Bacteriology Exam 1 Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Bacteriology Exam 1 Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Bacteriology Exam 1 Questions well answered to pass Best Media for E. Coli? - correct answer ✔✔EMB In the Family of Enterobacteriaceae, are there spore forming bacteria? - correct answer ✔✔Non-spore forming Name the characteristics of E. Coli. - correct answer ✔✔-Gram - -short rods -capsule is often present -mucoid -lactose fermentor Name the 4 diseases caused by E. Coli. - correct answer ✔✔-Enterotoxic: Enteric Colibacillosis- enterotoxin produced, but not absorbed. Causes diarrhea. Enters in S.I. -Enterotoxemic Colibacillosis: Toxin is absorbed, action of toxin elsewhere. Enters in S.I. -Local Invasive Colibacillosis: destroys ep. cells locally in the intestines, but does not travel systemically -Septicemic Colibacillosis: Endotoxin damage to the host. Can be resp tract or intestinal tract entrance. Survive and multiply in the blood and tissues. Can cause fibrinopurulent lesions. How do Enterotoxins work? - correct answer ✔✔-activates adenylate cyclase -a.c. increases cAMP -increased cAMP causes hypersecretion of water and chlorides into the gut -diarrhea Name the two diseases caused by E. Coli in Cattle - correct answer ✔✔-Septicemic Colibacillosis/Colisepticemia: 4-5 day old calves, overwhelming to the system. -Enteric Colibacillosis-calves under 2 weeks (but up to a month). Enterotoxin working here making main symptom diarrhea for several days. What Bacteria is found in 70% of pyometras in bitches and is also a commonly isolated pathogen in the urinary tract of dogs and cats? - correct answer ✔✔E. Coli Piglet Scours is another name for what? - correct answer ✔✔Neonatal Colibacillosis in pigs 1-12 days of age. 70% mortality rate. Caused by K88 strain. Differentials are TSE, Starvation, Clostridium Perfringens What is another name for Post-Weaning Colibacillosis/E. Coli Enterotoxemia? - correct answer ✔✔- Edema Disease -This is highly fatal neurological disorder caused by the toxin from E. Coli -Has K88 pili antigens. -Produce Hemolysin toxin which causes arterial degeneration and increase vascular permeability. Can you give antibiotics empirically for the control of E. Coli? - correct answer ✔✔No, you must do a C&S to determine if the drug is able to work for the strain you are dealing with. What part of the E. Coli bacteria is used for the vax? - correct answer ✔✔The K88 pili In Sows, given to them so that they can help build immunity through colostrum in the piglets. What are the 3 types of E. Coli in Poultry - correct answer ✔✔-neonatal colisepticaemia -respiratory colisepticaemia -enteric colisepticaemia Explain the process of respiratory colisepticaemia in Poultry - correct answer ✔✔Causes tracheitis, bronchitits, pneumonia, air sacculitis, pericarditis and peritonitis. Often caused due to birds in an atmosphere that is not well ventilated. Urine allows bacteria in environment to produce ammonia products. These dry and become airborne dust. This ammonia is very harmful to cilia in trachea. Cilia becomes destroyed/irritated, allowing entry of pathogens into the system, increase mucous production, etc. Are S. Gallarum and S. Pullorum present in the U.S.? - correct answer ✔✔No, they have been eradicated! (possible test question) What 3 strains of Salmonella are the most common serotypes in the U.S. for humans - correct answer ✔✔-1. Typhimurium -2. Enteritidis -3. Newport What disease in humans is caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi? - correct answer ✔✔-Typhoid Fever -Vax is available -low risk in U.S., but consider vax when traveling internationally What is another name for S. Pullorum? - correct answer ✔✔White Bacillary Diarrhea or Pullorum disease What does White Bacillary Diarrhea (S. Pullorum) disease cause? - correct answer ✔✔Causes high mortality in young chicks and turkey poults 2-3 weeks of age What is another name for S. Gallinarum? - correct answer ✔✔Fowl Typhoid What is a difference between S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum? - correct answer ✔✔-Gallinarum usually affects growing or adult birds, rather than the young as in Pullorum. -Gallinarum (Fowl Typhoid) can have mortality rates of 50% -both can transfer from overies-->eggs-->chick--->other chics -Pullorum can exist in litter for several months Symptoms of Fowl Typhoid? - correct answer ✔✔-Greenish yellow diarrhea, discoloration of comb and wattles -sometimes asymptomatic -can have enlarged or lesion laden liver, spleen and/or heart -to dx culture liver, spleen or heart blood What are the most common types of Salmonella in Cattle? - correct answer ✔✔S. Serovar Dublin and S. Serovar Typhimurium What is a main difference between S. Typhimurium and S. Dublin strains of in cattle? - correct answer ✔✔Dublin-usually infected adult cattle act as carriers and very specific to cattle Typhimurium-is non-host adapted, but usually seen in cattle. Usually occurs in young cattle and adults are not carriers -both cause fever, diarrhea, occosionally arhritis, pneumonia and encephalitis. Milk production may lower and some cows may die within 1-5 days. Abortion in pregnant cows. Dublin can be asymptomatic in adults. Name the 3 types of Salmonella in Swine - correct answer ✔✔-Salmonella Choleraesuis-most common in U.S./necrotic enteritis -S. Typhisuis-not common and antigentically related to S. Choleraesuis -S. Typhinurium-a paratyphoid strain and can also cause disease in pigs Why do we need to worry about paratyphoid strains of Salmonella? - correct answer ✔✔Humans can consume undercooked meats or unpasteurized milk containing these Salmonella strains and become infected. If a Genus of Bacteria ends in -ella, it is most likely what type of gram stain? - correct answer ✔✔gram - (although not all gram - end in ella, but there are no gram + that end in ella) Key Characteristics of Pasteurella - correct answer ✔✔-Gram - -Capsules in virulent form -Non-Motile and Non-Spore Forming -Do Not Grow on McConkey's agar, use blood agar (best on blood and serum based media) -rods or coccibacilli -Mucoid -bipolar staining P Multocida can be found where? - correct answer ✔✔-Upper respiratory tract of many animals -50% tonsils of healthy dogs -isolated from nasopharynx of healthy humans. Name something special about Pasteurella Multocida's survival tactic - correct answer ✔✔Can survive and remain virulent in dried blood for ~ 3 weeks and survive in carcasses for up to 18 months! Who are vectors of P. Multocida? - correct answer ✔✔Skinks, Racoons and wild fowl Which category of animals is P. Multocida present as normal flora and which animals is it not? - correct answer ✔✔-normal flora of mammals -Not Present normally in healthy birds. strain name P. Multocida Aves. Waterfowl and Pigeons are highly susceptible. And Turkeys are more susceptible than chickens. What disease does P. Multocida cause in Cattle? - correct answer ✔✔-Hemorrhagic Septicemia. -affects goats, sheep and camels likewise -high fever, edema of the throat, neck and brisket with a high mortality rate within 24 hours of symptom onset -usually in the rainy season of tropical locations What disease does Pasteurella Multocida Avies cause in domestic Poultry and Wild Fowl? - correct answer ✔✔"Fowl Cholera" What are the symptoms of Fowl Cholera? - correct answer ✔✔-Swelling and Edema of wattles -Serofibrinous Pericarditis -Extremely high mortality rate -Turkeys more affected than Chickens -Consolidation of lungs (Important to Know) What does having a large amount of sugar in the placenta have to do with Brucella? - correct answer ✔✔-most ungulates have a large amount of sugar in the placenta, which Brucella grows best with (erythritol) -this is the difference between ungulates and humans and why humans are not as affected in the same abortive manner (human placenta does not contain erythritol, or if does, very low amounts) KNOW THIS FOR TEST What is the most frequent route of infection of Brucella? - correct answer ✔✔-g.i. tract -causes abortions. -during abortions, large amounts shed in pasture where other animals can consume -even after abortion, shed for weeks -animal infected for life Can males be affected by Brucella? - correct answer ✔✔-Yes, male bulls can obtain orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) and epididymitis (inflammation of the testicles) -Will reduce semen quality -can lead to sterility How can humans become infected? - correct answer ✔✔through cuts (usually vets/farmers) What is the name of the fever caused by Brucella in humans? - correct answer ✔✔Undulate Fever or Fluctuating Fever or Mediterranean Fever Treat with Doxycycline and Streptomycin -amp/penicillin resistant -without treatment, can lead to arthritis, endocarditis and neurological pathologies What are the colloquial terms for Brucella in horses? - correct answer ✔✔-Poll Evil -Fistulous Withers -Usually does not cause abortion in equine What is special to note about diagnosing Brucella on culture? - correct answer ✔✔-May need to wait several weeks to actually ensure there is no growth on the culture What other tests can you perform for Brucella diagnosis? - correct answer ✔✔-Elisa for IgG antibodies -Serum Agglutination tests -milk ring test (take milk for antigen-antibody complex) -Card Test (blood mixed with prepared antigens) -Plate agglutination -Rivanol Precipitation-tells us active vs longer infection Will you need to notify the board of animal health for Brucella Abortis in Cattle? - correct answer ✔✔yes How routine is testing for brucellosis? - correct answer ✔✔Very Often, cattle and swine must be tested before shipment across state lines. Milk takns tested in bulk 3 times a year (with milk ring test) What are the vaccines for Brucellosis? - correct answer ✔✔-RB51-induces good protection against abortion and does not linger in system (at least, antibodies not detected). KNOW THIS ONE FOR SURE -Vax by vets only -usually between 4-10 months for vax and file to be reported with state board -S19 no longer used due to induced abortions and stays in repro tract -adjuvanted 45/20 poor efficacy Treatment of Brucella Abortis? - correct answer ✔✔-Usually removal of animal, txmt not practical Brucella Suis - correct answer ✔✔-In Swine -Venereal transmission due to shed in high #'s in semen from infected males -animals + for it are usually removed -No vax in place at this time Do humans need to worry about B. Melitensis, the one for goat or sheep? - correct answer ✔✔-yes, very deadly for humans -causes "Malta Fever" -Don't confuse with B. Ovis, which is also of sheep, but not pathogenic to humans What species can Brucella Canis cross over to? - correct answer ✔✔-Humans -NOT livestock How do people get Brucellosis by eating meat? - correct answer ✔✔They don't. Usually not found in muscle tissue, rather, found in milk. But, possibly found in meat if slaughter of infected animals contaminate the meat. Not transmitted in cooked meat. Name some characteristics of Bordetella - correct answer ✔✔-Obligate aerobic (can't survive for long outside host) -often commensals of upper resp tract -tropism for ciliated epithelium -some motile, some are not Name and describe the 4 toxins produced by Bordetella - correct answer ✔✔-1. Dermonecrotic toxin (intracellular to organism)-arterial constriction, ischemia and smooth muscle of perph blood vessels -2. Tracheal Cytotoxin: Tropism for ciliated resp epith. Exotoxin -3. LPS: Endotoxin. Like most endotoxins, causes fever, activates compliment -4. Adenylate Cyclase (not found in B. Avium strains): inhibits phagocytosis, phagosome-lysosome fusion What strain of bacteria causes Whooping Cough in children? - correct answer ✔✔-Bordetella Pertussis (memory trick: boarding school; bordetella) -Toxin paralyzes cilia, mucus builds up, blocks airway and leads to convulsions -Has been seen in older indeviduals Can Bordetella Pertussis infect animals? - correct answer ✔✔-human pathogen only -Killed toxin (toxoid) vax used with high success What is special about the factors needed for growth of Haemophilus on media? - correct answer ✔✔- Some species need one or both X factor and V factor (Co Enzume 1) NAD -Staph produces the V factor that allows Haemophilus to grow near it. As a commensal, what is interesting about Haemophilus? - correct answer ✔✔-in humans and animals it is found on mucus membranes of upper digestive, respiratory and genital tracts (most of the others were just respiratory) What bacteria causes Glasser's Disease? - correct answer ✔✔-Haemophilus Parasuis in swine -normal part of upper resp tract brought out by stress and weaning -only needs V factor What symptoms do Glasser's Disease (Haemophilus Parasuis) cause? - correct answer ✔✔-Polyserositis -Nervous signs (due to fibrinous deposit on meninges) Name a difference between Haemophilus Parasuis (Glasser's Disease) and Strep. Suis/Mycoplasma - correct answer ✔✔-In Glasser's disease, you will see neurological signs Which bacteria causes TEME in cattle? - correct answer ✔✔-Histophilus Somni -TEME predisposing factors are shipping stress, climatic change and crowded conditions -Can also cause reproductive failure, endometritis and late abortion -Does not require X or V factors Which bacteria causes Infectious Coryza of chickens? - correct answer ✔✔-Avibacterium Paragallinarum What is the meaning of Coryza? - correct answer ✔✔-Upper respiratory tract infection/Respiratory Distress Infectious Coryza (Avibacterium Paragallinarum) causes what type of symptoms? - correct answer ✔✔- Facial Edema of chickens (many pics of this) -Lower egg productions -High Mortality -Carrier Chickens main reservoir -isolate and grow i.d. on chocolate agar. Which bacteria has the colloquial name of "Blue Pus Disease" - correct answer ✔✔-Pseudomonas REMEMBER, FOUND IN HEALTHY ANIMALS, BUT OPPORTUNISTIC -aerobic -aquatic habitit and in soil -highly resistant to disinfectants Which type of Pseudomonas is a pathogenic significance in animals (given that most are normal flora in healthy animals)? - correct answer ✔✔-P. Auruginosa Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Facts - correct answer ✔✔-Survives across a wide array of temps and moist environments (baths, jacuzzies, whirlpool, faucets or even cold temps) -Found in soil (food contaminant) -Can even survive weak soap solutions -fruity odor -formalin bacterins availalbe -vax normally used in mink and chinchilla industry -Very few antibiotics work against it. need a combination of gentamicin or tobramycin with either carbenicillin or ticaricillin Relationship between Contagious and Infectious - correct answer ✔✔All contagious diseases are infectious, but not all infectious diseases are contagious What does Burkholderia cause in horses - correct answer ✔✔-Glanders - Painful and usually fatal -Farcy (Skin form/thickening of lymph channels of Burkholderia Mallei) Which animals are resistant to Glanders? - correct answer ✔✔-Sheep, Cattle, Swine, Birds -Seldom in Humans, but when it does, it is painful and frequently fatal What is the disease rate of Burkholderia Mallei (Glanders and Farcy) in the U.S.? - correct answer ✔✔- actually, it has been eradicated due to diligent testing and slaughter programs What are the three forms of Burkholderia mallei? - correct answer ✔✔-Nasal - profuse nasal discharge -Pulmonary - ulcers from nodular discharge, chronic, high fever, death -Skin - formed called FARCY. lesions on skins, lymphatic channels become thick What differentials must you check when suspecting Glanders? - correct answer ✔✔-Strangles-strep equi -Epizootic Lymphangitis - histoplasma farciminosum -Ulcerative Lymphangitis - cornybacterium pseudopneumonia -Meliodosis Mallein Test (KNOW WHAT BACTERIA YOU USE THIS FOR) - correct answer ✔✔+ for Glanders, but not for strep equi, histoplasma farciminosum, corynebacterium -you inject Mallein intrapalpebrally. + result characterized by sever purulance within 6-12 hrs How do you treat Burkholderia Mallei? - correct answer ✔✔- You don't - Slaughter Mallein + Who is Glanders an occupational concern for? - correct answer ✔✔Veterinarians, Farriers and other lab personnel Infection is fatal Which strain of Bulkholderia is also named pseudoglanders? - correct answer ✔✔-Bulkholderia Pseudomallei -cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, rodents, monkeys and humans are affected (many were not affected by B. Mallei) What is an important fact to know about diagnosing Actinobacillus? - correct answer ✔✔Cannot survive in the environment for a long time important for shipping reasons What media would you use to diagnose A. Lignieresii (Wooden Tongue) - correct answer ✔✔- MacConkey Agar for 24-72 hours -Use pus, biopsy material, tissues -Can also use an induration of the tongue Treatment of Wooden Tongue - correct answer ✔✔-Antibiotics -Sodium Iodine parenterally or potassium iodide orally -vax not practiced Actinobacillus Equuli affects who and causes what? - correct answer ✔✔-mainly foals/fatal disease of newborn -a normal mouth commensal of intestines and tonsils of normal horses of all ages -in stressed or immunocompromised horses develop fever, dysphagia and infection spreads to liver and lungs (pyosepticemia) -Can cause severe polyarthritis -High mortality within 24 hrs after birth How do the 4 main strains of Actinobacillus - correct answer ✔✔-A. Lignieresii, A Equuli are commensals -A. Suuis, A. Pleuropneumoniae are NOT commensals What are the 3 severities of A. Pleuropneumoniae (App) - correct answer ✔✔Chronic, Acute and Peracute -In acute and peracute, most likely will result in death, even with antibiotic treatment Special Vaccination Knowledge among all bacteria - correct answer ✔✔-E. Coli in pigs/Edema disease: made from K88 pili antigen -Salmonella serotype Typhi does have a vax for humans! -P. Multocida Aves (Fowl Cholera): No cross protection between strains with bacterin. Live can be given in drinking water. - P. Multocida and B. Bronchiseptica are often a combined vax in pigs (due to dual action of atrophic rhinitis) -Haemophilus Parasuis is a polyvarient bacterin RB51 Strain best to use For all bacteria covered so far, are there any that do not have vaxicnations? - correct answer ✔✔- Snuffles/Septicemia (P. Multocida) -Francisella Turlarensis (notes say there is, but he noted in class that it is no longer produced) -Y. Pestis (The Plague) not used in U.S. - Burkholderia Mallei (Glanders/Farcy) -Campylocater Jejuni - Lots of trials, but no results -Actinobacillus Lingnieresii (Wood tongue)-vax not practiced -A. Equuli- Also not practiced, not effective in foals, but often given to mares for cross protection in colostrum -Brucellosis Suis-no vax program in place All the colloquial names so far - correct answer ✔✔-Piglet Scours-Neonatal Colibacillosis (E. Coli) -Edema Disease- Post-Weaning Colibacillosis (E. Coli) -White Bacillary Diarrhea/Pullorum disease-S. Pullorum (Salmonella) -Fowl Typhoid-S. Gallanarum (Salmonella) -Fowl Cholera- P. Multocida (Pateurella) -Snuffles - Purulant Rhinitis (P. Multocida) -Bang's Disease-B. Abortus (Bordetella) -Poll Evil/Fistulous Withers - Brucella in equine -Whooping Cough - Bordetlla in humans -Turkey Coryza - Bordetella Avium -The Plaque/Black Death - Yersinia Pestis -Glasser's disease - Polyserositis (Haemophilus Parasuis) -Blue pus disease- Pseudomonas -Glanders-Burkholderia -Farcy-Burkholderia Mallei -Garden Hose Gut/Porcine Proliferative Enterapathy- (Lawsonia Intracellularis) -Wooden Tongue/Timber Tongue- Actinobacillus Lignieresii -Sleepy Foal Disease/Joint Ill- Actinobacillus Equuli -Undulating Fever/Malta Fever/Mediterranean Fever-Brucellosis disease in humans