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This primary pathogenic mechanism causes a change in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis due to the action of toxins on ion channels. Enterotoxin is the major, if not exclusive, pathogen here. - CORRECT ANSWERS Toxigenic Vibrio species is a Gram ______, facultative ______, bacilli. - CORRECT ANSWERS negative anaerobe Vibrio's bacilli is what shape? - CORRECT ANSWERS curved; comma, specifically Vibrio tends to colonize the ______ intestine. - CORRECT ANSWERS small Mild vibrio cholera causes ___ diarrhea, while severe cholera causes ____ diarrhea. - CORRECT ANSWERS mild = secretary severe = profuse, watery --> rice water stools First line treatment for cholera - CORRECT ANSWERS oral rehydration therapy main toxin for vibrio cholera - CORRECT ANSWERS Cholera toxin
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Pathogenic mechanism for vibrio cholera - CORRECT ANSWERS toxigenic?? Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis related to what food item? - CORRECT ANSWERS seafood (specifically oysters?) Virulence linked with vibrio parahaemolyticus - CORRECT ANSWERS TDH - thermostable direct hemolysins -- these induce chloride ion secretion --> watery diarrhea E. coli is a Gram ____ bacilli that ferments _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS negative lactose Which E. coli species does NOT ferment lactose? - CORRECT ANSWERS EHEC Enterotoxigen E. coli (ETEC) usually colonizes the ____ intestine. - CORRECT ANSWERS small ETEC usually causes ___ diarrhea. - CORRECT ANSWERS secretory ETEC's two main toxins - CORRECT ANSWERS Heat-labile toxin -- cAMP, irreversible
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Which type of E. coli has a "stacked brick" adherence pattern? - CORRECT ANSWERS EAEC Toxins associated with EAEC? - CORRECT ANSWERS Enteroaggregative heat- stable toxin 1 (EAST1) Pet - enterotoxin that induces cytoskeletal changes Pic - auto-transporter protease with mucinase activity What is a critical virulence factor for many enteric bacterial pathogens to establish infection? - CORRECT ANSWERS Campylobacter is a gram _____, facultative _____, bacilli. - CORRECT ANSWERS negative anaerobe Hallmark sign of acute inflammatory diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWERS bloody, mucoid feces containing leukocytes Acute diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWERS less than 14 days
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Persistent diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWERS 14-30 days Chronic diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWERS more than 30 days Major cause of acute diarrhea? - CORRECT ANSWERS virus Major cause of chronic diarrhea? - CORRECT ANSWERS bacteria This primary pathogenic mechanism decreases the intestinal surface, resulting in a decrease in absorption. The pathogens colonize and disrupt the mucosal epithelium. - CORRECT ANSWERS Adherent This primary pathogenic mechanism causes mucosal destruction, resulting in a change in mucosal osmotic permeability. The pathogens penetrate the mucosal surface and induce acute inflammation and intestinal secretion. - CORRECT ANSWERS Invasive This primary pathogenic mechanism causes a change in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis due to the action of toxins on ion channels.
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What type of secretion system is associated with Campylobacter jejuni? - CORRECT ANSWERS Type 4 Pathogenic mechanism for Campylobacter jejuni - CORRECT ANSWERS Invasive What food item is most commonly associated with campylobacter jejuni? - CORRECT ANSWERS raw chicken Salmonella is a gram ____ bacilli and does NOT ferment lactose. - CORRECT ANSWERS negative Salmonella is _____ (motile/non-motile) and H2S (positive/negative) - CORRECT ANSWERS motile, + True or false: salmonella is an invasive bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWERS true Salmonella causes what 2 predominant clinical syndromes? - CORRECT ANSWERS Gastroenteritis and typhoid fever True or false : typhoid fever is most often caused by contamination of food or water with feces from a HUMAN host? - CORRECT ANSWERS true
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What is the most frequent manifestation of Salmonella infection? - CORRECT ANSWERS gastroenteritis During the carrier state of Typoid fever, where does the bacterium usually reside?
- CORRECT ANSWERS gall bladder What is the most common cause of foodborne illness in the U.S.? 2nd most common? - CORRECT ANSWERS #1 Salmonella #2 Campylobacter Salmonella gastroenteritis causes ___ diarrhea. - CORRECT ANSWERS inflammatory (usually not bloody) Shigella is a gram ____ bacilli. - CORRECT ANSWERS negative Shigella is ____ (motile/non-motile) and H2S (positive/negative) - CORRECT ANSWERS non-motile, - Shigella causes ____ diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWERS watery, inflammatory diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea with blood, pus and mucus) S. dysentery possesses what toxin? - CORRECT ANSWERS Shiga toxin
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Most common form of EHEC - CORRECT ANSWERS 0157:H7 --> causes 73, cases in the US per year True or False: EHEC ferments sorbitol - CORRECT ANSWERS False - it does not ferment sorbitol What type of secretion system does EHEC use? - CORRECT ANSWERS Type 3 Enteroinvasive E Coli causes ____ diarrhea. - CORRECT ANSWERS watery, occasionally bloody Yersinia enterocolitica is a gram _____ coccobacilli - CORRECT ANSWERS negative Notable virulence factors for Yersinia - CORRECT ANSWERS Invasin Ysp and Yop Heat stable enterotoxin (Yst) Yersinia uses what type of secretion system? - CORRECT ANSWERS Type 3 The main reservoir of Yersinia are _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS pigs (and a wide range of domestic animals)
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Symptoms of Yersinia tyipcally develop 4-7 days after exposure and may last up to ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS 1-3 weeks Reactive arthritis is associated with what two bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWERS Yersinia Campylobacter pathogenic mechanism for Yersinia - CORRECT ANSWERS Listeria monocytogenes is a gram _____, facultative _____, bacilli - CORRECT ANSWERS positive, anaerobe Listeria grows best in what conditions? - CORRECT ANSWERS cold temperature and high salt Listeria has a predilection for the ____ and ____ - CORRECT ANSWERS placenta and CNS True or false: Clostridia is spore forming? - CORRECT ANSWERS True Clostridia is a spore-forming, gram _____, anaerobic bacilli - CORRECT ANSWERS positive
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Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, ___ (motile/nonmotile) aerobe. - CORRECT ANSWERS motile True or false: bacillus cereus is an intoxication (not an infection)? - CORRECT ANSWERS True What are the two forms of B. cereus? - CORRECT ANSWERS Emetic Diarrheal What is the main symptom of the emetic form of B. cereus? - CORRECT ANSWERS vomiting What toxin is associated with the emetic form of B. cereus? - CORRECT ANSWERS ETE - heat stable emetic toxin --> forms K+ channels What toxin is associated with the diarrheal form of B. cereus? - CORRECT ANSWERS NHE - heat labile enterotoxin --> causes intestinal fluid secretion What is the main symptom of the diarrheal form of b. cereus? - CORRECT ANSWERS diarrhea What foods are common sources of B. cereus? - CORRECT ANSWERS fried rice, creams, puddings, sauces, dry potatoes and powdered milk
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Staphylococcus aureus is a gram ______, catalase positive, coagulase positive cocci. - CORRECT ANSWERS positive True or false: S. Aureus is an intoxication (not an infection)? - CORRECT ANSWERS True S. aureus is most common in what type of foods? - CORRECT ANSWERS high salt/sugar Above 60 degrees C, there ____ (is/is not) growth of S. Aureus. Below 60 degrees C? - CORRECT ANSWERS above 60 - no growth below 60 - growth and toxin production What nerve do staph enterotoxins act on? - CORRECT ANSWERS vagus
