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Basic Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Study of Commodities

A wide range of basic medical terminology and concepts, including information about the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, and various medical conditions and treatments. It provides definitions and explanations for terms related to anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and medical procedures. A comprehensive reference or study guide for students or healthcare professionals who need to understand fundamental medical knowledge. The level of detail and breadth of topics covered suggest this could be useful for medical, nursing, or allied health programs at the university level.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/16/2024

doctorate01
doctorate01 🇺🇸

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Download Basic Medical Terminology and Concepts and more Exams Study of Commodities in PDF only on Docsity! DAANCE STUDY QUESTIONS, Entire DAANCE Glossary, DAANCE drugs. What consists of the upper airway? - Correct Answer Nose/nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx What consists of the lower airway? - Correct Answer Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, pulmonary alveoli What is the most severe type of allergic reaction? - Correct Answer Immediate hypersensitivity response that involves antigen-antibody reactions (IgE) What is the largest gland in the body? - Correct Answer Liver What age group of patients will hypoxia occur much more rapidly in? Bradycardia is a sign relating to hypoxia - Correct Answer Pediatric patients What does HIPAA stand for? - Correct Answer Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) A decrease in blood flow in the coronary arteries? Can temporarily or permanently damage the heart muscle by decreasing O2 available to the muscle cells? - Correct Answer Ischemia If a cardiac patient just had stent placement, how long are they required to be on antiplatelet drugs? What are the 2 drugs they usually do together? - Correct Answer 1 year- Plavix & Aspirin Type of infection that can further damage heart valves or cause systemic infections? Requires antibiotic prophylaxis - Correct Answer Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) aka infectious endocarditis Atrial depolarization (contraction) - Correct Answer P wave Ventricular depolarization - Correct Answer QRS complex Ventricular repolarization (relaxation) - Correct Answer T wave Type of disease due to excessive secretion of corticosteroid due to a presence of a tumor or from administration of high doses of corticosteriod drugs (ex: Prednisone) - Correct Answer Cushing's disease Chronic long-term hypothyroidism, most commonly seen in older adults (elderly women) who have had a stroke or stopped taking their thyroid medication - Correct Answer Myxedema Most severe complication of hyperthyroidism from an OMS perspective - Correct Answer Thyroid crisis Untreated __________ are at an increased risk for outpatient anesthesia and tend to be sensitive to epinephrine in a local anesthetic - Correct Answer Hyperthyroidism Insulin-dependent - Correct Answer Diabetes Type 1 Non-insulin dependent - Correct Answer Diabetes Type 2 Elevated level of several liver enzymes and bilirubin is often termed? - Correct Answer Elevated LFTs (Liver function tests) What gender is Propofol more rapidly redistributed in and require 10-15% larger dose? - Correct Answer Women What age group would Propofol redistribute very rapidly, and require at least 50% increase in drug dose? - Correct Answer Children What is a complication of N2O rapidly moving from blood to alveoli of lungs, and displaces other gases, including O2 - Correct Answer Diffusion hypoxia Patient is not aroused, even during painful stimulation. Required airway intervention & cardiovascular function is impaired - Correct Answer General anesthesia Can't be easily aroused, purposeful response to pain, and requires airway assistance - Correct Answer Deep sedation/analgesia Response to verbal or light tactile touch with no compromise of airway - Correct Answer Moderate sedation (conscious sedation) Normal response to verbal stimulation with airway reflexes, ventiliation & cardiovascular functions are unaffected - Correct Answer Minimal sedation (anxiolysis) What drugs are given for minimal sedation (anxiolysis) - Correct Answer Valium or Versed Anesthesia that relies on the use of several agents together to benefit from each other. Using each drug at a smaller dose than required if it were being used alone - Correct Answer Balanced anesthesia Maximum does of Epi for a healthy patient? - Correct Answer 0.2 mg What is the treatment for Malignant Hyperthermia? - Correct Answer 100% O2, Dantrolene (2.5 mg/kg) and IV cold saline (NOT Ringer's) The T wave on a cardiac monitor tracing is evidence of what change in polarization? - Correct Answer Repolarization of the ventricles What anatomical structure located at the top of the larynx closes the airway and prevents foreign bodies from entering the trachea? - Correct Answer Epiglottis What is most likely to cause obstruction of the airway when an anesthetized patient is lying in a supine position? - Correct Answer Tongue Blood is pumped to the lungs from the heart through what vessel? - Correct Answer Pulmonary artery Small, sac-like structures located at the end of the respiratory tract in which O2 and CO2 are exchanged. - Correct Answer Alveoli Soft tissue valve that covers the larynx and allows food to enter the esophagus is called the? - Correct Answer Epiglottis Artery located in the neck that is readily palpated when looking for a patient's pulse. - Correct Answer Common carotid CNS consists of: - Correct Answer Brain and spinal cord Patient with a history of TIA has had a temporary lessening of? - Correct Answer Blood supply to the brain Decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries is caused by? - Correct Answer Ischemic heart disease Main purpose of the review of systems is to obtain a careful evaluation of the patient's ______________? - Correct Answer Medical history Patient who has renal disease would be expected to have difficulty with what? - Correct Answer Drug excretion Medical history is used to document? - Correct Answer Basic medical information, process of evaluating the patient & the patient's psychological status CHF can result in all of the following: - Correct Answer SOB, edema, ascites Normal blood O2 saturation in an ASA (class) I patient ranges from: - Correct Answer 95-100% Diabetic patients are at risk for oral surgery because they are: - Correct Answer Subject to postoperative infections Patient who has had a MI should wait how long before having elective surgery? - Correct Answer 6 months Hyperthyroidism is also considered? - Correct Answer Grave's disease Hepatitis caused by contaminated food or water - Correct Answer Hepatitis A Hepatitis most frequently in patients who have been incarcerated or who have been treated for STDs - Correct Answer Hepatitis B Hepatitis caused by contaminated needles (IV drug use) - Correct Answer Hepatitis C What is the term for large fluid filled abdomen? - Correct Answer Ascites Prolonged CNS depression in a patient with liver disease can result in a condition called? - Correct Answer Hepatic coma Patients who have ______ disease don't have the ability to produce clotting factors - Correct Answer Liver disease Ratio of how long it takes a patient's blood to clot - Correct Answer INR (international normalized ratio) Liver disease with the formation of fibrous tissue and is most commonly caused by alcoholism is called what? - Correct Answer Cirrhosis Sudden onset, can't have NSAIDS, caused by heavy blood loss, dehydration, injury - Correct Answer Acute renal failure the progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years, usually on dialysis - Correct Answer Chronic renal failure Patients go to a dialysis center several hours a day, usually 3 days/week. Are given Heparin during dialysis, and have a shunt or AV fistula - Correct Answer Hemodialysis Natural membrane in patients abdomen is used for dialysis, less efficient and carried out for a longer period of time - Correct Answer Periotoneal dialysis Renal failure patients tend to become _____ because they can't produce adequate blood cells - Correct Answer Anemic Transient disturbance of cerebral functions - Correct Answer Seizures Most common type of seizure - Correct Answer Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure 3 phases of grand mal seizures - Correct Answer Prodromal phase, ictal tonic clonic phase, post ictal phase Seizure lasting 5 minutes or longer - Correct Answer Grand mal status (status epilepticus) 2nd type of seizure - Correct Answer Petit mal seizure Drug given to seizure patients that cause swelling/inflammation of gingival tissues - Correct Answer Dilantin hyperplasia Mini stroke- recovery within 24 hours - Correct Answer TIA stroke (transient ischemic attack) Patients who have had strokes in the past are more prone to _______ and ______ during anesthesia - Correct Answer Aspiration and respiratory obstruction Best trimester to perform oral surgery in - Correct Answer 2nd trimester What trimester has the greatest risk for oral surgery? - Correct Answer 1st trimester 20% above ideal body weight - Correct Answer Obesity BMI 25-29 is considered - Correct Answer Overwight BMI over 30 is considered - Correct Answer Obese BMI over 40 is considered - Correct Answer Morbidly obese Cessation of air flow for more than 10 seconds - Correct Answer Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Patients INR is often _____ when on Coumadin - Correct Answer 2-3 How long should a patient hold their Coumadin prior to surgery? - Correct Answer 3-4 days Given IV only, immediate effect and wears off rapidly. Given to patients on Coudmadin - Correct Answer Heparin Medications that interfere with platelets developing "sticky" characteristics. Life cycle of these drugs are 7-10 days - Correct Answer Plavix, Aspirin, Ticlid 4 most common drugs used together for balanced anesthesia - Correct Answer Propofol, ketamine, versed, fentanyl What gender rapidly redistributes Propofol and requires a 10-15% larger dose? - Correct Answer Women For obese patients, how should the dosage of Propofol be determined? - Correct Answer Lean body mass What is noticed in the first 10 minutes of administering Propofol? - Correct Answer Mild bradycardia Large doses, rapid administration and advanced age can cause _________ when adminstering Propofol - Correct Answer Hypotension What drug induces bronchodilation and can decrease the incidence of intraoperative wheezing in patients with asthma & COPD? - Correct Answer Propofol What drug can you give 30 seconds before giving Propofol to reduce the incidence of pain during Propofol infiltration? - Correct Answer Ketamine 10mg Ketamine causes a patient to be dissociated from sensory inputs in his environment which is called _________ state? - Correct Answer Catatonic state Distant/wandering gaze - Correct Answer Nystagmic What drug is twice as rapidly eliminated in children then adults? - Correct Answer Ketamine What can Ketamine cause a patient to do? - Correct Answer Vivid dreaming and illusions One disadvantage of Ketamine is? - Correct Answer Increases salivation Where are barbiturates detoxified? - Correct Answer Liver Produces amnesia and hypnotic effects along with sedative properties. Thought to make patients more sensitive to pain - Correct Answer Barbiturates What is most frequently encountered during injection in posterior aspect of maxilla in the 3rd molar region? - Correct Answer Hematomas Metabolized in bloodstream by pseudocholinesterase - Correct Answer Esters Metabolized in the liver - Correct Answer Amides 2 types of Esters - Correct Answer Cocaine & Procaine 5 types of Amides - Correct Answer Lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, articaine Dilate blood vessels - Correct Answer Vasonconstrictors Maximum amount of Lidocaine for an average patient - Correct Answer 10-11 carpules Maximum amount of Mepivacaine for an adult patient - Correct Answer 7-8 carpules Maximum amount of Prilocaine for a patient - Correct Answer 6 carpules Maximum amount of Bupivacaine for a patient - Correct Answer 10 carpules Maximum amount of Articaine for a patient - Correct Answer 7 carpules This type of injection in a vessel can lead to tachycardia, hypertension and sense of heart pounding in chest - Correct Answer Inadverent injection of Epinephrine What percentage of O2 is in room air? - Correct Answer 20% O2 How long is the contact time for EMLA cream to be sufficient? - Correct Answer 1 hour Level of CO2 expired in each breath- this is mandatory when an ETT is being used - Correct Answer Capnography _________ is 100X more potent than morphine - Correct Answer Fentanyl Rapid onset of Remifentanil - Correct Answer 1 minute Patients over 65 should have remifentanil dosage decreased by ______ - Correct Answer 50% Counteract parasympathetic effects - ex: Atropine, Robinul or Scopolamine - Correct Answer Anticholingeric drugs What can be used as a local anesthetic for patients allergic to multiple types of local? - Correct Answer Benadryl Steroid based muscle relaxant that has an advantage of NOT triggering malignant hypothermia - Correct Answer Rocuronium What drug can trigger Malignant Hypothermia? - Correct Answer Succinylcholine Inserted orally or nasally- protects against aspiration, but requires Succs or Rocuronium to be given first - Correct Answer ETT If a tube is passed into the right mainstem bronchus - you can hear the _____ side but nothing on the _____ side - Correct Answer Right then left If ETT is placed in the _______- gurgling sounds with distention of abdomen is seen and heard - Correct Answer Esosphagus Rapid administration of anesthetic doses of __________ can result in hiccups, tachycardia and respiratory depression - Correct Answer Methohexital (Brevital) Why is Methohexital (Brevital) considered to be ultrashort acting compared to Thiopental? - Correct Answer Not highly bound to fat Primarily used as a narcotic antagonist - Correct Answer Naloxone (Narcan) Local anesthetics containing epinephrine should be used cautiously in patients who have? - Correct Answer Cardiac dysrhythmias Vessels leading to the heart - Correct Answer Veins Vessels leading away from the heart - Correct Answer Arteries Provides overall control of body function - Correct Answer Nervous system What are the 3 divisions of the Nervous system? - Correct Answer CNS, PNS, ANS 4 parts of CNS: - Correct Answer Cerebral cortex, core of the brain, cerebellum, brainstem Overall control center of body and consists of the brain and spinal cord - Correct Answer CNS Cells that conduct nerve impulses in the brain and different body parts - Correct Answer Neurons Portion of the nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia (groups of nerve cell bodies) outside the brain and spinal cord - Correct Answer PNS 2 components of PNS: - Correct Answer Cranial and spinal nerves How many cranial nerves are there? - Correct Answer 12 What are the 3 different sensory nerves? - Correct Answer Optic, olfactory & auditory 2nd cranial nerve - Correct Answer Optic nerve 1st cranial nerve - Correct Answer Olfactory nerve What is the ideal placement for a pretracheal stethoscope? - Correct Answer Supersternal notch Monitoring device that gives information about both circulation and ventilation - Correct Answer Pulse oximeter Patient who swallows during anesthesia is experiencing? - Correct Answer Light anesthesia Gurgling, snoring, high-pitched crowing or wheezing noted while listening to a precordial stethoscope indicates when a patient has? - Correct Answer Partial respiratory obstruction _______ can be monitored continuously by auscultation in the precordial or pretracheal region and observation of the rebreathing abg - Correct Answer Ventilation Rocking or "see-sawing" rhythm of the chest and abdomen may indicate? - Correct Answer Airway obstruction Increased heart rate may be caused by? - Correct Answer Painful stimuli Hypoxia is seen more rapidly in _________ - Correct Answer Children Most often due to posterior positioning of the tongue in the oropharynx - Correct Answer Complete/partial airway obstruction If tongue continues to fall back causing airway obstruction, what type of intubation is best? - Correct Answer NG tube or oral airway What are the 2 types of intubation that are considered second choice during airway obstruction caused by the tongue - Correct Answer LMA or ETT Surgical airway below level of larynx into trachea - Correct Answer Tracheostomy When the patient is in the supine position and their airway is obstructed by a foreign body, what is your 2nd step if there is no airflow during ventilation? - Correct Answer Chest compressions What emergency drug is given if a patient is having a laryngospasm? - Correct Answer Succinylcholine When multiple doses of Succs is administered in adult patients or when Succs is administered to pediatric patients, what can this drug lead to? - Correct Answer Bradycardia Contraction of smooth muscles of small bronchi & bronchioles in the lungs- resulting in restriction of airflow to and from the lungs (patients have more difficulty with expiration than inspiration) - Correct Answer Bronchospasm What are 2 signs of bronchospasm? - Correct Answer Wheezing & labored breathing Patient is experiencing a bronchospasm, you have administered 100% O2, what 2 drugs would you give next? - Correct Answer Albuterol & Epinephrine What are the 3 different types of intubation you would use for bronchospasm? - Correct Answer ETT, LMA or igel Turn patient to his/her _____ side with head down (Trenelenburg position) when emesis with aspiration is occuring. - Correct Answer Right side Occurs when a patient is exhaling too much CO2 - Correct Answer Hyperventilation What are the 2 things you give when a patient is hyperventilating? - Correct Answer Bag to breathe in or give IV versed, valium or propofol Flumazenil (Romazicon) is what type of drug? - Correct Answer Benzodiazepines antagonist What are the 3 drugs given for angina? - Correct Answer Nitro sublingually, morphone , aspirin What does MONA stand for? - Correct Answer Morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin What's the actual order MONA is administered in? - Correct Answer Oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, and morphine Multiple PVCs can lead to? - Correct Answer V-fib Rapid waveform with no P waves, the QRS and T waves cannot be discerned - Correct Answer Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) What 2 emergency drugs are given for V-fib? - Correct Answer Epinephrine then Amiodarone No waveform of any type on a cardiac monitor- no P, QRS or T waves of any kind - Correct Answer Asystole Cardiac standstill with no pulse, but a normal appearing rhythm such as sinus bradycardia is displayed on the cardiac monitor - Correct Answer Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA) What 2 medical emergencies are NOT successfully treated with defibrillation? - Correct Answer Asystole or PEA What are the first 2 things you do when a patient is experiencing asystole or PEA? - Correct Answer CPR & epinephrine What are 3 drugs that could be used to treat hypertension? - Correct Answer Labetalol, esmolol, atenolol A sudden drop in HR and BP leading to fainting - Correct Answer Vaso-vagal syncope What 2 drugs could be used to treat hypotension? - Correct Answer Ephedrine or phenylephrine (neosynephrine) What position do you want a patient in with hypotension? - Correct Answer Trendelenburg Lidocaine without epinephrine is given to a patient who has? - Correct Answer Intra- arterial (IA) injection A blood glucose level is below 60-65 mg/dL - Correct Answer Mild hypoglycemia A blood glucose level below 50 mg/dL - Correct Answer Moderate hypoglycemia A blood glucose level of 30 mg/dL - Correct Answer Severe hypoglycemia Oral glucose or juice is given to patients with ______ hypoglycemia - Correct Answer Mild 1 ampule of IV glucose & IV infusion of dextrose is given to patients with _______ hypoglycemia - Correct Answer Severe Inadequate production of cortisol - Correct Answer Acute adrenal insufficiency CABs is given to patients who are experiencing a ________ episode - Correct Answer Synscope CAB stands for: - Correct Answer Chest compressions, airway maintenance, breathing Hormone produced and released by adrenal glands - Correct Answer Cortisol Damage to a portion of the brain caused by a blood clot - Correct Answer Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Neurological impairment lasting 24 hours or more - Correct Answer Stroke Therapeutic levels of INR - Correct Answer 2.0-3.5 Deoxygenated blood is on the ______ side of the heart and is _______ in color - Correct Answer Blue and right side Oxygenated blood is on the ______ side of the heart and is _______ in color - Correct Answer Red and left side Force & rate of the contraction of the heart, constriction or dilation of the blood vessels, and the volume of fluid in the system are all factors of what? - Correct Answer 3 factors that control BP What are the 2 systems that regular the factors that control BP? - Correct Answer ANS and endocrine system What is the most common type of CHF? - Correct Answer Left side CHF How is medication dosages calculated for pediatric patients? (Clark's rule) - Correct Answer Weight (lbs) / 150 x normal adult dose __________ leads to bradycardia in pediatric patients - Correct Answer Hypotension Use ______ with caution in patients with a history of seizures because there is no reversal drug - Correct Answer Propofol You should administer a benzodiazepine prior to infusion of Propofol for what type of patients? - Correct Answer Seizure patients artery that supplies blood to the face, tonsil, palate, and submandibular gland - Correct Answer Facial Artery sustained twitching of all of the muscles of the body - Correct Answer Fasciculation ventricular fibrillation in which there are very small deflections of the baseline - Correct Answer Fine ventricular fibrillation an atrioventricular block with a long PR interval, but no missed beats - Correct Answer First Degree AV Block descriptive term for systole in which there are no deflections of the baseline - Correct Answer Flat Line a site in the atria or ventricles which is the center point for the generation of an impulse e.g. a pacemaker - Correct Answer Focus (plural foci) a type of corticosteroid involved in many bodily activities - Correct Answer Glucocorticoid inhalation general anesthetic agents containing carbon, hydrogen and elements from the halogen series of atoms such as chlorine or bromine (e.g. fluothane, isoflurane, desflurane, seroflurane) - Correct Answer Halogenated hydrocarbons a sound heard with a stethoscope indicative of a back flow of blood into the atria or into the ventricles - Correct Answer Heart murmur the volume percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in whole blood - Correct Answer Hematocrit localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel - Correct Answer Hematoma a component of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs - Correct Answer Hemoglobin the maintenance of internal stability of a system with minimal variation from the normal state, e.g., maintenance of blood pressure or pulse and respiration within the normal range. - Correct Answer Homeostasis an increased level of carbon dioxide - Correct Answer Hypercarbia an increased body temperature - Correct Answer Hyperpyrexia abnormally high blood pressure - Correct Answer Hypertension excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland, characterized by increased basal metabolism, goiter, and disturbances of the autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer Hyperthyroidism unconsciousness induced by an anesthetic agent - Correct Answer Hypnosis abnormally low blood pressure - Correct Answer Hypotension deficiency of thyroid activity characterized in adults by decreased metabolic rate, tiredness, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances - Correct Answer Hypothyroidism low levels of oxygen in the body's tissues - Correct Answer Hypoxia the initiation of a state of unconsciousness during anesthesia - Correct Answer Induction artery that supplies blood to the mandible, teeth, lower lip, and chin - Correct Answer Inferior alveolar artery the venous trunk from the lower extremities and abdominal viscera that empties blood into the right atrium of the heart - Correct Answer Inferior vena cava vein that drains much of the blood from the head and neck - Correct Answer Internal jugular vein microscopic channels within the membranes of neurons through which charged particles or ions pass during conduction of the nerve impulse - Correct Answer Ion channels deficiency of blood to a body part, due to functional constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel - Correct Answer Ischemia a syndrome characterized by yellowish skin, mucous membrane, and sclera (white outer coat of the eyeball) - Correct Answer Jaundice cardiac dysrhythmia in which the ectopic pacemaker is in the area of the AV junction - Correct Answer Junctional rhythms a part of the pharynx that lies directly behind the larynx (voice box) - Correct Answer Laryngopharynx artery that supplies blood to the tongue, tonsil, and floor of mouth - Correct Answer Lingual artery artery that supplies blood to the maxilla, teeth, ear, meninges, nose, nasal sinus, and palate - Correct Answer Maxillary artery an oblong-shaped structure in the upper oration of the brainstem, which, along with the Pons, contains vital centers that control such physiologic processes as maintenance of blood pressure and pulse, respiration, etc. - Correct Answer Medulla oblongata artery that supplies blood to the chin - Correct Answer Mental artery the chemical alteration of drugs and other substances that usually takes place in the liver. In some cases the new substance formed by the chemical alteration has no chemical activity of its own, while in other cases there may be active metabolites - Correct Answer Metabolism the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart that lets blood pass into the left ventricle - Correct Answer Mitral valve To make stronger or enhance the effect of a drug or anesthetic agent - Correct Answer Potentiate A premature firing of an ectopic focus in the atria producing an early contraction of the atria - Correct Answer Premature atrial contraction (PAC) Premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse in the ventricle - Correct Answer Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) A protein present in plasma that represents one of several coagulation factors (substances in the blood that are essential to the clotting process) - Correct Answer Prothrombin A class of pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of AIDS to help prevent replication of the HIV virus in the body - Correct Answer Protease inhibitors Type of enzyme found in the blood that is responsible for the metabolic breakdown of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine - Correct Answer Pseudo cholinesterase A network of veins corresponding to the second and third parts of the maxillary artery - Correct Answer Pterygoid plexus One of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs - Correct Answer Pulmonary artery The veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. This is the only case on the body in which veins carry oxygenated blood - Correct Answer Pulmonary veins A cardiac dysrhythmia in which there is a monitor display of ventricular tachycardia, but there is no contraction - Correct Answer Pulseless V. Teach specialized cardiac muscle fibers that rapidly transmit impulses in the heart and coordinate contraction of the heart; dense networks of these fibers form the senatorial and atrioventricular nodes. - Correct Answer Purkinje fiber system An element appearing on an ECG tracing that reflects the activity that produces ventricular contraction - Correct Answer QRS Complex Abnormal breath sounds detected during auscultation of the lungs that are often described as crackling or bubbling - Correct Answer Riles Specialized sites on ion channels to which natural neurotransmitter substances or drugs attach, usually leading to the opening of the ion channel for passage of positively or negatively charged ions - Correct Answer Receptor sites The release of a drug from its initial receptor site and its movement through the blood stream to other body structures such as fat stores, muscles, etc. - Correct Answer Redistribution An ovoid structure in the central portion of the brain that relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex - Correct Answer Relay center Reestablishment of the normal distribution of charge across a neuronal membrane - Correct Answer Repolarization An organized set of questions asked during history taking that address each of the major body systems - Correct Answer Review of systems Damage to the heart, primarily the heart valves, caused by a systemic bacterial infection - Correct Answer Rheumatic heart disease Several PVCs in succession. Three or more are considered the beginning of ventricular tachycardia. - Correct Answer Run of PVCs An atrioventricular block with alternating conducting and non-conducting impulses and multiple dropped beats. - Correct Answer Second degree AV block, Type I An atrioventricular block with alternating conducting and non-conducting impulses and multiple dropped beats - Correct Answer Second degree AV block, Type II A group of pharmacologic agents used to provide a sense of relaxation in patients who are apprehensive (e.g., pentobarbital, droperidol) - Correct Answer Sedatives a nerve of the peripheral nervous system that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the spinal cord or brain - Correct Answer Sensory nerve A microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers where cardiac rhythm originates; also called the pacemaker of the heart - Correct Answer Sino atrial node (SA node) A cardiac dysrhythmia similar to normal sinus rhythm, but with slight variation in rate with inspiration and expiration - Correct Answer Sinus arrhythmia Cardiac dysrhythmia similar to normal sinus rhythm except for a slower rate of less than 60 bpm - Correct Answer Sinus bradycardia Cardiac rhythms in which the pacemaker is the senatorial node - Correct Answer Sinus rhythms a cardiac dysrhythmia similar to normal sinus rhythm except for an increase in rate of greater than 100 bpm but usually less than 150 bpm - Correct Answer Sinus tachycardia The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle during each beat of the heart - Correct Answer Stroke volume Beneath the skin; usually refers to an injection technique in which the drug is deposited in the connective tissue layer beneath the skin - Correct Answer Subcutaneous The venous trunk that drains blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart - Correct Answer Superior vena cava Central points of origin of dysrhythmias, which are located above the level of the ventricles in the atria - Correct Answer Supraventricular foci a cardiac dysrhythmia in which there is a rapid firing of an ectopic focus in the atria above the levels of the ventricles with a rate of 150-250 bpm and a narrow QRS complex - Correct Answer Supraventricular tachycardia The portion of the autonomic nervous system pertaining to the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spine - Correct Answer Sympathetic nervous system Having activity that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, e.g. epinephrine - Correct Answer Sympathomimetic The junction between two neurons where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another - Correct Answer Synapse The gap between two nerves where they meet at a synapse - Correct Answer Synaptic cleft Temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral ischemia; fainting - Correct Answer Syncope The phenomenon that exists when two drugs are administered together, and the combined effect is greater than the sum of its parts - Correct Answer Synergistic Pertaining to the phase of the heart’s pumping action when the ventricles contract, forcing blood either to the lungs or peripheral circulation - Correct Answer Systolic The ECG wave form that represents repolarization of the ventricles - Correct Answer T wave Fast heart rate (greater than 100 bpm) - Correct Answer Tachycardia An advancing wave of charge reversal as the nerve impulse advances along the neuron - Correct Answer Wave of depolarization a disease due to hypo secretion of glucocorticoids, characterized by low blood pressure, anemia, diarrhea, digestive disturbance, and bronze like pigmentation of the skin - Correct Answer Addison's Disease Agents that supplement the primary anesthetic agent to augment or enhance the effects of the primary agent - Correct Answer Adjunctive agents Having the property of an allergen, a substance that will elicit an allergic response in sensitive individuals - Correct Answer Allergen city A small air sac within the body of the lung - Correct Answer Alveolus (pl. alveoli) A chemical structure derived from ammonia; there is a group of amide local anesthetics that are widely used in dentistry (e.g., lidocaine, mepivacaine, procaine, bupivacaine) - Correct Answer Amide Failure to remember events related to surgery - Correct Answer Amnesia Insensitivity to pain - Correct Answer Analgesia A severe allergic reaction marked by any of several responses, including skin reactions, smooth muscle cramping, urinary incontinence, constriction of bronchioles, respiratory difficulty, and cardiovascular collapse - Correct Answer Anaphylaxis A reduction in the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream - Correct Answer Anemia Pain the chest, with a feeling of suffocation, usually due to a deficiency of blood supply to the myocardium - Correct Answer Angina pectoris Situated in front of the elbow - Correct Answer Antecubital The depression between the forearm and the upper arm that is literally "in front of the elbow" - Correct Answer Antecubital fossa A drug that counteracts the action of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby blocks the action of the parasympathetic nerves - Correct Answer Anticholinergic A drug that counteracts nausea and vomiting - Correct Answer Antiemetic A drug that counteracts the production of saliva - Correct Answer Ant sialagogue Drugs that reduce anxiety, agitation, or tension (e.g., diazepam (valium), midazolam (Versed) - Correct Answer Anxiolytics The main trunk (a very large artery) from which the arterial system proceeds - Correct Answer Aorta Absence or cessation of breathing - Correct Answer Apnea Cardiac rhythms in which there is cardiac arrest. Some arrest rhythms such as pulseless ventricular tachycardia are accompanied by a rhythm display, but there is no contraction - Correct Answer Arrest rhythms Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat - Correct Answer Arrhythmia Any of the very small arterial branches located at the end of an artery (furthest from the heart) - Correct Answer Arteriole A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body - Correct Answer Artery Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity - Correct Answer Ascites Cardiac arrest in which there is no rhythm display and no contraction - Correct Answer Systole Pharmacologic agents that produce a tranquilizing effect - Correct Answer Ataractics A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls - Correct Answer Atherosclerosis Atrial arrhythmia characterized by rapid randomized contractions of the atrial myocardium, causing a totally irregular and often rapid ventricular rate - Correct Answer Atrial fibrillation A condition of cardiac arrhythmia in which the atrial contractions are rapid (200 - 320 per minute) but regular - Correct Answer Atrial flutter Dysrhythmias in which the pacemaker is in the atria above the level of the ventricles - Correct Answer Atrial (supraventricular) rhythms Rapid heartbeat originating from the atria - Correct Answer Atrial tachycardia A cardiac conduction defect in which the impulse generated by the SA node is partially or completely blocked in the area of the AV node - Correct Answer Atrioventricular block A microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers involved in the electrical activity of the heart - Correct Answer Atrioventricular node An upper chamber of the heart; atria also exist in other parts of the body - Correct Answer Atrium (pl. atria) The condition of being automatic - Correct Answer Automaticity A portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands - Correct Answer Autonomic nervous system Anesthesia that relies on the use of several agents together, capitalizing on the best aspects of each agent, but using each at a smaller dose than would be required if it were used alone - Correct Answer Balanced anesthesia A group of pharmacologic agents that have sedative properties and produce amnesia and a hypnotic effect (e.g., thiopental sodium, methohexital (brevital)) - Correct Answer Barbiturates A sensory nerve ending that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in the walls of blood vessels - Correct Answer Baroreceptor Any abnormal condition of the blood - Correct Answer Blood dyspraxia A rapidly administered dose of medication, as compared to a slow, steady administration of medication with continuous infusion - Correct Answer Bolus Artery that supplies blood to the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand - Correct Answer Brachial artery the large artery on the right side of the neck that distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and right arm - Correct Answer Brachiocephalic artery Slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm) - Correct Answer Bradycardia One of the finer (1mm or less) subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree - Correct Answer Bronchiole Any of the larger air passages of the lungs - Correct Answer Bronchus (pl. bronchi) A small band of atypical cardiac muscle fibers that propagates the atrial contraction rhythm to the ventricles - Correct Answer Bundle of His Any of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venues, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body - Correct Answer Capillary Abnormally increased activity of the adrenal gland as a result of excessive pituitary secretion of glucocorticoids - Correct Answer Cushing's Disease A bluish discoloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes - Correct Answer Cyanosis 1/10 of a liter and is the common unit used in the measurement of hemoglobin, which is expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/ld.) - Correct Answer Deciliter (LD.) A reversal of charge across the neuronal membrane caused by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions through ion channels - Correct Answer Depolarization The partition of the muscles and tendons between the abdominal and chest cavities. It is the primary respiratory muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs. - Correct Answer Diaphragm Pertaining to the phase when the heart's pumping action forces blood into the ventricles, causing the ventricles to expand - Correct Answer Diastolic A phenomenon during emergence from anesthesia that follows the discontinuation of nitrous oxide and during which nitrous oxide rapidly passes from the bloodstream into the alveoli and displaces other gases, including oxygen - Correct Answer Diffusion hypoxia A pharmacologic agent used to treat congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal tachycardia of the atria - Correct Answer Digitalis A form of anesthesia in which the patient becomes dissociated or detached from the sensory inputs from his/her environment - Correct Answer Dissociative anesthesia An agent that promotes excretion of urine - Correct Answer Diuretic The back or posterior aspect of an anatomic part, e.g., the dorsum of the hand - Correct Answer Dorsum Unpleasant feeling on emerging from anesthesia - Correct Answer Dysphonia Difficult or labored breathing - Correct Answer Dyspnea Disturbance of the cardiac rhythm - Correct Answer Dysrhythmia Displaced. The term is often used to describe displaced foci for the generation of an impulse in the myocardium i.e. an ectopic pacemaker - Correct Answer Ectopic A displaced central point of origin for a cardiac dysrhythmia - Correct Answer Ectopic focus (pl. foci) Any biologic cardiac pacemaker other than the sinus node - Correct Answer Ectopic pacemaker A graphic tracing of the variations in the heart's electrical activity used in the diagnosis of heart disease - Correct Answer Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) The awakening or return of consciousness of a patient following anesthesia - Correct Answer Emergence The sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material (such as air) - Correct Answer Embolism Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetic. An ointment containing a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine that is used as a topical anesthetic prior to venipuncture - Correct Answer EMLA inflammation of the endocardium (the lining of the cavities of the heart and connective tissue bed on which it lies). - Correct Answer Endocarditis naturally occurring substances that have analgesic properties similar to those of opioid drugs - Correct Answer Endorphins a soft tissue valve located at the base of the tongue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea while swallowing - Correct Answer Epiglottis a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that is a potent stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system and a powerful vasopressor, increasing blood pressure, stimulating the heart muscle, accelerating the heart rate, and increasing cardiac output; also increases glucose release and other metabolic activities - Correct Answer Epinephrine red blood cell - Correct Answer Erythrocyte a chemical structure created by the combination of an acid with an alcohol. There is a group of ester local anesthetics (e.g., procaine, cocaine) - Correct Answer Ester a feeling of elation or well-being caused by a drug or anesthetic agent - Correct Answer Euphoria leakage of intravenous fluid into tissue surrounding an intravenous cannula during an intravenous infusion - Correct Answer Extravasation painful urination - Correct Answer Dysuria frequent urination - Correct Answer polyuria blood in the urine - Correct Answer hematuria from the Greek and Latin words meaning "grave muscular weakness", a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by fluctuating weakness of the voluntary muscle groups. - Correct Answer Myasthenia Gravis a disease in which your immune system attacks the myelin that covers your nerves. Myelin damage disrupts communication between your brain and the rest of your body. Ultimately, the nerves themselves may deteriorate. - Correct Answer Multiple sclerosis (MS) a potentially fatal, inherited disorder usually associated with the administration of certain general anesthetics and/or the drug succinylcholine. The disorder is due to an acceleration of metabolism in skeletal muscle. The signs of MH include muscle rigidity, rapid heart rate, high body temperature, muscle breakdown and increased acid content. Immediate treatment with the drug dantrolene usually reverses the signs of MH. - Correct Answer malignant hyperthermia a measurement of recovery after anesthesia that includes gauging consciousness, activity, respiration, and blood pressure. - Correct Answer Aldrete Score also called postural hypotension — is a form of low blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down. Orthostatic hypotension can make you feel dizzy or lightheaded, and maybe even faint. - Correct Answer orthostatic hypotension A visual analysis of the oral/oropharyngeal anatomy. The patient is asked to open and stick out their tongue as far as possible (tongue is not depressed, nor is the patient to say "ash"). Used to predict the ease of intubation; a high score (class 3 or 4) is associated with more difficult intubation as well as a higher incidence of sleep apnea. - Correct Answer Mallampati Classification a localized area of tissue, as in the heart or kidney, that is dying or dead, having been deprived of its blood supply because of an obstruction by embolism or thrombosis. - Correct Answer Infarct narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure - Correct Answer stenosis a class of drugs that are particularly used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, protecting the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack, and hypertension. - Correct Answer Beta Blockers Versed - Correct Answer Midazolam Prinivil - Correct Answer Lisinopril Diovan - Correct Answer Valsartan Apresoline - Correct Answer Hydralazine HCTZ - Correct Answer Hydochlorothiazide QVAR - Correct Answer Beclomethasone Flovent - Correct Answer Fluticasone Singulair - Correct Answer Montekulast Accolate - Correct Answer Zafirlukast Intal - Correct Answer Cromolyn Serevent - Correct Answer Salmeterol Micronase - Correct Answer Glyburide Glucotrol - Correct Answer Glipizide Prandin - Correct Answer Repaglinide Metformin - Correct Answer Glucophage Tegretol - Correct Answer carbanazepine Klonopin - Correct Answer Clonazepam Neurontin - Correct Answer Gabapentin Dilantin - Correct Answer Phenytoin Depacon - Correct Answer Valproate Phenytoin - Correct Answer Dilantin Coumadin - Correct Answer Warfarin Pradaxa - Correct Answer Dibigatran Plavix - Correct Answer Clopidogrel Ticlid - Correct Answer Ticlopidine vena cava, right atrium, Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, rest of body - Correct Answer heart flow