ATSC 113 SNOW question with 100% correct answers, Exams of Nursing

Download ATSC 113 SNOW question with 100% correct answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ATSC 113 SNOW question with 100% correct answers 2023 High pressure - correct answer also known as a high pressure system or an anticyclone, is a region where pressure is higher than in surrounding regions (includes bluebird powder days, bluebird spring skiing days, best glacier travel days) Isobars - correct answer are lines, or contours, connecting locations that have the same pressure. - can be used to indicate high pressure centres and low pressure centres. ridges - correct answer The centre, or axis, of the ridge is indicated by a squiggly line. Ridges are areas of relatively high pressure that extend out from high pressure centres. In a ridge, the isobars do not form a closed circle, but rather partially enclose values of higher pressure. If you travel away from a ridge in most directions, pressure will decrease, but not in all directions. If you travel along a ridge towards the high pressure centre it's connected to, pressure will increase towards the high pressure centre. They are visible on pressure maps as "kinks" in the isobars pointing away from the high pressure centre. On a topographical map, pressure ridge is equivalent to a mountain ridge. why does high pressure bring good weather? - correct answer Pressure differences are typically fairly weak under high pressure, so winds tend to be lighter. Flat light - correct answer Increasing high clouds (with the approach of a low pressure system) can lead to flat light, where the clouds diffuse the light, and the snow surface no longer has any definition. air pressure - correct answer air pressure decreases as height increases weak pressure gradient - correct answer the winds will be light. This is because pressure differences drive airflow. When those differences are small, air flow is weak. On a pressure map, the weaker the pressure gradient, the further apart the isobars will be. interpolation. - correct answer Suppose you know a quantity such as temperature at each of two locations, but you want the temperature for an in-between location. The process of estimating that quantity at the in-between location is called free-air temperature - correct answer is the temperature at a particular level of the atmosphere, assuming no heating or cooling effects from the surface dry adiabatic conditions - correct answer temperature decreases with height at a rate of about 10°C per 1000 metres (dry adiabatic lapse rate = 9.8°C/km). It's generally appropriate to assume a dry adiabatic lapse rate when the modelled atmosphere is not close to saturation (below 80% relative humidity), and (a) if the winds are moderate or strong (~40 km/h or greater), (b) in the daytime during the spring, or (c) in some cases during the afternoon on sunny winter days. If the humidity is exactly 80%, then look at surrounding areas to see if humidities are generally drier than 80%. gradient - correct answer is a change in a property, such as temperature, over a distance Faceted crystals, or facets, - correct answer are produced when a strong vertical temperature gradient exists. The water vapour is moving quickly, and crystal growth happens quickly. The rule of thumb is that faceting takes place when the temperature gradient is larger than 1°C per 10 cm depth, or equivalently 10°C per metre. Under these conditions, snow crystals near the bottom of the snowpack (where it is warmer) can become very large and angular (Fig. 7de.3). This is also known as depth hoar. - correct answer snow crystals near the bottom of the snowpack (where it is warmer) can become very large and angular Rounded crystals, or rounds, - correct answer are produced when temperature gradients are weak, water vapour moves slowly, and crystal growth happens slowly. Typical rounding occurs when the vertical temperature gradient within the snowpack is less than 1°C per 10 cm depth, or equivalently, 10°C per metre. - rounding occurs more often in warmer, wetter, coastal climates, where cloud cover is more frequent, and the snowpack is deeper crystal metamorphism - correct answer The characteristics of these little crystals have direct implications for avalanche danger. Generally speaking, faceted crystals are weakly bonded, making the snowpack weaker and more unstable. Rounded crystals are strongly bonded, making the snowpack stronger and more stable. Deposition - correct answer occurs when a substance undergoes a phase change directly from the gas to the solid phase, without the liquid stage in between. For instance, the deposition of water is when it What factor(s) do you need to account for when making surface heating or cooling adjustments to the free-air temperature? Select the best answer. - correct answer Cloud cover, sun angle, and wind speed It is a spring afternoon with clear skies and light winds. You have already determined that the free-air temperature is 4˚C. What is your final temperature forecast after adjusting for surface heating or cooling? - correct answer 12˚C You are forecasting for 8:00 am (just before sunrise) on a winter day with partly cloudy skies and wind speeds of 50 km/h. The free-air temperature is 0˚C. How should you adjust your morning temperature forecast for surface heating or cooling? - correct answer Subtract 2˚C Snowpack temperature gradient: - correct answer Is the most important factor that influences the evolution of a snowpack. Under what conditions are faceted crystals produced? - correct answer Large vertical temperature gradient and fast-moving water vapour When a substance undergoes a phase change directly from the gas to the solid phase without the liquid phase in between, this is known as: - correct answer Deposition How might surface hoar lead to an avalanche? - correct answer Due to its feathery and delicate nature creating weak bonds What is needed for surface hoar to form? - correct answer Clear skies, calm winds under 15 km/h, and strong temperature inversion above the surface What characteristics are associated with weakly-bonded snow layers? - correct answer Faceted snow crystals, surface hoar, newly-fallen snow, large vertical snowpack temperature gradient It is spring and you observe that it is 7˚C with sunny, clear skies. What conditions might you need to be aware of? - correct answer Snowmelt, strong insolation, possible wet slab avalanche Which ONE of the following characteristics APPLIES to transitional climates? - correct answer Moderate snowfall The descriptions below are characteristic of which snow climate? Smaller snowfall totals per storm Arctic airmasses often arrive from the north More clear-sky days Higher avalanche danger - correct answer Continental Low pressure systems, also referred to as cyclones, - correct answer are associated with bad weather - Lows can be identified by isobars of decreasing pressure the inner-most isobar encircling the low centre. wind chill - correct answer not the actual temperature, but rather the apparent temperature A frontal zone - correct answer is defined by a relatively strong horizontal temperature gradient. OTHER THAN temperature, what three different indicators can you use to identify a front on a weather map? - correct answer Relative humidity, trough, wind direction relative humidity (RH) - correct answer to represent clouds. To remind you, RH is the ratio of how much moisture is actually in the air to how much moisture the air is able to hold, expressed as a percentage. orographic uplift - correct answer The study of mountains is called orography, and so when air lifts up and over mountains it is called adiabatically - correct answer As the air ascends, it cools down adiabatically, meaning for each kilometre it rises, it cools by nearly 10°C. lee shadowing - correct answer The lack of rain and cloud in the lee of a mountain is known as lee shadowing or a rain shadow. On pressure-level weather maps, relativity humidity provides information on: - correct answer Clouds When looking at a numerical weather prediction (NWP) pressure-level map, you see that the relative humidity at the level of Grouse Mountain is around 50%. You can anticipate: - correct answer Cloud-free conditions What three factors are needed for orographic snowfall? Select the BEST answer. - correct answer Barrier impeding horizontal movement, sufficiently low freezing level, sufficiently moist rising air on windward side The air on the leeward side of the mountain is ____ the air on the windward side. - correct answer warmer and drier than Which areas are likely to be wind-sheltered? - correct answer Treed mountain valleys and forested slopes Under what conditions might alpine valleys see moderate or strong winds? - correct answer When there are thermally-driven slope flows, and temperature profiles are less stable Which of the following are the two PRIMARY factors affecting the density of newly-fallen snow? - correct answer Temperature and wind speed Low density snow is easier to ski because it's easier to push around with your skis. - correct answer true As humidity increases, snow crystals that are growing tend to be... - correct answer Larger and have more branches The two main factors affecting snow crystal growth in the atmosphere are: - correct answer Temperature and humidity rain-snow line - correct answer is defined as the elevation at which precipitation type transitions from rain to snow, which is usually at a slightly lower altitude than the freezing level.