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BDS Modules: B.5-B.11 Questions With Tailored
Solutions
To make the application of punishment procedures more effective, a behavior analyst should Correct Ans - all of the above conduct a functional behavioral assessment to identify the reinforcers maintaining the behavior to be reduced select functionally-effective aversive consequences consistently reinforce acceptable alternatives to the behaviors to which punishment contingencies are applied Punishment procedures may be clinically indicated when Correct Ans
- all of the above treating severe or life threatening behavior non-aversive intervention is failing to maintain safety reinforcers maintain problem behavior cannot be controlled Negative punishment involves Correct Ans - the contingent removal of reinforcing stimuli to make the application of punishment procedures more effective, a behavior analyst should Correct Ans - select functionally-effective aversive consequences punishment has been shown to be more effective at reducing problem behavior when reinforcement is Correct Ans - provided for functional alternatives in problem behavior
Punishment has been shown to be more effective at reducing problem behavior when reinforcement is Correct Ans - all of the above provided for functional alternatives to problem behavior similar to that which maintains the problem behavior withheld for the response targeted for punishment Punishment should be administered Correct Ans - immediately and consistently punishment procedures may be clinically indicated when Correct Ans
- treating severe or life-threatening problem behavior Positive punishment should be administered Correct Ans - at the highest intensity planned to be used from the beginning. positive punishment involves Correct Ans - the contingent presentation of aversive stimuli reprimands should only be used if Correct Ans - the child normally receives adequate attention for other behavior Just as reinforcers can lose their effect through satiation, punishers can lose their effect as the individual habituates to (i.e., grow tolerant of) the aversive stimulation produced by the punisher. This effect can be overcome by Correct Ans - varying the aversive stimuli used as punishers Especially at first, punishment should be administered on a/an Correct Ans - FR Ethical considerations and procedural safeguards for using timeout include Correct Ans - all of the above
For response cost and timeout procedures, Correct Ans - use the minimum time/cost found to be effective Guidelines for the effective implementation of timeout include Correct Ans - all of the above requiring appropriate behavior before ending a timeout consistent implementation avoidance of explanations when giving a timeout When a child is starting to behave inappropriately, a verbal warning about the timeout contingency is Correct Ans - appropriate if the behavior has not yet met the criterion for implementing timeout Timeout is probably not appropriate if Correct Ans - all of the above problem behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement problem behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement implementing it causes significant risk of harm to the client or caregiver When delivering a negative punishment, the authority figure should Correct Ans - be calm and factual Research supported guidelines for exclusion timeout duration include Correct Ans - 1-10 minutes Ethical considerations and procedural safeguards for using timeout include Correct Ans - obtaining administrative approval and informed consent
To improve the effectiveness of a timeout procedure, you can Correct Ans - role-play the contingency or use guided practice Some research in applied settings shows that for timeout, overcorrection, and restraint Correct Ans - shorter durations are as effective as longer durations Before using timeout, Correct Ans - ensure the natural environment is reinforcing Guidelines for effective use of response cost include Correct Ans - avoidance Practices that nay contribute to the effectiveness of punishment procedures include Correct Ans - Delivering the punisher early in the behavior chain establishing a clear SDP using a variety of punishers reducing the MO for the problem behavior maintaining the overall level of reinforcement Research in applied settings show that for the magnitude of response cost fines Correct Ans - minimal fines are as effective as harsh fines Shifting from a continuous to an intermittent schedule of punishment Correct Ans - can be appropriate if the problem behavior has been reduced to an acceptable level and extinction can be used for the problem behavior
While alone in the shower, Bogart liked to practice whistling. When learning a new tune, he whistled some notes that sounded bad and did not fit with the melody. As he continued to practice, however, he was less likely to produce those wrong notes. With respect to whistling those notes, this is Correct Ans - automatic punishment When a child took cookies out of a cookie jar without permission, the mother took bakc the cookies and sent the child to time out. As a result, when the mother is home the child is less likely to take cookies without permission. This is an example of Correct Ans - socially mediated punishment Reinforcement and punishment contingencies can be Correct Ans - socially mediated Reinforcement and punishment contingencies can be Correct Ans - direct or indirect automatic socially mediated Direct contingencies are those that are Correct Ans - automatic and the result of the performer's behavior The effectiveness of a conditioned reinforcer is determined by the Correct Ans - current MO for the unconditioned reinforcer Generalized conditioned reinforcers are Correct Ans - exemplified by money Generalized conditioned reinforcers Correct Ans - all of the above enable the same reinforcer to be given to individuals with different preferences
do not always require a backup reinforcer are likely to be reinforcing any time, even long after the behavior has been reinforced Generalized conditioned reinforcers Correct Ans - do not depend on a current MO for a particular reinforcer to be effective An effective conditioned reinforcer may be established by pairing a previously neutral or ineffective stimulus with Correct Ans - all of the above a primary or previously established secondary reinforcer preferred food items activities that the client engages in at high rates An effective conditioned reinforcer may be established by pairing a previously neutral or ineffective stimulus with Correct Ans - a primary and previously established secondary reinforcer Sexual stimulation is Correct Ans - a reinforcer due to an organism's phylogeny an unconditioned reinforcer a primary reinforcer What best exemplifies an unconditioned positive reinforcer? Correct Ans - skin temperature change from 50 degrees to 70 degrees Upon arriving at the clinic, John already responded to "good" as a reinforcer. The BCBA therefore knew that "good" could be used in
backed up by primary or secondary reinforcers Which is a primary reinforcer? Correct Ans - water shelter sleep Unconditioned reinforcement Correct Ans - is reinforcement that requires no prior conditioning of reinforcing stimuli Which is a primary reinforcer? Correct Ans - processed foods Many token systems include the removal of tokens if problem behavior occurs. When this contingeny was imposed on Tom, both academic and problem behaviors decreased. Staff concluded that the effect was due to Correct Ans - contingent negative punishment When an abusive master walks into a room, the dog stop wagging his tail. Cessation of wagging may be the result of Correct Ans - conditioned punishment Every time an abusive master walks into a room, the dog walks out. The dog walking out is likely maintained by Correct Ans - negative reinforcement Maddy disclosed a personal issue in group therapy and John told everyone about it later. in the next group session, the counselor noted that Maddy was unusually quiet. The counselor was seeing response suppression due to Correct Ans - conditioned punishment Conditioned punishment Correct Ans - requires a previous learning history
Because of a learner's history with the aversive consequences associated with particular stimuli, these stimuli Correct Ans - can suppress behavior in the absence of the actual aversive stimuli A dog barks and his abusive master sharply strikes its nose. The dog's frequency of barking decreases. The decrease in barking is likely the result of Correct Ans - unconditioned punishment Amanda squirts the cat with water and says, "No!" when he jumps on the kitchen counter. Amanda hopes that the water will function as Correct Ans - an unconditioned punisher Unconditioned punishment refers to Correct Ans - punishment that requires no prior conditioned of punishing stimuli A child's self-injury results in a contingent loss of points, but the rate of self-injury has not changed. the loss of points exemplifies Correct Ans
- a neutral event Tom's token system includes earning tokens for his academic behaviors and the removal of tokens contingent upon problem behaviors. Staff concluded that the increase in Tom's academic behaviors was due to Correct Ans - conditioned reinforcement Unconditioned punishment Correct Ans - requires no previously learned Amanda squirts the cat with water and shouts "Moo!" when he jumps on the kitchen counter. Amanda hopes that the "Moo!" will acquire the function of Correct Ans - a conditioned punisher A schedule in which reinforcement varies around a specific average number of responses is a Correct Ans - Variable Ratio
Basic schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - variable ratio (VR) A schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after a set number of responses is a Correct Ans - fixed ratio (FR) Responding under which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by a high, steady rate, with a post-reinforcement pause? Correct Ans - Fixed Ratio (FR) Responding under which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by a post-reinforcement pause and an increasing rate as the end of the interval approaches? Correct Ans - Fixed Interval (FI) A child always receives a token for the first correct response after a two-minute timer sounds. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Correct Ans - Fixed interval (FI) Basic schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - fixed ratio (FR) A child receives a token after an AVERAGE of every third question answered correctly. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Correct Ans - VR 3 Basic schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - Variable Interval (VI) After every third question is answered correctly, reinforcement is delivered. Which schedule of reinforcement is this? Correct Ans - FR 3
Reinforcement is provided following the first response after a period of time, where the duration of the period of time varies around a specific average is Correct Ans - variable interval (VI) Reinforcement provided following the first response after a set length of time is Correct Ans - fixed interval (FI) Basic schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - Fixed Interval (FI) CRF is best for increasing or stabilizing behavior Correct Ans - but intermittent is best for maintaining behavior change You want to get a new behavior occurring at a high rate and then make the behavior resistant to extinction. Which schedules of reinforcement would be best? Correct Ans - FR1, VR 3, VR 8 Intermittent schedule of reinforcement means that Correct Ans - some but not all responses are reinforced To increase the rate of responding the fastest, use a Correct Ans - FR 1 schedule Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by an increase in responding at the end of the interval? Correct Ans - FI A planned probability that a behavior will be reinforced Correct Ans
- is a schedule of reinforcement "Break-and-run" responding is characteristic of which schedule of reinforcement Correct Ans - FR Reinforcement provided for the first response after a period of time, where the period of time varies around a specific average is Correct Ans - Variable interval
Continuous reinforcement means that reinforcement is Correct Ans - provided after each response selling cookies door to door will most likely be reinforced Correct Ans
- a VR schedule variable schedules of reinforcement are characterized by Correct Ans
- steady, continuous responding simple or basic schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - FR, FI, VR, VI complex or compound schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - CRF alternating with extinction compound schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - sequence of simple schedules When using a photographic schedule to complete instructional tasks, a child frequently engages in time-consuming conversations with their teacher. In an effort to reduce this off-task behavior, their teacher implemented an interval schedule for some of the tasks, so that adults were limited to acknowledging social bids on a 5 minutes variable interval schedule (VI5). After the teacher implementes conversation with nearby peers, who respond to almost every social bid. With respect to social bids, this is a Correct Ans - concurrent schedule While using a photographic schedule to complete instructional tasks, a child frequently engages in conversation with the teacher, which often prevents them from finishing the schedule before lunch. To address this behavioral excess, each day the teacher color codes the sequence of pages in an arbitrary order: when the photo is on a green background, any social bid will be reinforced, when it is on red, bids will only be reinforced after the child has been on task for an average of 5 minutes. With respect to social bids, this is a Correct Ans - multiple
The components of a compound schedule are presented successively, so that reinforcement is only delivered after the requirements of the final component have been met. This arrangement is a Correct Ans - chained Compound schedules of reinforcement inlcude Correct Ans - sequence on simple schedules Compound schedules of reinforcement include Correct Ans - all of the above simultaneous schedules fixed interval schedules combined with extinction sequences of simple schedules The arrangement in which two or more basic reinforcement schedules operate successively and in a particular order, and each is correlated with a distinct discriminative stimulus is called a Correct Ans - chained The arrangement in which two or more basic reinforcement schedules operate successively and in random order and each correlate with distinct discriminative stimuli is called a Correct Ans - multiple A child would cry and tell when vocally asked to stop an instructional activity and begin another. Rather than delivering vocal instructions, then, the teacher presented the sequence of tasks as a photographic schedule, featuring a favorite toy in the final picture. As a result the child successfully transitioned from one task to the next without protest. With respect to task completion, an activity schedule is a Correct Ans - chained
Undoing an unconditioned stimulus/conditioned stimulus (i.e., US/CS) pairing Correct Ans - all of the above alters the function of the CS will reduce responding to the CS describes respondent extinction when using extinction, it helps to Correct Ans - withhold reinforcement consistently undoing an unconditioned stimulus/conditioned stimulus pairing (in other words, presenting the CS in absence of the US) Correct Ans - describes respondent extinction Extinction will be more rapid with a behavior that has been maintained by Correct Ans - a continuous schedule of reinforcement which will occasion new or variable behaviors Correct Ans - extinction with no access to the maintaining behavior self-injury has been nearly eliminated through extinction. A new staff person inadvertently reinforces it Correct Ans - expect an increase that might be difficult to reverse a boy teases a sibling because it provokes an angry response. an appropriate extinction procedure might involve Correct Ans - teaching the sibling to walk away extinction Correct Ans - is a behavior reduction procedure
if sensory stimulation to the hand reinforces hand-mouthing, having the individual wear a bulky mitt would Correct Ans - not be extinction if the mitt as the mitt does not fit in the mouth months after having been traumatized outside your apartment, you stop having an emotional response when you walk toward it. This exemplifies Correct Ans - respondent extinction respondent extinction will occur over time when Correct Ans - the bell rings without the presentation of food operant extinction occurs when Correct Ans - a reinforcing consequence is withheld which describes "spontaneous recovery" Correct Ans - An extinguished behavior suddenly returns without being reinforced. spontaneous recovery is Correct Ans - all of the above behavior can be extinguished by Correct Ans - planned ignoring you are hit by a pitch while playing baseball. Subsequently you experience anxiety when it is your turn to bat. Respondent extinction would be likely to occur if you Correct Ans - have multiple times at bat without being hit planned ignoring is extinction Correct Ans - if attention is the maintained reinforcer Which is true? Correct Ans - An extinguished behavior can suddenly return without being reinforced spontaneous recovery is Correct Ans - the re-emergence of behavior during extinction
