organ perfusion A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents several minutes after he fell through a window. He is bleeding profusely from a 6-cm wound of his medial right thigh. Immediate management of the wound should consist of: direct pressure on the wound For the patient with severe traumatic brain injury, profound hypocarbia should be avoided to prevent: cerebral vasoconstriction with diminished perfusion After being involved in a motor vehicle crash, a 25-year-old man is brought to a hospital that has surgery capabilities available.. Computed tomography of the chest and abdomen shows an aortic injury and splenic laceration with free abdominal fluid. His blood pressure falls to 70 mm Hg after CT. The next step is: perform an exploratory laparotomy Which one of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma in the pregnant patient is TRUE? Leakage of amniotic fluid is an indication for hospital admission. The first maneuver to improve oxygenation after chest injury is: administer supplemental oxygen A 25-year-old man, injured in a motor vehicular crash, is admitted to the emergency department. His pupils react sluggishly and his eyes open to pressure. He does not follow commands, but he does moan periodically. His right arm is deformed and does not respond to pressure; however, his left hand reaches purposefully toward the stimulus. Both legs are stiffly extended. His GCS score is: 9 A 20-year-old woman who is at 32 weeks gestation, is stabbed in the upper right chest. In the emergency department, her blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg. She is gasping for breath, extremely

anxious, and yelling for help. Breath sounds are diminished in the right chest. The most appropriate first step is to: perform needle or finger decompression of the right chest Which one of the following findings in an adult is most likely to require immediate management during the primary survey? respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute The most important, immediate step in the management of an open pneumothorax is: placement of an occlusive dressing over the wound The following are contraindications for tetanus toxoid administration: history of neurological reaction or severe hypersensitivity to the product A 56-year-old man is thrown violently against the steering wheel of his truck during a motor vehicle crash. On arrival in the emergency department he is diaphoretic and complaining of chest pain. His blood pressure is 60/40 mm Hg and his respiratory rate is 40 breaths per minute. Which of the following best differentiates cardiac tamponade from tension pneumothorax as the cause of his hypotension? breath sounds Bronchial intubation of the right or left mainstem bronchus can easily occur during infant endotracheal intubation because: The trachea is relatively short. A 23-year-old man sustains 4 stab wounds to the upper right chest during an altercation and is brought by ambulance to a hospital that has full surgical capabilities. His wounds are all above the nipple. He is endotracheally intubated, closed tube thoracostomy is performed, fluid resuscitation is initiated through 2 large-caliber IVs. FAST exam does not reveal intraabdominal injuries. His blood pressure now is 60/0 mm Hg, heart rate is 160 beats per minute, and respiratory rate is 14 breaths per minute (ventilated with 100% O2). 1500 mL of blood has drained from the right chest. The most appropriate next step in managing this patient is to: urgently transfer the patient to the operating room

A 39-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department after an automobile collision. He is cyanotic, has insufficient respiratory effort, and has a GCS score of 6. His full beard makes it difficult to fit the oxygen facemask to his face. The most appropriate next step is to: restrict cervical motion and attempt orotracheal intubation using 2 people A patient is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle crash. He is conscious and there is no obvious external trauma. He arrives at the hospital completely immobilized on a long spine board. His blood pressure is 60/40 mm Hg and his heart rate is 70 beats per minute. His skin is warm. Which one of the following statements is TRUE? Flaccidity of the lower extremities and loss of deep tendon reflexes are expected. Which one of the following is the most effective method for initially treating frostbite? moist heat A 32-year-old man's right leg is trapped beneath his overturned car for nearly 2 hours before he is extricated. On arrival in the emergency department, his right lower extremity is cool, mottled, insensate, and motionless. Despite normal vital signs, pulses cannot be palpated below the right femoral artery and the muscles of the lower extremity are firm and hard. During the management of this patient, which of the following is most likely to improve the chances for limb salvage? surgical consultation for right lower extremity fasciotomy A patient arrives in the emergency department after being beaten about the head and face with a wooden club. He is comatose and has a palpable depressed skull fracture. His face is swollen and ecchymotic. He has gurgling respirations and vomitus on his face and clothing. The most appropriate step after providing supplemental oxygen and elevating his jaw is to: suction the oropharynx A 22-year-old man sustains a gunshot wound to the left chest and is transported to a small community hospital no surgical capabilities are available. In the emergency department, a chest tube is inserted and 700 mL of blood is evacuated. The trauma center accepts the patient in transfer. Just before the patient is placed in the ambulance for transfer, his blood pressure decreases to 80/68 mm Hg and his heart rate increases to 136 beats per minute. The next step should be to: repeat the primary survey and proceed with transfer

A 64-year-old man involved in a high-speed car crash, is resuscitated initially in a small hospital without surgical capabilities. He has a closed head injury with a GCS score of 13. He has a widened mediastinum on chest x-ray with fractures of left ribs 2 through 4, but no pneumothorax. After initiating fluid resuscitation, his blood pressure is 110/74 mm Hg, heart rate is 100 beats per minute, and respiratory rate is 18 breaths per minute. He has gross hematuria and a pelvic fracture. You decide to transfer this patient to a facility capable of providing a higher level of care. The facility is 128 km ( miles) away. Before transfer, you should first: call the receiving hospital and speak to the surgeon on call Hemorrhage of 20% of the patient's blood volume is associated usually with: tachycardia Which one of the following statements concerning intraosseous infusion is TRUE? Aspiration of bone marrow confirms appropriate positioning of the needle. A young woman sustains a severe head injury as the result of a motor vehicle crash. In the emergency department, her GCS is 6. Her blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg and her heart rate is 80 beats per minute. She is intubated and mechanically ventilated. Her pupils are 3 mm in size and equally reactive to light. There is no other apparent injury. The most important principle to follow in the early management of her head injury is to: avoid hypotension A 33-year-old woman is involved in a head-on motor vehicle crash. It took 30 minutes to extricate her from the car. Upon arrival in the emergency department, her heart rate is 120 beats per minute, BP is 90/70 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 16 breaths per minute, and her GCS score is 15. Examination reveals bilaterally equal breath sounds, anterior chest wall ecchymosis, and distended neck veins. Her abdomen is flat, soft, and not tender. Her pelvis is stable. Palpable distal pulses are found in all 4 extremities. Of the following, the most likely diagnosis is: cardiac tamponade A hemodynamically normal 10-year-old girl is hospitalized for observation after a Grade III (moderately severe) splenic injury has been confirmed by computed tomography (CT). Which of the following mandates prompt celiotomy (laparotomy)?

development of peritonitis on physical exam A 40-year-old woman who was a restrained driver in a motor vehicle crash is evaluated in the emergency department. She is hemodynamically normal and found to be paraplegic at the level of T10. Which of the following are true regarding her evaluation and management? Log rolling using 4 people is a safe approach to restrict spinal motion when moving her. A trauma patient presents to your emergency department with inspiratory stridor and a suspected c- spine injury. Oxygen saturation is 88% on high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. The most appropriate next step is to: restrict cervical motion and establish a definitive airway When applying the Rule of Nines to infants: The head is proportionally larger in infants than in adults. A healthy young male is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle crash. His vital signs are a blood pressure of 84/60, pulse 123, GCS 10. The patient moans when his pelvis is palpated. After initiating fluid resuscitation, the next step in management is: placement of a pelvic binder Which one of the following situations requires Rh immunoglobulin administration to an injured woman? positive pregnancy test, Rh negative, and has torso trauma A 22-year-old female athlete is stabbed in her left chest at the third interspace in the anterior axillary line. On admission to the emergency department and 15 minutes after the incident, she is awake and alert. Her heart rate is 100 beats per minute, blood pressure 80/60 mm Hg, and respiratory rate 20 breaths per minute. A chest x-ray reveals a large left hemothorax. A left chest tube is placed with an immediate return of 1600 mL of blood. The next management step for this patient is: prepare for an exploratory thoracotomy A 6-year-old boy walking across the street is struck by the front bumper of a sports utility vehicle traveling at 32 kph (20 mph). Which one of the following statements is TRUE about this patient?

A pulmonary contusion may be present in the absence of rib fractures. Assessed first in trauma patient Airway (*)Degree of burn that is characterized by bone involvement Fourth Complications of head trauma Intracerebral hematoma Extradural hematoma Brain abscess Most common cause of laryngotracheal stenosis Trauma Intervention that can help prevent development of acute renal failure Infusion of normal saline A 26-year-old male is resuscitated with blood transfusion after a motor vehicle collision that was complicated by a fractured pelvis. A few hours later, the patient becomes febrile, hypotensive with a normal CVP, and oliguric. Upon examination, the patient is found to be bleeding from the NG tube and IV sites. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Hemorrhagic shock B. Acute adrenal insufficiency C. Fat embolism syndrome D. Transfusion reaction D. Transfusion reaction Skin antiseptic

• Ethanol 70% is an effective skin antiseptic
• Acetic acid can be used to treat Gram- skin infections
• Salicylic acid is used to treat certain skin yeast infections

Class IV hemorrhage indicates what % blood loss 55% How does shivering affect body temperature Increases body temperature Class III hemorrhage indicates what % of blood loss 35% Management of a stable patient with kidney contusion Observation Associated with hypovolemic shock

• Inadequate tissue perfusion with resultant tissue hypoxia
• Blood shunting to vital organs
• Decreased circulating blood volume and decreased venous return
• Low cardiac output
• Loss of less than 20% of the blood volume is usually without symptom except for mild tachycardia
• Patients become orthostatic with losses between 20 and 40%
• Shock is evidenced by tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, flat neck veins The most effective method of monitoring the success of resuscitation during CPR? Reactivity of pupils to light Used to ensure correct placement of endotracheal tube
• Ultrasound
• Bilateral breath sounds
• Sustained end-tidal CO Total body surface area involved in a burn in an adult to the anterior chest and abdomen 18% What is often caused by carotid massage?

Bradycardia Step in a patient diagnosed with tension pneumothorax

1. Needle decompression/ thoracotomy
2. Chest tube True statements regarding diaphragmatic injuries

• Blunt diaphragmatic injuries are usually associated with skeletal trauma
• Penetrating diaphragmatic injuries may be missed
• Repair of traumatic diaphragmatic injuries usually does not require prosthetic material First priority in the treatment of an unconscious patient Checking the pulse A patient involved in a road accident is brought to the emergency department in an unconscious state. On arrival, her vitals show a temperature of 96.4 degrees Fahrenheit, a respiration rate of 24 breaths per minute, a heart rate of 140 beats per minute, and a blood pressure of 80/40 mm Hg. She is cold, shivering, and perspiring profusely. She has bilateral reactive pupils but she does not respond to pain. On physical examination, she has no obvious sign of external bleeding. Which of the following cannot be the cause of hypotension in this patient? A. Pelvic fracture B. Fracture of femur C. Intracranial hemorrhage D. Hemothorax C. Intracranial hemorrhage A patient suffered a slash to his right neck. The wound is over the mid-portion of the sternocleidomastoid. There is a large hematoma and brisk bleeding when uncovered. He is stable. What is the next step in management? A. Get an angiogram B. Close the wound in the ER C. Take him to the operating room D. CT scan to evaluate neck structure

C. Take him to the OR After abdominal injury, which of the following urinalysis findings would be an indication for further testing? A. 0-5 casts/HPF B. 5-10 WBC/HPF C. 10-20 RBC/HPF D. Gross hematuria D. Gross hematuria A laceration of the neck superficial to the deep cervical fascia along the sternocleidomastoid muscle at its midpoint would cause bleeding from which structure? External jugular vein Clinical features associated with tension pneumothorax Unilateral decrease in breath sounds Hyperresonance Respiratory distress Tachycardia Tracheal shift Desatruation Decreased breath sounds Decreased compliance Asymmetric chest movement NOT hypertension, audible bronchial sounds Not recommended as a mode of ventilation for a patient with a diaphragmatic hernia A. Bag and mask B. LMA C. Endotracheal intubation D. Jet ventilation A. Bag and mask

What is the next step in the assessment of a traumatic patient after airway is established? Breathing Blood group that is considered a universal donor O A provider is examining a patient who sustained a severe traumatic head injury. He documents no Doll's eyes. What does this signify? Brainstem injury Which of the following is the least preferred method of administering IV fluids? A. Cubital veins B. Cephalic veins C. Subclavian veins D. Saphenous vein Subclavian veins Dermatome level for nipple sensation Dermatome level for umbilicus T T At which temperature would a hypothermic patient stop shivering? 88 degrees F What is the energy recommendation for the first defibrillation in an adult (*) 300 J Pharmacologic effects of Morphine Behavioral changes Analgesia

Respiratory depression NOT diarrhea A patient with which condition should be triaged to receive medical attention first? A. Choking B. Dizziness C. Leg cramp D. Vomiting A. Choking For pediatric patients, what volume of fluid resuscitation should be given initially in the setting of shock? A. 750 mL of saline uniformly B. 1 liter of saline C. 20 mL/kg of 0.45% NaCl with 5% glucose D. 10 to 20 mL/kg of Ringers lactate D. 10 to 20 mL/kg of Ringers lactate A patient is found unconscious after a fire in his bedroom. He is found to have severe burns around his face. What is the first aspect of treatment? A. Tetanus toxoid B. Cover the wound C. Airway D. Obtain blood work C. Airway Basilar skull fracture PE: raccoon eyes, battle sign, CSF ottorrhea (rhinorrhea), loculated pneumoencephalocele Bone MC involved = Temporal

A patient with von Willebrand disease is bleeding after sustaining a knife wound. Which of the following is most appropriate for the treatment of this patient? A. Vitamin K B. Cryoprecipitate C. Protamine D. DDAVP D. DDAVP What is the total body surface area involved in a burn to both lower extremities? 36% Which injury is most common in rear end motor vehicle accidents? A. Cervical fractures B. Hypextension-hyperflexion neck injuries C. Forearm fractures D. Rotational neck injuries B. Hypextension-hyperflexion neck injuries What is true about an unrestrained pregnant driver? A. She is at increased risk of placenta previa B. She is at increased risk of placental abruption C. At 33 weeks, her fetus is well protected by an amniotic fluid cushion and thus the pregnancy is not at risk D. If the mother's vital signs are stable, complications are unlikely B. She is at increased risk of placental abruption In adults, an aspirated foreign body is most likely to get stuck in the: A. Left main bronchus B. Carina C. Right main bronchus D. Esophagus C. Right main bronchus

Skin finding characteristic of second-degree burns Blisters Which is true regarding cervical spine fractures? A. Seen most commonly in elderly females B. Athletic activities are the most common cause C. Falls are the most common cause D. Methylprednisolone should not be used in associated spinal cord injury in the first 48 hours D. Methylprednisolone should not be used in associated spinal cord injury in the first 48 hours In which patients can an oropharyngeal airway be used? Non-gag reflex If a trauma patient has clear fluid draining from the nose the provider should do which of the following? A. Tilt the head back B. Apply pressure C. Collect the fluid D. Insert nasal tampons C. Collect the fluid What is the estimated time a person's brain can be anoxic from cardiopulmonary failure and not develop permanent brain damage? A. 10 minutes B. 5 minutes C. 2 minutes D. 20 minutes B. 5 minutes The laryngeal mask airway is contraindicated in patients with what condition? A. Spine injury B. Head trauma

C. Giving birth D. Propensity to aspirate D. Propensity to aspirate A patient sustains blunt trauma to the back and left leg. Vital signs in the emergency department show temperature 36 degrees C, BP 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate 92, respirations 19, GCS 15. There is bilateral lower extremity paraplegia, T12 sensory level, and decreased rectal tone. Hemoglobin is 14.2 and the same in one hour. Which of the following tests is best for diagnosing an intraperitoneal bleed? A. Abdominal ultrasound B. Laparotomy C. KUB D. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage A. Abdominal ultrasound Why is tracheostomy generally not performed at the first cartilage ring A. The trachea is too narrow B. A high chance of subglottic stenosis C. A high chance of tracheo-innominate artery fistula D. Inability to access the area B. A high chance of subglottic stenosis What does a carotid pulse indicate? A. A functioning pump for blood flow B. The circulating blood volume is reaching end organs C. Diastolic blood pressure D. None of the above B. The circulating blood volume is reaching end organs Which of the following generally causes hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures? A. Obturator artery injury B. Superior gluteal artery C. Lateral sacral artery injury D. Venous bleeding

D. Venous bleeding Hemothorax facts

• Must have at least 500 cc of blood to make a diagnosis on chest x-rayin an adult
• Incomplete evacuation of hemothorax can lead to empyema
• Initial treatment of hemothorax is always a chest tube In a 66 year old intubated, comatose patient, what is one of the most important information that one needs to obtain? A. Organ donation status B. Power of attorney C. Lawyer D. Driver's license B. Power of attorney A patient is hit by a car and has severe injuries to his extremities. He is immediately brought to the emergency room by EMS. Evaluation reveals that he has multiple organ injuries. He has an open, gaping wound which measures 2 x 2 centimeters, just below the right knee. The leg appears dislocated and ecchymotic. However, pulses are present in the distal extremity. He does not complain of any paresthesias. X-ray reveals that there is a fracture of the tibia. The trauma team is called. As their arrival is awaited, which of the following should NOT be done to help manage this patient? A. Obtain culture and close wound using a sterile technique B. Don't reduce the dislocation C. Give tetanus toxoid/booster shot D. Give antibiotics A. Obtain culture and close wound using a sterile technique During resuscitation, your intubated patient's intravenous fluid infiltrates. You know that you may deliver the following drugs via the endotracheal tube: Lidocaine Atropine Naloxone Epinephrine

Prior to tracheobronchial suctioning, the patient should receive: A. 5cc normal saline lavage B. Be placed on NPO status C. 100% oxygen prior to suctioning D. Versed 1 mg/mL C. 100% oxygen prior to suctioning In a patient with a pneumothorax following a stab wound, the chest tube is best inserted at which level? Between the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces, just anterior to the mid axillary line Indications for a CT scan of the head in trauma patients

• Glasgow coma scale score of less than 14
• Evidence of basilar skull fracture
• Amnesia lasting more than 30 minutes Most common Emergency Medical Services pediatric calls
• Seizures
• Respiratory problems
• Trauma Treatments utilized in a patient with head trauma and raised intracranial pressure
• Elevation of the head
• Sedation
• Use of diuretics NOT fluid restriction How deep should the provider depress the patient's sternum during CPR in adults? 2 to 3 inches First parameter to change in patient's with hypovolemic shock? A. Systolic blood pressure

B. Pulse rate C. Respiratory rate D. Skin vasoconstriction B. Pulse rate A 34-year-old with severe head trauma and elevated intracranial pressures is intubated. Which of the following should be the target for mechanical ventilation? Set PaCO2 between 30- 35 A young motorcycle driver is thrown against a concrete bridge and sustains severe trauma about the face, with marked deformity and bleeding. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is TRUE? A. Cervical spine evaluation takes precedence over facial injuries B. LeFort fractures rarely cause severe hemorrhage C. Nasotracheal intubation must be done urgently to prevent airway obstruction D. Plain radiographs are preferred to CT in emergencies A. Cervical spine evaluation takes precedence over facial injuries Which US industry has the highest accidental death rate? A. Construction B. Agriculture C. Manufacturing D. Transportation B. Agriculture Subdural hematoma facts Etiology: tearing of bridging veins

• Most common in elderly individuals who fall
• Hematoma should be evacuated surgically
• Prognosis is much better for chronic subdurals than acute cases
• More common than epidural hematomas

NOT often associated with skull fractures An 8-year old child is brought to the ER after being struck by a car while crossing the street. He is not alert and required immediate intubation at the scene by EMS. His GCS is 8 T. He appears to have a significant laceration of his scalp on the left side but there are no skeletal fractures. The initial chest x- ray revealed a right sided pneumothorax and a chest tube was inserted. His hematocrit is 23.5 and hemoglobin is 7.6. The next thing you would do is: A. CT head B. CT abdomen C. Repeat blood work D. Observe patient B. CT abdomen Class I hemorrhage indicates what percentage of blood loss? 10% Which is not a clinical component of the Glasgow Coma Score? A. Eye movement B. Sensation C. Verbal response D. Extremity movement B. Sensation How should epinephrine should be injected for treatment of anaphylaxis? Intramuscularly (IM) into vastus lateralis How would a patient with a change in mental status would be triaged using the simple triage and rapid treatment (START)? A. Delayed B. Immediate C. Minor D. Critical

B. Immediate Appropriate site for insertion of a subclavian line

• One centimeter inferior to the junctions of the middle and medial third of the clavicle
• One fingerbreadth lateral to the angle of the clavicle
• Inferior to the clavicle @ deltopectoral groove, lateral to the midclavicular line In head trauma, the majority of patients with post-traumatic CSF otorrhea: A. Need surgery B. Should be started on antibiotics C. Heal spontaneously D. Develop meningitis C. Heal spontaneously Uncal herniation PE: Biot breathing, dilated and fixed pupil (out and down) Nerves affected: 3rd, 4th, parasympathetic input Laryngeal mask is usually seated over the which structure? A. Tonsils B. Esophagus C. Vallecula D. Pyriform fossa D. Pyriform fossa Patterns of injury seen in spinal cord trauma
• Central cord syndrome
• Anterior cord syndrome
• Brown-Sequard syndrome Should be avoided in patient with suspected nasal fracture Nasal intubation

What is the best way to evaluate a cardiac contusion? A. CT scan of the chest B. Echocardiogram C. ECG monitoring x 24 hours D. Cardiac enzymes C. ECG monitoring x 24 hours Cerebral contusions May happen opposite to the point of impact An 18-year-old is thrown off his motorbike on a slippery road. At the scene, what is the first priority in the management of this patient? A. Assess vital signs B. Stabilize cervical spine C. Assess airway D. Start IV fluids C. Assess airway Normal adult respiratory rate 12 - 20 breaths per minute Scapular fracture

• Usually requires a tremendous force to fracture
• May be uneasily visible on plain xray
• Treatment requires prolonged immobilization
• Usually associated with other chest injuries A patient suffers a stab wound to the chest. In the emergency room, he is found to have an 80 percent pneumothorax with a midline shift of the trachea to the contralateral chest. There is evidence of circulatory and respiratory dysfunction. What is the next step in the management of this patient? A. Endotracheal tube B. Fluid bolus

C. Epinephrine D. 20 gauge needle D. 20 gauge needle Flail chest Mediastinum is pulled toward affected side during expiration Epidural hematoma MC due to injury of Middle meningeal artery Temporoparietal = area that has most epidural hematomas from trauma

• Can be intracranial or intraspinal (may follow LP)
• Often associated with skull fractures 7 - year-old girl is found at the bottom of a swimming pool. Initially she was in full arrest but after 5 minutes she showed sinus tachycardia but no respiratory effort. Intubation was done in the field and cervical collar placed. After transport to the emergency department she was unresponsive with a blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg, pulse 105, temperature 34.3C, and oxygen saturation 100%. The pupils were 3 mm and sluggishly responsive to light. There is no response to pain. The lungs show wheezing on the left and coarse breath sounds bilaterally. The monitor shows sinus tachycardia. There is no rectal tone. Which of the following should be the next step in management? A. Cervical spine films and CT of the head B. Portable chest radiograph C. Arterial blood gas D. Right and left decubitus chest radiographs A. Cervical spine films and CT of the head Position patient should be transported in when patient complains of neck pain and is 32 weeks pregnant Supine on a backboard with her right hip elevated Air embolism

PE: murmur, petechiae, desaturation Tx: turn patient on left side in Trendelenburg position Fat embolism MCC = bone fx Clinical presentation

• Fever
• Petechial hemorrhage
• Desaturation
• Hypotension
• Altered mental status Cauda equina syndrome
• Bilateral sciatica
• Bowel dysfunction
• Saddle sensory changes At what point should hyper oxygenation be administered when performing tracheal suctioning on a mechanically ventilated patient? A. Before the procedure B. After the procedure C. Before and after the procedure D. During the procedure C. Before and after the procedure Nerve to muscle relationship C5 - Deltoid C6 - Wrist extension C7 - Elbow extension Most common cause of kidney injuries

Motor vehicle accidents Crystalloid solutions Ringer's lactate Dextrose 5% D5W plus 1/2 NS NOT albumin Indication for emergency thoracotomy A. Pulmonary contusion B. Flail chest C. Hemothorax with initial blood loss of 700 cc D. Lung collapse with an air leak D. Lung collapse with an air leak Studies used for a patient with widened mediastinum after injury CT scan Upper endoscopy Transesophageal ultrasound Pericardial tamponade Muffled heart sounds JVD Equalization of cardiac chamber pressure NOT hypertension Blood groups facts

• ABO compatibility is a must for renal transplant
• Febrile reactions may be due to bacterial contamination
• Citrate toxicity can cause hypocalcemia

Which statement is most accurate regarding a chest tube connected to a water seal drainage system? A. Bubbles in the water indicate that the chest tube is no longer needed B. The water level should fall slightly with each spontaneous inspiration C. The drainage system should be kept below the level of chest tube insertion D. The chest tube should be clamped at all times when the patient is ambulatory C. The drainage system should be kept below the level of chest tube insertion Confirmatory test that is a reliable indicator of brain death A. Apnea test with a pCO2 less than 40 B. Electromyography C. 4-vessel cerebral angiography D. CT scan of the brain C. 4-vessel cerebral angiography MC spine problem seen in patient's with Down syndrome Atlanto-axial instability As a result of burn trauma, fluid shifts can cause hematocrit levels to A. Rise B. Fall C. Remain unchanged while hemoglobin levels drop D. Rise initially then fall dramatically A. Rise A 17-year-old male is hit on the head with a baseball bat. He withdraws and opens his eyes in response to deep painful stimuli. He also mumbles incomprehensibly. What is his Glasgow coma scale score? 8 Hypoxia PE: cyanosis Can be rapidly measured with pulse ox