BCBA Exam Preparation: Mastering the Fundamentals of Behavior Analysis, Exams of Philosophy

Download BCBA Exam Preparation: Mastering the Fundamentals of Behavior Analysis and more Exams Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity! BCBA exam-PASStheBIGABAEXAM 3 levels of scientific understanding Correct Answer: DPC Description Prediction Control Description Correct Answer: Systematic observations that can be quantified & classified Prediction Correct Answer: AKA: correlation; covariation 2 events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not mean one causes the other Control Correct Answer: AKA: causation Functional relation. The highest level of scientific understanding. Experimental demonstration that manipulating one event (IV) results in another event (DV). 6 attitudes of science Philosophical assumptions of bx Correct Answer: DEER PP Determinism Empiricism Experimentation Replication Parimony Philosophical Doubt Determinism Correct Answer: Cause & effect Lawfulness Orderly & predictable Empiricism Correct Answer: Facts Experimental, data-based scientific approach, drawing upon observation & experience. Requires objective qualification & detailed description of events. Experimentation Correct Answer: Basic strategy of most sciences. Requires manipulating variables to see effects on DV. Experiment to determine if one event caused another. Replication Correct Answer: Repeating experiments Parisomy Correct Answer: The simplest theory. All simple & logical explanations must be ruled out first before complex explanations. Philosophical Doubt Correct Answer: Having healthy skepticism & a critical eye 7 dimensions of ABA Correct Answer: BATCAGE or GET A CAB Behavioral Applied Technological Conceptually Systematic Analytic Generality Effective Behavioral Correct Answer: Observable events. Must be a bx in need of improvement. Applied Correct Answer: Socially significant bxs Technological Correct Answer: Procedures clearly & precisely so they are replicable. RECIPE Conceptually Systematic Correct Answer: Procedures should be based on principles of ABA Analytic Correct Answer: AKA: Functional Relation, Experimentation, Control, Causation A functional relation is demonstrated. Generality Correct Answer: AKA: Generalization Extends bx change across time, settings, or other bxs Effective Correct Answer: Improves bx in a practical manner Mentalism Terminology Correct Answer: Hypothetical Constructs Explanatory Fictions Circular Reasoning 4 Branches of Behavior Analysis Correct Answer: CASE Conceptual Analysis of Behavior ABA Stimulus Class Correct Answer: A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class. Group members of a stimulus class tend to evoke or abate the same bx or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions. 3 Types of Stimulus Classes Correct Answer: FTF (For The Fun) Formal: Physical features Temporal: time Functional: effect of the stimulus on the bx, can be multiple functions of a single stimulus Feature Stimulus Class Correct Answer: Stimuli share: common topographies relative relations INFINITE number of stimuli developed through stimulus generalization Arbitrary Stimulus Class Correct Answer: Stimuli that evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship. LIMITED number of stimuli Developed through stimulus equivalence. Consequences Correct Answer: Only affect FUTURE bx. Consequences select response classes, NOT individual responses. Immediate consequences have the greatest effect. Automaticity (of R & P) Correct Answer: A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work. Automatic Reinforcement Correct Answer: AKA: Sensory, Self-Stimualtory Bxs, Stereotypy Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Because it feels good! WARNING!! What looks like automatic reinforcement (i.e. hand flapping) might not be. Automatic Punishment Correct Answer: Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Reinforcement Correct Answer: Does NOT only strengthen rate. Also strengthen: -Duration -Latency -Magnitude -Topography What happens right before reinforcement will be reinforced. Delayed consequence are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence bx. What Reinforcement Does Correct Answer: -Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant. -Changes what comes after bx & what comes before bx. -Creates stimulus control -depends on motivation Unwanted effects of Reinforcement Correct Answer: -Effects of reinforcement can be temporary. -Ethical concerns arise from the severity of the EO that occasions the bx. -Relying on the use of contrived reinforcers as opposed to natural reinforcers. -Using potential reinforcers that may be harmful to long-term health or require undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs NOT TRUE -Giving reinforcement will result in loss of intrinsic motivation. -People confusing reinforcement with bribery. Reinforcement TRUMPS Punishment Correct Answer: You should recommend reinforcement rather than punishment WHENEVER POSSIBLE Positive Reinforcement Correct Answer: AKA: Type 1 Reinforcement; Sr+ A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions. MOST IMPORTANT & WIDELY USED CONCEPT IN ABA. 5 Types of Positive Reinforcers Correct Answer: EATSS Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory Negative Reinforcement Correct Answer: AKA: Type II Reinforcement; Sr- A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the REDUCTION or REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions. 2 Types of Negative Reinforcement Correct Answer: 1. Escape 2. Avoidance Escape Correct Answer: A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus. Avoidance Correct Answer: A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus. 2 Types: -Discriminated Avoidance -Free-Operant Avoidance Discriminated Avoidance Correct Answer: A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. Free-Operant Avoidance Correct Answer: NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time. Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement Correct Answer: Creating an aversive condition for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs! Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement Correct Answer: AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer; Unlearned Reinforcer A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing without any other form of reinforcement. -No learning history required. -Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs. Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement Correct Answer: AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer; Learned Reinforcer When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers. -Learning history required. -Products of ontogency. Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer Correct Answer: AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned & conditioned reinforcers. -Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness. -They are likely to be reinforcing at any time. -Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences. Punishment Correct Answer: AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar responses. -Defined by function, not topography. -Defined by future effects on bx. -2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence -Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others. Ribbon on = can earn reinforcement Ribbon off = cannot earn reinforcement Exclusionary Time-Out Correct Answer: Individual removed from space. 3 Types: (RPH) 1. Room/Time-Out Room 2. Partition Time-Out 3. Hallway Time-Out Room/Time-Out Room Correct Answer: Confined space outside of normal environment; devoid of positive reinforcers. -Individual safely placed -Should be located near time-in setting -minimal furnishing Partition Time-Out Correct Answer: Individual remains in room, but view is restricted by wall or partition Hallway Time-Out Correct Answer: Individual sits in hallway Positive Punishment & Negative Reinforcement Correct Answer: Aversive Control Unconditioned Punishers/Punishment Correct Answer: AKA: UCP; Primary Punisher; Unlearned Punisher A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. -No learning history required. -Product of phylogeny. All members of species generally share the same unconditioned punishers. Conditioned Punishers/Punishment Correct Answer: AKA: CP; Secondary Punisher; Learned Punisher A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher bc of prior pairing with 1 or more punishers. -Learning history required. -Products of ontogeny. Generalized Conditioned Punishers Correct Answer: AKA: Generalized Punisher A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with MANY unconditioned & conditioned punishers. -Does NOT depend on an MO for its effectiveness. Verbal Analog Conditioning Correct Answer: Verbal pairing procedure without direct pairing Extinction Correct Answer: AKA: EXT; Operant Extinction A procedure where maintaining reinforcement is not longer provided, to decrease future bx. -Not punishment -Ext will be more rapid for bx maintained on CRF schedule Unwanted effects of Extinction Correct Answer: -Extinction bursts -Extinction induced aggression -Difficult to use on clients that rarely display the target bx -Difficult to know what the reinforcer is for a bx -Difficult or dangerous to ignore -Extinction NOT used in a tx package can cause ethical concerns What Extinction is NOT Correct Answer: -Ignoring -Does not refer to a decrease in bx -Response blocking -NCR 3 Types of Extinction Correct Answer: PAN Positive Reinforcement Automatic Reinforcement (AKA Sensory Extinction) Negative Reinforcement (AKA Escape Extinction) Extinction Burst Correct Answer: The Burst is First Immediate increase in frequency of responding Spontaneous Recovery Correct Answer: Bx diminished during extinction reoccurs even though bx does not produce reinforcement Resistance to Extinction Correct Answer: 1. Long history of reinforcement 2. Intermittent schedules 3. High quality reinforcer 4. Large amount of reinforcer 5. Response requiring little effort 6. Number of previous extinction trials (relates to intermittent schedules) Operant Extinction Correct Answer: withholding reinforcement when bx occurs Respondent Extinction Correct Answer: un-pairing of CS & US Antecedent Control Correct Answer: Response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus. Factors Affecting Stimulus Control Correct Answer: 1. Pre-attending skills 2. Stimulus Salience: prominence of the stimulus in person's environment Discriminative Stimulus Correct Answer: AKA: SD Let's you know that reinforcement is available Stimulus Delta Correct Answer: AKA: S∆ Stimulus that tells that reinforcement is not available OR has NOT received reinforcement in the past "Repertoire-Altering Effect" Correct Answer: SDs & MOs in combo MO Correct Answer: Something that changes the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer. Stimulus Generalization Correct Answer: Same bx, different conditions -loose stimulus control -WITHIN Stimulus Class Example: All shades of green Stimulus Discrimination Correct Answer: New stimuli do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus -tight stimulus control -BETWEEN/ACROSS Stimulus Classes Example: Green vs. other colors Stimulus Discrimination Training Correct Answer: AKA: Discrimination Training A procedure where responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition (SD) and NOT in the presence of other (S∆) Generalization Gradient Correct Answer: AKA: Stimulus Generalization Gradient A Graph of the extent to which bx has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli Flat Slope = little stimulus control Increasing Slope = more stimulus control Concept Correct Answer: NOT mentalism Product of both stimulus generalization & stimulus discrimination. Requires an individual to discriminate between what is included & what is excluded from a stimulus class. Simple Discrimination Correct Answer: Antecedent evokes or abates the bx. -3-term contingency involved (SD-->Response-->Consequence) Conditional Discrimination Correct Answer: Only if the particular antecedent stimuli are presented & accompanied by particular additional stimuli, then you reinforce that response. -Role of one SD is CONDITIONAL on the presence of another SD -4 -term contingency (conditional stimuli--> antecedent stimuli-->response-->consequence) -Different contexts can change effects of discriminative stimuli -escape or avoidance would be highly reinforcing -they signal aversive events may be coming Tip: does the question describe an aversive event coming soon? Transitive MO Correct Answer: CMO-T An environmental variable that establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus & thereby evokes (or abates) the bx that has been reinforced by that other stimulus Overgeneralization Correct Answer: emitting a response appropriate to some contexts in an inappropriate context Response Generalization Correct Answer: AKA: Response Induction Individual exhibits novice responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target response. Induction = Introduction (Response Induction is the INTRODUCTION of novel responses) 7 Strategies to Promote Generalization Correct Answer: CLEMING Common Stimuli Exemplars Mediation Indiscriminable Contingencies Negative Teaching Examples General Case Analysis Indiscriminable Contingencies Correct Answer: contingency in which individual is not able to DISCRIMINATE when response will be reinforced 2 ways to create indiscriminable contingencies Correct Answer: 1. Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement 2. Delayed Rewards Maintenance Correct Answer: Following removal of intervention, the extent to which an response remains in the individual's repertoire OVER TIME. Verbal Behavior Correct Answer: Created by Skinner Bx that is reinforced through the mediation of another's person's bx. Communication that helps individuals get what they want & avoid what they don't. Not necessarily vocal. Private Events Correct Answer: Events taking place inside the skin. Thoughts & Feelings. Speaker Correct Answer: Gains access to reinforcement & controls their environment though the bx of listener. Listener Correct Answer: Must learn how to reinforce the speaker's verbal bx. 6 Elementary Verbal Operants Correct Answer: EMITTT Echoic Mand Interverbal Tact Textual Transcription Echoic Correct Answer: AKA: Verbal Imitation Speaker repeats the verbal bx of another speaker. Controlled by the VERBAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS. Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Has point-to-point correspondence & formal similarity. Echoic Training Correct Answer: Bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal SDs that have point-to-point correspondence & formal similarity with the response. End Goal: to transfer the response form to other, more advanced verbal operants. Taught through shaping. Mand Correct Answer: Speaker asks for what he/she needs or wants. Controlled by MOs. Occurs due to state of deprivation or aversive stimulation. Reinforced by ATTAINING THE MANDED ITEMS. First verbal operant acquired by humans. Mand Training Correct Answer: Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of MOs. Intraverbal Correct Answer: Speaker deferentially responds to other people. ANSWERING A QUESTION. Verbal SD evokes a verbal response that does NOT have point-to-point correspondence with verbal stimulus. Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Intraverbal Training Correct Answer: Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal SDs that lack point-to-point correspondence with the response. Tact Correct Answer: Speaker names things & actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes. LABELING THE ENVIRONMENT. Controlled by a NONVERBAL SD. Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Tact Training Correct Answer: Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of nonverbal SDs. Similar to teaching mands Tact Extensions Correct Answer: There are many ways to describe the same thing. Types of Tact Extensions Correct Answer: SMMG Solistic Extension Metaphorical Extension Metonymical Extension Generic Extension Textual Correct Answer: Reading, without implication that the reader understands what is read. READING WRITTEN WORDS. VERBAL SD has point-to-point correspondence, but no formal similarity Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Transcription Correct Answer: Writing & spelling words spoken to you. TAKING DICTATION. Controlled by spoken VERBAL SD Point-to-point correspondence but no formal similarity Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Autoclitic Correct Answer: Verbal bx about one's own verbal bx. Secondary verbal operant. Modifies other forms of verbal bx. Schedules of Reinforcement Correct Answer: A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement. Determines conditions by which bxs will be reinforced. Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) Correct Answer: Provides reinforcement for every occurence of bx. Used for strengthening novel bxs. Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement Correct Answer: INT Between CRF & EXT Some, but not all, occurrences of bx are reinforced. Used for maintaining bxs that have already been established. 4 Basic Schedules of INT Reinforcement Correct Answer: FVFV Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Choice-making. Matching Law is part of this schedule Matching Law Correct Answer: AKA: Matching Theory A phenomenon in which an organism MATCHES their responses according to the highest rate of reinforcement. Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement (mult) Correct Answer: Presents 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random, sequence for ONLY 1 or more bx. Schedules occur successively & independently. SD is correlated with each schedule. Chained Schedules of Reinforcement (chain) Correct Answer: 2 or more basic schedule requirements that occur successively & has an SD correlated with each independent schedule with 1 or more bxs. 3 Important elements: 1. occur in a specific order 2. bx may be the same or different bx may be required for different elements 3. conditioned reinforcement for 1st bx is the presentation of the 2nd element Mixed Schedules of Reinforcement (mix) Correct Answer: Identical to multiple schedules, EXCEPT has no SD Tandem Schedules of Reinforcement (tand) Correct Answer: Similar to chained schedule EXCEPT does not use an SD Alternative Schedules of Reinforcement (Alt) Correct Answer: Provides reinforcement when the requirement of EITHER a ratio OR interval schedule is met, regardless of which is met first. -Either/Or Schedule Conjunctive Schedules of Reinforcement (Conj) Correct Answer: Provides reinforcement when the completion of a response requirement for BOTH a ratio & interval schedule has been met. -Both Schedule Adjunctive Behaviors Correct Answer: AKA: Schedule-Induced Bxs Bxs brought about by schedule of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered. Time-filling or interim bxs 4 Phases of Intervention Correct Answer: A PIE Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation Assessment Correct Answer: AKA: Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) A systematic method for obtaining information about the FUNCTION challenging bxs serve for an individual. Involves a variety of methods. Purpose of Assessment Correct Answer: Identifies & defines targets for bx change. Ethical issues regarding assessment Correct Answer: You have to choose the RIGHT BEHAVIORS for assessment. You need to know what is SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT & prioritize bxs. 5 Phases of Assessment Correct Answer: 1. Screening & general deposition 2. Defining & quantifying problems or desired achievement criteria 3. Pinpointing target bxs to be treated 4. Monitoring progress 5. Follow-up Ethical issues regarding Pre-Assessment Correct Answer: Before you conduct an assessment you must ask this critical question: Who has the Authority, Permission, Resources, & Skills to complete an assessment & intervene with the bx? Indirect Measures Correct Answer: Interviews Checklists -not as reliable -used as a supplement -starts the hypotheses development process Direct Measures Correct Answer: Provide information about a person's bx as it occurs. PREFERRED CHOICE over indirect measures. Tests Direct Observation 4 Ways to Acquire Information for Assessment Correct Answer: COIT (Come On, It's Theory) Checklists Observation Interviews Tests Checklists Correct Answer: AKA: Behavior Checklists Likert scales. Alone or with interview & rating scales. Asks about antecedent & consequences of the target bxs. Observation Correct Answer: AKA: Direct Observation Direct & repeated in the natural environment. Identifies potential target bxs. Preferred method!! Anecdotal Observation Correct Answer: AKA: ABC Recording Basic form of direct observation. Requires total attention of observer for at least 20-30 minutes continuously. Only record what is observable & measurable. Carry out for several days so reactivity effects can decrease. Interviews Correct Answer: AKA: Structured Behavioral Interviews First step in identifying list of bxs. Tests Correct Answer: AKA: Standardized Tests Ecological Assessment Correct Answer: A great deal of information is gathered about the individual & the various settings in which that individual lives & works. Reactivity Correct Answer: The effects of the assessment process on the bx of the individual being assessed. -Most likely when observation methods are obtrusive. -effects are usually temporary Habilitation Correct Answer: AKA: Adjustment Assesses meaningfulness of change. Occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short & long term reinforcers are maximized & short & long term punishes are minimized. Normalization Correct Answer: AKA: Mainstreaming The belief that people with disabilities should, to the max extent possible, be physically & socially integrated into mainstream society regardless of the degree or type of disability. Behavior Cusps Correct Answer: Bxs that open a person's world to new contingencies. Has sudden & dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself. -Not prerequisite bxs Pivotal Behaviors Correct Answer: A bx that, once learned, produces corresponding modifications or covariations in other adaptive untrained bxs. Relates to tx of people with autism & developmental disorders. Reduces intervention time. Generative Learning Correct Answer: AKA: Derived Relations ABC Continuous Recording Correct Answer: Record occurrence of targeted problem bx & selected environmental events within the natural routine during a specified period of time. Recorded for a min of 20-30 minutes. Advantages of ABC Continuous Recording Correct Answer: -Uses precise measures. -Provides useful contextual info & correlations regarding environmental events & problem bx. -Can provide useful info for later functional analyses. Disadvantages of ABC Continuous Recording Correct Answer: Often, antecedents & consequences do not reliably precede & follow problem bx, making correlations difficult to detect. Scatterplot Correct Answer: Recording the extent to which a target bx occurs more often at particular times than others. Divide day into block of time, & enter a symbol to indicate whether problem bx occurred a lot, some, or not at all. Analyze for patterns to identify temporal distributions of bx & events tat occur at that time. Advantages of Scatterplot Correct Answer: -Identifies time periods when the problem bx occurs. -Useful for pinpointing periods of the day when more focused ABC assessment can be conducted. Disadvantages of Scatterplot Correct Answer: -Subjective -Does not determine function of problem bx -Does not offer any replacement bxs. Indirect FBA Correct Answer: Identifying potential events in the natural setting that correlates with the challenging bx by gathering info from others who know the individual displaying the challenging bx very well via methods such as rating scales, checklists & structured interviews. Advantages of Indirect FBA Correct Answer: Contributes to hypothesis development Simple to use bc they do not require observation. Disadvantages of Indirect FBA Correct Answer: Informants might not be accurate. Little research supports the reliability of info obtained. Best used for hypothesis development Ethical issue regarding assessment being ongoing Correct Answer: You should continue to monitor how effective your interventions are over time. Functions of challenging bx are dynamic & change over time. Definitions are required for replication Correct Answer: Why is defining target bx so important in ABA? 3 Characteristics of Good Operational Definitions Correct Answer: OCC Objective Clear Complete Social Validity Correct Answer: Ethics WARNING! Ensure your assessment & intervention with your client has this Is the person's life changed in a positive & meaningful way? 3 Factors of Social Validity Correct Answer: 1. Social Significance of the goals 2. Social appropriateness of the procedures 3. Social importance of the effects. 2 Procedures for Identifying Effective Reinforcers Correct Answer: 1. Stimulus Preference Assessment 2. Reinforcer Assessment Stimulus Preference Assessment Correct Answer: Identifies stimuli that are likely to function as reinforcers. A variety of procedures used to determine: -Stimuli that a person prefers. -Relative preference value of stimuli. -Conditions under which those preference values change when task demands, deprivation states, or schedules of reinforcement change. 3 Methods of Stimulus Preference Assessment Correct Answer: 1. Asking about stimulus preferences. 2. Free-operant observation. 3. Trial-based methods Asking about stimulus preferences Correct Answer: -Ask the target person -Ask significant others -Offer a pre-task choice Free-Operant Observation Correct Answer: Recording what activities a person engages in when they can choose during a period of unrestricted access to numerous activities. -Contrived -Naturalistic Trial-Based Methods Correct Answer: Stimuli are presented to the learner in a series of trials & the learner's responses to the stimuli are measured as an index of preference. 3 Ways to Measure a Learner's Bx ACE Approach Contact Engagement 3 Types of Trial-Based Methods Correct Answer: 1. Paired Stimulus (AKA: Forced Choice) 2. Multiple Stimulus 3. Single Stimulus (AKA: Successive Choice) Paired Stimulus Correct Answer: Simultaneous presentation of 2 stimuli. Observer records which of the 2 stimuli the learner chooses. Takes more time because every pair of stimuli must be presented. Multiple Stimulus Correct Answer: Simultaneous presentation of an array of 3 or more stimuli. Reduces assessment time. 2 variations: 1. Multiple Stimulus WITH Replacement 2. Multiple Stimulus WITHOUT Replacement Multiple Stimulus WITH Replacement Correct Answer: The item chosen remains in the array & the items not chosen are replaced with new items. Multiple Stimulus WITHOUT Replacement Correct Answer: The chosen item is removed from the array, the order or placement of the remaining items is rearranged & the next trial begins. Single Stimulus Correct Answer: AKA: Successive Choice Most basic method for assessing preference. Well suited for individuals who have hard time selecting among 2 or more stimuli. Stimuli presented one at a time in random order & the person's reaction to each stimulus is recorded. Reinforcer Assessment Correct Answer: A variety of direct, data based methods used to present one or more stimuli contingent on a target response & then measuring the future effects on the rate of responding. Used to determine the relative effects of a given stimulus as reinforcement. Concurrent Schedules Reinforcer Assessment Correct Answer: Two or more contingencies of reinforcement operating independently & simultaneously for 2 or more bxs. Think MATCHING LAW Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Assessment Correct Answer: Presenting 2 or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response, with only one component schedule in effect at any given time. Progressive-Ratio Schedule Reinforcer Assessment Correct Answer: Provides a framework for assessing the relative effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcement as response requirements increase. Requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time independent of the participant's bx. Punisher Assessment Correct Answer: Conducted by measuring negative verbalizations, avoidance movements & escape attempts associated with each potential punishing stimulus. Data used to develop a hypothesis on the relative effectiveness of each stimulus change as a punisher. Experimental Control Correct Answer: AKA: Functional Relations; Analysis; Control When a predictable change in bx can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the individual's environment. 4 Important elements of Behavior Correct Answer: Behavior is INDIVIDUAL Alternating Txs Withdrawal Multiple Baseline Design Correct Answer: Most widely used design. Highly flexible. Staggered implementation of the intervention in a step-wise fashion across bxs, settings & subjects. Do not have a withdraw tx 2 Variations of Multiple Baseline Design Correct Answer: 1. Multiple Probe Design 2. Delayed Multiple Baseline Design Multiple Probe Design Correct Answer: Analyzes relation between the IV & acquisition of skill sequences. Probes provide basis for determining if bx change has occurred prior to intervention. Delayed Multiple Baseline Design Correct Answer: Initial baseline & intervention begin & subsequent baselines are added in a delayed or staggered fashion. Guidelines for Multiple Baseline Design Correct Answer: 1. Select independent, yet functionally similar baselines. 2. Select concurrent & plausibly related multiple baselines. 3. Do not apply the IV to the next bx too soon. 4. Vary significantly the lengths of multiple baselines. 5. Intervene on the most stable baseline first. Advantages of Multiple Baseline Design Correct Answer: -Successful intervention does not have to be removed. -Evaluates generalization. -Easy to implement. Disadvantages of Multiple Baseline Design Correct Answer: -Functional relationship is NOT directly shown. -No information regarding function of target bx. -IV may be delayed -Takes resources to implement properly. Changing Criterion Design Correct Answer: Initial baseline is followed by a series of tx phases consisting of successive & gradually changing criteria for reinforcement of punishment. -ONLY one behavior in this design. -Bx has to already be in individual's repertoire. -Evaluates tx that is applied or step-wise fashion. Guidelines for Changing Criterion Design Correct Answer: 1. Length of phases -each phase must be long enough to achieve stable responding 2. Magnitude of criterion changes -the size of the changes between each criterion should vary -large enough to be detected 3. Number of criterion changes -the more criterion changes, the better proof of experimental control Advantages of Changing Criterion Design Correct Answer: -Does not require reversal -Enables an experimental analysis within the context of a gradually improving bx Disadvantages of Changing Criterion Design Correct Answer: -Target bx must already be in the student's repertoire. -Not appropriate for analyzing the effects of a shaping program. -NOT a comparison design. Reversal Design Correct Answer: Any experimental design in which the researcher reverses responding to a level obtained in a previous condition. -IV is withdrawn or reversed in its focus. -Alternation between baseline & a particular intervention. -Each reversal strengthens experimental control. -For reversal to occur, bx must approximate the level during baseline. -MOST POWERFUL WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGN 5 Variations of A-B-A-B Design Correct Answer: 1. Repeated Reversals 2. B-A-B Reversals 3. Multiple Treatment Designs 4. NCR Reversal Technique 5. DRO/DRI/DRA Reversal Technique B-A-B Reversals Correct Answer: 3-phase reversal design Weaker than the A-B-A design because it does not enable assessment of the effects of the IV during baseline. -Best design for severe & dangerous bx. -Appropriate for when IV is already in place. Sequence Effects Correct Answer: Effects on a subject's bx in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition. Multiple Treatments Design Correct Answer: A type of reversal design that compares 2 or more IVs are compared to baseline &/or to one another. Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) Reversal Treatment Correct Answer: Experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using NCR as a CONTROL condition instead of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided. Allows us to examine contingent reinforcement. Reinforcer is presented on a fixed or variable time schedule independent of the subject's bx. DRO/DRI/DRA Reversal Design Correct Answer: Experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using DRO, DRA, or DRI as a CONTROL condition INSTEAD of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided. -Allows us to examine contingent reinforcement. Advantages of Reversal Design Correct Answer: -Clear demonstration of the existence or absence of a functional relation between the IV & DV. -Enables us to count the amount of bx change. -Return to baseline tells us we need to program for maintenance. Disadvantage of Reversal Design Correct Answer: -Irreversibility. -Ethical Issues can arise when you REMOVE an effective IV. Irreversibility Correct Answer: The level of bx observed in an earlier phase cannot be reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase. Alternating Treatments Design Correct Answer: AKA: Simultaneous Treatment Design, Concurrent Schedules Design, Alternating Treatments Design, Multi-Element Baseline Design, Multi-Element Design, Multiple Schedules Design (SCAMMM) Experimental design in which 2 or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding & the differential effects on the target bx are noted. -Compares 2 or more IVs to one another to see which IV would be best -Based on stimulus Discrimination -Each IV, data are plotted separately on the same graph 3 Variations of Alternating Treatments Design Correct Answer: 1. Single phase without baseline 2. With baseline 3. With baseline & final best treatment phase 3 Problems avoided by Alternating Treatments Design Correct Answer: ISU Irreversibility Sequence Effects Unstable Data Advantages of Alternating Treatments Design Correct Answer: -Does not require tx withdrawal. -Speedy comparison. -Minimizes irreversibility. -Minimizes sequence effects. -Can be used with unstable data. -Used to assess generalization of effects. -Intervention can begin immediately without baseline data. Disadvantages of Alternating Treatments Design Correct Answer: -Multiple treatment interference. -Limited capacity of the design (max 4 conditions) Withdrawal Design Correct Answer: Some authors use this design to describe experiments based on A- B-A-B analysis -Used to describe experiments in which an effective tx is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of bx changes. 2 Types of validity in experimental designs Correct Answer: 1. Internal Validity Temporal Extent Correct Answer: When the DURATION of bx can be measured. Every instance of bx occurs during some amount of time. Only one type of measure: Duration 2 Methods for Calculating Duration Correct Answer: 1. Total Duration Per Session 2. Duration-Per-Occurrence Total Duration Per Session Correct Answer: Cumulative amount of time a person engages in the target bx in the total session. Duration-Per-Occurrence Correct Answer: Duration of time that each instance of the behavior occurs. Temporal Locus Correct Answer: Measuring the TIME at which behaviors occurs. Examines when an instance of behavior occurs with respect to other events. 2 Types of measures: 1. Response Latency (AKA: Latency) 2. Interresponse Time (IRT) 2 Derivative Measures Correct Answer: Percentage Trials-to-Criterion Percentage Correct Answer: Ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities, such as count. Express the proportional quantity of some event in terms of the number of times the event occurred per 100 opportunities that the event could have occurred. Advantage of Percentage Correct Answer: -Used when one wants to document percentage of correct responses. Disadvantages of Percentage Correct Answer: -Does NOT have a dimensional value. -Imposes lower & upper limits on the data. -One cannot use to record proficiency or fluency. Trials-to-Criterion Correct Answer: A measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance criteria. -Often used to compare the relative efficiency of 2 more treatments. -Useful for assessing a learner's increasing competence in acquiring a related class of concepts. 2 Definitional Measures Correct Answer: Topography Magnitude Topography Correct Answer: Form or shape of the response. Used when the form of the behavior is critical. Magnitude Correct Answer: AKA: Force/Intensity/Severity Continuous Measurement Procedures Correct Answer: Measurement conducted in a manner such that ALL instances of the response class of interest are detected during the observation period. Advantages of Continuous Measurement Correct Answer: Useful for bxs that: -are free operants -have a discrete beginning & end -require minimal displacement of the organism in time/space -can be emitted at any time -do not require much time for completion Disadvantages of Continuous Measurement Correct Answer: Not useful for bxs that: -occur at high rates -are measured via discrete trials -occur for extended period of time -are opportunity-based Discontinuous Measurement Procedures Correct Answer: Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class of interest may NOT be detected. Advantages of Discontinuous Measurement Correct Answer: Useful for bxs that: -occur at high rates -occur for long durations of time -are measured via discrete trials -are measured via percentage Disadvantages of Discontinuous Measurement Correct Answer: Not useful for bxs that: -are free operant -it is important to obtain every occurrence of that bx -require constant attending by observer 3 Procedures for Measuring Bx Correct Answer: ETT Event Recording Time Time Sampling Event Recording Correct Answer: Methods to record the number of times a response occurs. Advantages of Event Recording Correct Answer: -Fairly accurate method. -Simple to implement; you can do this while engaging in other activities. -Great t use with free operant bxs Disadvantage of Event Recording Correct Answer: -Do not use when responses occur at very high rates, continuous bxs, &/or DTT data. Timing Correct Answer: Used to measure -Duration -Response Latency -Interresponse Time (IRT) Time Sampling Correct Answer: AKA: Interval Recording Variety of methods for recording bx during intervals or at specific moments in time. Gives us an approximation of the actual instances of bx. Advantage of Time Sampling Correct Answer: -Great for recording continuous &/or high rate bxs. Disadvantage of Time Sampling Correct Answer: -Do NOT use when you want to record certain important, but fairly infrequent bxs. Continuous Bxs Correct Answer: Bxs that do NOT have a clear beginning & ending. 3 Forms of Time Sampling Correct Answer: WPM Whole Interval Recording Partial Interval Recording Momentary Time Sampling Used for continuous bx or high rate bx Whole Interval Recording Correct Answer: UNDERestimates the rate of bx. Best for measuring bx you want to INCREASE. Whole Interval Recording Correct Answer: At the end of interval, record whether the target bx occurred THROUGHOUT the interval. Partial Interval Recording Correct Answer: OVERestimates the rate of bx. Best for measuring bx you want to DECREASE. Partial Interval Recording Correct Answer: At the end of interval, record whether the target bx occurred AT ANY TIME during the interval. Momentary Time Sampling Correct Answer: OVER- or UNDERestimates or NEITHER Momentary Time Sampling Correct Answer: At the end of the interval, record whether the target bx occurred AT THE END of that time interval. -reported at PERCENTAGE -used to estimate the proportion of the total observation period that the bx occurred. Advantage of Momentary Time Sampling Correct Answer: -You do NOT have to continuously measure throughout the entire interval Disadvantage of Momentary Time Sampling Correct Answer: -Much of the bx of interest is missed or unaccounted. Planned Activity Check Correct Answer: AKA: PLACHECK -Calculated by # of intervals both recorded occurrence divided by # of intervals AT LEAST ONE recorded occurrence x100 Unscored Interval IOA Correct Answer: Minimizes the effects of chance agreements for interval data on bx that occur at very high or very lower rates. Only considers intervals in which either or both observers recorded a non-occurrence of bx. -Calculated by # of intervals both recorders recorded NON-OCCURRENCE divided by # of intervals AT LEAST ONE recorded NON-OCCURRENCE X100 minimum of 20% of sessions Correct Answer: How often should IOA be obtained? narrative description table graphic display Correct Answer: How should IOA be reported? The closer to 100% the better, no less than 80%. Correct Answer: What are acceptable IOA scores? Data Correct Answer: Results of measurement. Empirical basis for decision-making. Graphs Correct Answer: Visual format for displaying data. Reveals relations among & between a series of measurements & relevant variables. Helps people make sense of quantitative information. 3 Purposes of Graphs Correct Answer: CAID Communicate: communicates our data Asses: helps us to assess data correctly IV/DV: shows how the DV & IV are related to one another 5 Benefit of Graphs Correct Answer: 1. Immediate picture of an individual's bx. 2. Allows you to explore interesting variations in bx as they are occurring. 3. Judgmental aid to help you interpret the results of a study or treatment. 4. A conservative method for determining the significance of bx change, because a bx change that is statistically significant may not look impressive on a graph. 5. Independent judgment & evaluation of the data. 5 Types of ABA Graphs Correct Answer: LBCSS Line Graphs Bar Graphs Cumulative Records Semilogarithmic Charts Scatter Plots Equal-Interval Graphs Correct Answer: AKA: Arithmetic Charts; Add-Subtract Charts Graphs in which the distance between any 2 consecutive points on BOTH the x-axis & y-axis is always the same. Line Graphs Bar Graphs Cumulative Records Scatter Plots Line Graphs Correct Answer: AKA: Frequency Polygons Most common graphs in ABA. Use a balanced ratio between the height & width of the axes. Y-axis should be shorter than x-axis. Each point on a line graph shows the level of some quantifiable dimension of the DV in relation to the IV. Comparing data points lets us examine level, trend, & variability. Horizontal Axis Correct Answer: AKA: X-axis or Abscissa Represents passage of time & the presence, absence, or value of the IV. Left to right passing of time in EQUAL INTERVALS. Utilize a scale break to represent discontinuities in time. Vertical Axis Correct Answer: AKA: Y-axis or Ordinate Represents full range of values of the DV. Scaling of this axis is really important to see changes in the level, trend & variability in data. Origin Correct Answer: Intersection of the horizontal & vertical axis. Usually represents the zero value of the DV. Should be marked at zero. Condition Change Lines Correct Answer: Vertical lines drawn upward from x-axis to show points in time at which changes in the IV occurred. Solid Lines = major changes Dashed Lines = minor changes Condition Labels Correct Answer: A label, written at the top & parallel to the x-axs, that describes experimental conditions in effect during each phase of research. Data Points Correct Answer: Has 2 meanings: 1. A quantifiable measure of the target bx recorded during a given observation period. 2. The time &/or experimental conditions under which that particular measurement was conducted. Different symbols are used to show more than one set of data on the graph. Data Path Correct Answer: Connects successive data points with a straight line. Illustrates level & trend of bx between 2 consecutive data points. The data path should be examined to interpret graphs. Figure Caption Correct Answer: Concise statement that provides information to identify the IV & DV. Also explains symbols used & unplanned event. Printed below graph. When data points should not be connected Correct Answer: 1. Data points fall on either side of a condition change line. 2. Time has passed & the bx was not measured. 3. There was a discontinuity in time on the x-axis. 4. Data were not collected, lost, etc. 5. Follow-up or post-check data. Line Graph Vairations Correct Answer: -2 or more DIMENSIONS of the SAME bx -2 or more different BXs -Measure of the same bx under DIFFERENT CONDITIONS -Changing VALUES of the IV -Same bx of 2 or MORE PARTICIPANTS Bar Graphs Correct Answer: AKA: Histograms Similar to the line graph. NO distinct data points representing successive response measures through time! Does NOT allow for analysis of variability & trend in bx. Use when: -displaying separate sets of data that ARE NOT related to one another. -summarizing performance within a condition or a group of individuals Cumulative Records Correct Answer: Developed by Skinner to record data in EAB research in 1957. Called Cumulative Recorder. Enables subject to draw his own graph. Keep adding on responses during each observation period to the total number of all previously recorded responses. The y-axis value represents the total number of responses recorded since the very start of data collection. 2 Types of Cumulative Record Response Rates Correct Answer: 1. Overall Response Rate 2. Local Response Rate Overall Response Rate Correct Answer: An average rate of response over a given time period, such as during a specific session or phase in a study. Local Response Rate Correct Answer: Rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall response rate has been given. Semilogarithmic Charts Correct Answer: AKA: Ratio Chart; Multiply-Divide Chart Looks at bx change through PROPORTIONAL or RELATIVE change. Graphs in which one axis is scaled proportionally. Overall result = a new response class 2 Types of Shaping Methods Correct Answer: 1. ACROSS Response Topographies 2. WITHIN Response Topographies Shaping ACROSS Response Topographies Correct Answer: Topography of bx changes during shaping. Bxs are still m members of the same response class. Shaping WITHIN Response Topographies Correct Answer: Topography of bx remains constant. Another measurable dimension of bx is changed. Behavior Chain Correct Answer: A specific sequence of discrete responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition, where each response & associated stimulus condition serve as an individual component of the chain. When the components are linked together, they produce a terminal outcome. 3 Important Characteristics of a Behavior Chain Correct Answer: 1. Performance of a specific set of discrete responses. 2. The performance of each response changes the environment in such a way that it produces conditioned reinforcement for the preceding response & an SD for the next response. 3. The response in the chain must be completed in the correct order, usually close in time. Behavior Chain with Limited Hold Correct Answer: The chain must be performed correctly & within a certain time. Accuracy & rate are essential dimensions. Benefits of Chaining Correct Answer: -Increases independent living skills so that individuals can function more independently in society. -Elaborates an individual's current behavioral repertoires. Task Analysis Correct Answer: Required to implement the chaining procedure. Breaking complex skills into smaller, teachable units, the product of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps. -Individualized to the person according to age, skill level, disability, & prior experience. Single Opportunity Task Analysis Correct Answer: Designed to assess an individual's ability to perform each bx in the task analysis in correct sequence. -More conservative method bc assessment stops at the first step at which performance ceases. -Quicker to conduct. Multiple Opportunity Task Analysis Correct Answer: Evaluates the individual's baseline level of mastery across all behaviors in the task analysis. If a step is performed incorrectly, out of sequence, or the time limit for the step is exceeded, the behavior analyst completes that step for the individual & then prompts the learner to do the next step. -Takes more time to complete. -Provides more information about steps the individual has mastered or with what exactly he/she needs additional help. -Increases the likelihood of learning taking place during the assessment. 4 Bx Chaining Methods Correct Answer: Forward Chaining Total-Task Chaining Backward Chaining Backward Chaining with Leaps Ahead Forward Chaining Correct Answer: Behaviors identified in the task analysis are taught in their naturally occurring order. Training the first link, the second link, the third link, etc. The individual will not proceed to step 2 until the first step is mastered. Once the first step is mastered, the learner will be required to complete steps 1 & 2 in order to earn reinforcement. Total-Task Chaining Correct Answer: A procedure in which every step in the task analysis is taught to the individual during every session. Considered a variation of forward chaining. Each step the individual is unable to perform independently is trained until he/she is able to perform all the responses in the correct order. Graduated guidance or physical promoting is used. Backward Chaining Correct Answer: A procedure in which the trainer completes all the initial steps except for the last step. The individual is taught to complete the last step. The first bx the individual performs independently produces the terminal reinforcement. Backward Chaining with Leaps Ahead Correct Answer: Same protocol as the backward chain, but not every step in the task analysis is trained. Some steps are simply probed. If the step is already in the individual's behavioral repertoire, it does not need to be trained & one can simply LEAP AHEAD over that step. Purpose: to decrease total training time needed to learn the chain. Breaking Behavior Chains Correct Answer: A method designed to lessen bx by unlinking one element of the chain from the next so that one link no longer serves as discriminative stimulus for the next link, nor as a conditioned reinforcer for the prior link. Can occur with desirable & undesirable. Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy (BCIS) Correct Answer: Relies on an individual's ability to perform the critical steps of the chain independently, but the chain is interrupted at a predetermined step so that another behavior can be emitted. Differential Reinforcement Correct Answer: Involves 2 parts: 1. Reinforcement contingent on: -occurrence of a bx other than the challenging bx -challenging bx occurring at a reduced rate 2. Withholding Reinforcement for the challenging bx as much as possible Extremely popular & effective strategy 6 Types of Differential Reinforcement Correct Answer: HI LOAD Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Responding (DRH) Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL) Differential Reinforcement of Other Bx (DRO) Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Bx (DRA) Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates of Responding (DRD) Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) Correct Answer: A procedure in which bx cannot be emitted simultaneously with the challenging bx. The bx being differentially reinforced & bx on ext are mutually exclusive response classes. Sub-type of DRA Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) Correct Answer: A procedure in which one reinforces occurrence of bx that provides a desirable alternative to the problem bx; not necessarily bx incompatible with it. Alternative bx & challenging bx are part of the same response class, meaning that the alternative bx will result in the same consequence as the challenging bx & thus will compete successfully bc it makes the challenging bx ineffective. Differential Reinforcement of Other Bx (DRO) Correct Answer: A procedure in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the challenging bx. Reinforcers are received when challenging bx has NOT been displayed during or at certain time periods. Interval DRO Correct Answer: A sub-type of DRO in which a reinforcer is provides following an interval of time throughout which challenging bx did not occur. If the challenging bx does occur, the interval is reset. -very effective at decreasing challenging bx -more popular than momentary DROs Fixed-interval DRO (FI-DRO) Correct Answer: An interval of time is established & if the challenging bx does not occur during that interval, the individual earns reinforcement at the end of that interval. As bx improves, intervals should increase gradually. Variable-interval DRO (VI-DRO) Correct Answer: A variable of time is established & if the challenging bx does not occur during that interval, the individual earns reinforcement at the end of that interval. Momentary DRO Correct Answer: A sub-type of DRO in which a reinforcer is provided following an interval of time ONLY if the challenging bx is not occurring AT THE END OF THAT INTERVAL. -very effective at maintaining the decrease of challenging bxs. Task Analysis Correct Answer: Required to implement the chaining procedure. Breaking complex skills into smaller, teachable units, the product of which is a series of sequentially ordered steps. -Individualized to the person according to age, skill level, disability, & prior experience. Single Opportunity Task Analysis Correct Answer: Designed to assess an individual's ability to perform each bx in the task analysis in correct sequence. -More conservative method bc assessment stops at the first step at which performance ceases. -Quicker to conduct. Multiple Opportunity Task Analysis Correct Answer: Evaluates the individual's baseline level of mastery across all behaviors in the task analysis. If a step is performed incorrectly, out of sequence, or the time limit for the step is exceeded, the behavior analyst completes that step for the individual & then prompts the learner to do the next step. -Takes more time to complete. -Provides more information about steps the individual has mastered or with what exactly he/she needs additional help. -Increases the likelihood of learning taking place during the assessment. 4 Bx Chaining Methods Correct Answer: Forward Chaining Total-Task Chaining Backward Chaining Backward Chaining with Leaps Ahead Forward Chaining Correct Answer: Behaviors identified in the task analysis are taught in their naturally occurring order. Training the first link, the second link, the third link, etc. The individual will not proceed to step 2 until the first step is mastered. Once the first step is mastered, the learner will be required to complete steps 1 & 2 in order to earn reinforcement. Total-Task Chaining Correct Answer: A procedure in which every step in the task analysis is taught to the individual during every session. Considered a variation of forward chaining. Each step the individual is unable to perform independently is trained until he/she is able to perform all the responses in the correct order. Graduated guidance or physical promoting is used. Backward Chaining Correct Answer: A procedure in which the trainer completes all the initial steps except for the last step. The individual is taught to complete the last step. The first bx the individual performs independently produces the terminal reinforcement. Backward Chaining with Leaps Ahead Correct Answer: Same protocol as the backward chain, but not every step in the task analysis is trained. Some steps are simply probed. If the step is already in the individual's behavioral repertoire, it does not need to be trained & one can simply LEAP AHEAD over that step. Purpose: to decrease total training time needed to learn the chain. Breaking Behavior Chains Correct Answer: A method designed to lessen bx by unlinking one element of the chain from the next so that one link no longer serves as discriminative stimulus for the next link, nor as a conditioned reinforcer for the prior link. Can occur with desirable & undesirable. Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy (BCIS) Correct Answer: Relies on an individual's ability to perform the critical steps of the chain independently, but the chain is interrupted at a predetermined step so that another behavior can be emitted. Differential Reinforcement Correct Answer: Involves 2 parts: 1. Reinforcement contingent on: -occurrence of a bx other than the challenging bx -challenging bx occurring at a reduced rate 2. Withholding Reinforcement for the challenging bx as much as possible Extremely popular & effective strategy Contingency Contract Correct Answer: A procedure in which a contract is developed collaboratively that stipulates a certain contingency for an individual between a bx & a reinforcer. Used in treatment packages. Can lead to self-management of bx. 3 Components of Contingency Contracts Correct Answer: BRD Behavior (description of bx) Reward (description of reward) Data (bx data) Token Economy Correct Answer: AKA: Token System A contingency package that includes 3 parts: 1. Specified list of responses to reinforce. 2. Tokens for exhibiting the specified responses. 3. Back-up reinforcers that can be purchased with the token. Effectiveness of tokens as reinforcers depends upon the power of the back up reinforcers. Response cost is used. Tokens are generalized conditioned reinforcers. Often used as a transition between primary & naturally occurring secondary reinforcers. Group Contingencies Correct Answer: A common consequence is contingent on the bx of: -1 member of the group, OR -part of the group, OR -all individuals in the group. Can save time. Can be more practical to implement that an individual contingency. Takes advantage of the influence of peers. Disadvantage if peer pressure is involved. Dependent Group Contingency Correct Answer: AKA: Hero Procedure The group's reinforcer is dependent on the bx of an individual or small group of individuals. The goal is to make a hero out of the person(s) by ensuring he/she will meet the criterion for reinforcement for the entire group. Independent Group Contingency Correct Answer: All members of a group are offered a contingency, but only the individuals who meet the contingency earn the reinforcement. Interdependent Group Contingency Correct Answer: In order for the group to earn reinforcement, all of the individuals in a group must meet the criterion of the established contingency. Various methods: -Total group meets criterion -Group average meets criterion -Good Behavior Game -Good Student Game Self-Management Correct Answer: AKA: Self-Control Employment of behavior analytic interventions to the bx of oneself. Requires the desired change in the bx. Antecedent-Based Self-Management Tactics Correct Answer: AKA: Environmental Planning; Situational Inducement Primary feature is the manipulation of events of stimuli antecedent to the target bx. 1. Manipulating MOs 2. Providing Response Prompts 3. Performing Initial Steps of a Behavior Chain 4. Removing Materials Required for an Undesired Bx 5. Limiting Undesired Bx to Restricted Stimulus Conditions 6. Dedicating a Specific Environment for a Bx Self-Monitoring Correct Answer: AKA: Self-Recording; Self-Observation Procedure in which a person observes his/her own bx systematically & records occurrence or nonoccurrence of bx. Originally used for assessment: -For bxs only client could observe & record. -Became a major therapeutic intervention bc of reactive effects. Difficult to isolate self-monitoring as a procedure; usually entails other contingencies. A published ABA instructional methodology that involves a. a carefully designed curriculum b. teaching in small groups c. fast-paced teaching d. scripts e. signals & choral responding f. applying specific techniques for correcting & preventing errors Believes ALL children can learn. 6 Guiding Principles of Direct Instruction Correct Answer: 1. Carefully Design Curriculum 2. Teaching in Small Group 3. Fast-Paced Teaching 4. Scripts 5. Signals & Choral Responding 6. Applying Specific Techniques for Correcting & Preventing Errors Precision Teaching (PT) Correct Answer: Founder: Ogden Lindsley A formal, individualized ABA instructional method that emphasizes rate building, charting of performance, & designing & implementing teaching that reinforces the emission of each specific behavior under all conditions in which it is expected to occur. Not utilized alone, but with other strategies. 4 Guiding Principles of Precision Teaching Correct Answer: 1. The student is always right. 2. Directly observable bx. 3. Rate/Fluency 4. Standard Celeration Chart Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) Correct Answer: AKA: The Keller Plan Founder: Fred Keller, 1963 An ABA instructional methodology characterized by self-pacing, use of proctors, unit mastery, emphasis on the written word, & motivational lectures Initially created for college classrooms, but since expanded to other levels 5 Guiding Principles of Personalized System of Instruction Correct Answer: 1. "Personalized"/Self-Pacing 2. Unit Mastery 3. Written Materials 4. Proctors 5. Lectures used as Reinforcers/Role of the Professor Controlling Response Correct Answer: is the self-management bx Controlled Response Correct Answer: is the target bx one desires to alter Response Differentiation Correct Answer: The process of differential reinforcement produces __________. 4 Ways to Create Procedural Integrity System Correct Answer: STMR Specify: clearly specify what staff must do to implement the plan. Train: train staff on procedures using competency- & performance-based strategies. Monitor: routinely monitor staff performance. Reinforce: reinforce correct performance. Competency-Based Training Correct Answer: 1. A precise DESCRIPTION of the skill to be taught. 2. A brief WRITTEN description of the skills to be taught. 3. DEMONSTRATION 4. VIDEO MODELS 5. Practice and learn through ROLE-PLAY. 6. A trainer to OBSERVE the individual performing the skill. "REHEARSAL" 7. Provide immediate, positively-minded performance FEEDBACK. 8. REPEAT Protocol for Providing Feedback Correct Answer: 1. Start with a positive empathetic statement. 2. Identify skills performed correctly. 3. Identify skills performed incorrectly. 4. Specify how to change or improve performance problems. 5. Allow individual to ask questions. 6. Describe what should be done next. 7. End with a positive & supportive statement. Systematic Performance Monitoring Correct Answer: How supervisors can ensure that their staff is carrying out the procedures as intended. Involves systematic data collection in order to provide objective performance measurement. Ensures staff will receive feedback more openly. 4 Ways to Effectively Monitor Staff Performance Correct Answer: IF OF Inform: inform staff they are being monitored & WHY! Friendly: be friendly, polite, & courteous to staff. Overt: monitor staff overtly, as covert monitoring brings negative feelings. Feedback: the feedback should be given to staff ASAP Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale Correct Answer: Evaluations system that uses narrative description, incident reporting, & measurable ratings. Score is based on descriptive information as well as quantitative measurement, feedback is specific & less judgmental. 4 Essential Components of a Behavior Support Plan Correct Answer: BACE BEHAVIORS: specification of bxs for increase & bxs for decrease. ANTECEDENTS: clearly identified CONSEQUENCES: description of what to do when target bx occurs. ENVIRONMENTAL SET-UPS (AKA: Preventative Procedures, Proactive Strategies, Setting Events): setting up the environment to prevent or reduce challenging bx.