Bio 117 Exam 3 Study Guide Questions with Complete Solutions, Exams of Biology

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Bio 117 Exam 3 Study Guide Questions with Complete Solutions

1.In a tube within a tube body plan, what is the interior tube derived from?: - endoderm 2.Fungi spend most of their life feeding. Considering a typical mushroom, which is the longest lived component of this life cycle?: The haploid mycelium 3.Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?: It enables the internal organs to move independently of the outer tubes, or exterior of the animal 4.The basic bilaterian body form plan can be thought of as simply?: a tube within a tube 5.The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the?: spore 6.What is meant by the term somite?: A block of mesodermal tissue that gives rise to muscles, bone, and skin 7.Propose an experiment to test the hypothesis that cells from only one region of a frog blastula form the ectoderm. What results from this experiment would support this hypothesis?: Cells from a variety of locations in many frog blastulas could be labeled with a dye. The

2 / 23 position of these cells could be assessed relative to the blastocoel, which is displaced to one side of the embryo. The descendants of these labeled cells could be followed through stages of development. If cells from only one location came to cover the outside of the embryo and contributed to structures normally formed by the ectoderm, then the hypothesis would be supported. 8.Which of the following statements regarding animal development are cor- rect?: The neural tube forms after the ectoderm folds inward. Animals have three germ layers. 9.Which of the following is an example of homology (similarity due to common ancestry)?: cnidocytes (stinging cells) in jellyfish and sea anemones 10.What synapomorphy (shared, derived trait) distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates?: multicellularity 11.What happens during cleavage?: The cytoplasm of the zygote is divided into many different cells called blastomeres. By the end of cleavage, the embryo is called a blastula, which is a ball of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel.

3 / 23 12.What happens during gastrulation?: the embryo is called a gastrula. In this stage, cells undergo dramatic rearrangement, forming the embryonic germ layers and other structures, such as the blastopore. Once gastrulation is complete, the major body axes of the embryo (anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral) are visible. 13.What happens during organogenesis?: the three embryonic germ layers develop into the rudiments of organs. Structures such as the notochord, the neural tube, and somites form. Somite cells undergo differentiation, giving rise to different body tissues and organs, including the skeleton, muscles, and skin. 14.Tissue and organ formation begins during the process of organogenesis. Which five of the following statements are true about organogenesis in a frog embryo?: Some somite cells migrate to other locations in the developing embryo. Somites form along the length of the notochord and neural tube. The neural tube forms from the ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system. The notochord does not persist in adult frogs. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the frog's digestive tract. 15.In sea urchins, the process of fertilization produces a(n)?: zygote 16.What is the cortical reaction?: the formation of a fertilization

4 / 23 envelope that bars additional sperm from entry into the egg 17.As cleavage continues, a zygote forms into a solid multicellular ball called a(n)?: morula 18.Several hours after fertilization, cleavage results in the formation of a hollow ball of cells called a?: blastula 19.The three-layered embryo is the?: gastrula 20.The eventually develops into the sea urchin's digestive tract.: - archenteron 21.During gastrulation, invagination occurs at the .: blastopore 22.In vertebrates, the ectoderm gives rise to the?: outer layer of skin 23.During gastrulation in frogs, a rod of mesoderm under the dorsal surface forms the .: notochord 24.During gastrulation in frogs, cells from the animal pole spread over the embryo and form the .: ectoderm 25.The notochord functions as a core around which mesodermal cells form the frog's .: backbone 26.An ectodermal thickening above the frog's notochord forms a .: neur- al plate 27.The is(are) formed when the neural folds join and a portion of the

5 / 23 neural plate sinks beneath the embryo's surface.: neural tube 28.The enlarged anterior portion of the neural tube will develop into a frog's .: brain 29.The posterior portion of the neural tube will develop into the frog's .- : spinal cord 30.In animal development, which of the following best describes the process of cleavage?: mitosis 31.What are the cells created by cleavage called?: blastomeres 32.Which of the following are the three germ layers contained in the gastru- la?: Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 33.Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)?: grastula 34.What happens to a cell during the process of differentiation?: It undergoes a change toward a more specialized form or function. 35.A child is born without a fully developed pancreas. He is normal in all other respects, and thus doctors believe that the problem most likely began early in development. During which of the following processes did the original error most likely occur?: endoderm formation

6 / 23 36.True or false? Early animal development progresses through distinct stages: first the production of the zygote through fertilization, then cleavage, then the formation of the gastrula, and then the formation of the blastula.: false 37.Which of the following statements regarding animal development is not accurate?: The neural tube forms after organogenesis is complete. 38.In which environment are you most likely to find animals that employ uric acid as their primary form of nitrogenous waste?: desert 39.Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is produced.: - more concentrated urine 40.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the permeable to water.: collect- ing duct 41.Which of these organisms is not matched to the main type of nitrogenous waste it excretes? Marine fishes ammonia Terrestrial insects uric acid Reptiles uric acid Freshwater fishes ammon:iaMarine fishes ammonia 42.What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the nephron?:

7 / 23 It increases water permeability of the collecting duct. 43.Which of the following statements is true?: The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates. 44.What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?: the nephron 45.Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron?: Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct 46.What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpus- cle?: Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule. 47.Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part?: Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle. 48.In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created?: loop of Henle. 49.Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hor- mone ADH on the nephron?: ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under

8 / 23 conditions of dehydration. 50.The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as .: filtration 51.The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as .: secretion 52.Which of these is reabsorbed from filtrate?: all of these ( sodium chloride, glucose, water, amino acids.) 53.As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes concentrated than the filtrate, so leaves the filtrate.: - more ... water 54.The most abundant solute in urine is .: urea (and other nitrogenous wastes) 55.Glucose is removed from filtrate by .: active transport 56.What is the function of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH?: To signal the inser- tion of aquaporins in the collecting duct, promoting the reabsorption of water 57.What is the function of the Loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys?: To create the kidney's osmotic gradient that permits the reabsorption of water and various solutes

9 / 23 58.Why must marine bony fishes drink large amounts of seawater?: Marine bony fishes are osmoregulators living in a hyperosmotic environment. 59.Which of the following proteins is ultimately responsible for forming gra- dients that favor the reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients in the proximal tubule?: Na+/K+-ATPase 60.Movement of chloride across the apical membranes mainly constitutes what form of transport?: primary active transport 61.Which of the following would result if a vertebrate ingested the toxin ouabain, which poisons Na+/K+-ATPase and renders it inactive?: Urine volume would increase, and there would be glucose present in the urine. 62.Which of the following accurately describes the reason that water is reab- sorbed in the proximal tubule?: Transport of molecules from the pre- urine, into the tubule epithelial cells, then into the interstitial fluid and blood creates an osmotic gradient favoring water to follow the molecules by osmosis. 63.Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are .: isosmotic

10 / 23 64.A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in freshwater would likely show that it died because .: it was so hypertonic to the freshwater that it could not osmoregulate 65.Compare and contrast the types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by ani- mals. Identify which type can be excreted with the least water.: uric acid 66.Which is most toxic?: ammonia 67.Which waste is excreted by bony fishes, by mammals, and by insects?: - bony fishes- ammonia mammals-urea insects-uric acid 68.Which type would you expect to be produced by embryos inside eggs laid on land?: uric acid 69.Which of the following organisms would lose the most water by osmosis across its gills?: marine bony fish 70.The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature

11 / 23 of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because .: differential perme- abilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient 71.The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment: isoosmotic; saltwater 72.Salmon and sea bass are useful for studies of the role of the gills in osmoregulation in fishes because .: they live in freshwater and in seawater at different life history stages 73.Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?: insects and birds 74.The force driving simple diffusion is , while the energy source for active transport is .: the concentration gradient; ATP 75.Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?- : Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. 76.Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the follow- ing processes?: selective reabsorption 77.One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What other waste product(s) accumulate during normal physiological functions in

12 / 23 vertebrates? I. ammonia II. uric acid III. urea: I, II, and III 78.Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include .: lots of freshwater flowing across the gills of a fish 79.Which of these scenarios would be an example of adaptation instead of just acclimation?: A runner's hometown is Denver, at high elevation where there is a lower level of oxygen. His family has lived there for many generations. In his body, hemoglobin binds oxygen more efficiently in his blood. 80.True or False: The increase in red blood cell count in tourists visiting Tibet is an example of acclimatization.: true 81.Which of the following is an experimental observation that demonstrates that spermatophore production involves a trade-off for male crickets?: Simu- lating bacterial infection in males led to smaller gelatinous masses, so females would eat the masses more quickly and receive fewer sperm.

13 / 23 82.How is the time frame of adaptation different from acclimatization?: Adap- tation occurs over years to eons, while acclimatization occurs with a change in season. 83.How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?: Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. 84.Which of these describes loose connective tissue?: It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. 85.Cartilage is found .: at the ends of bones such as the femur

86. is the connective tissue specialized for transport.: Blood 87.What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?: stratified epithelium 88.What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?- : simple columnar epithelium 89.Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?: simple squamous epithelium 90.What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?: simple cuboidal cells 91.What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?: smooth muscle

14 / 23 92.Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of fibers.: branched

93. muscle is attached to bones.: Skeletal 94.A neuron consists of .: dendrites, a cell body, and axons 95.Nervous tissue functions .: to sense stimuli 96.To move your arm, which tissue types would be directly required?: Skeletal muscle, dense connective tissue, supporting connective tissue 97.Predict whether salamanders that lack lungs and breathe entirely through their skin are small or large compared to salamanders that have lungs. Explain your reasoning.: Lungless salamanders that breathe through their skin are all small compared to salamanders with lungs. Their surface area to volume ratios are high enough that gas exchange across the skin can support the salamanders' metabolism. 98.Flattening, folding, and branching are structural adaptations that result in which of the following?: Increased efficiency in the exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, and other dissolved substances across biological membranes. 99.If a mouse has a mass-specific metabolic rate that is 10 times higher than an elephant, what does that tell you about food needs of a mouse?:

15 / 23 Relative to body mass, mice will eat much more food per day.

100. Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?: Regulatory homeostasis.
101. Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?: Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.
102. True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.: true
103. Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory informa- tion to a target value?: Integrator
104. Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?: Sensor
105. Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?: Shiv- ering
106. Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback re- sponse?: After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

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107. Which of the following is an advantage that ectotherms have over en- dotherms of the same size?: They require much less food.
108. Explain why most endotherms are homeothermic and most ectotherms are poikilothermic.: Endotherms generate much of their body heat metabolically, they can adjust the amount of heat produced to maintain their body temperature near the set point. Ectotherms cannot produce much heat metabolically, so their body temperatures will decline when ambient temperatures go down and will rise when ambient tem- peratures go up or when they can bask in the sun.
109. Which two terms apply to most mammals?: Endotherm and homeotherm
110. What is the function of a circulatory system?: It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.
111. Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?: The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

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112. True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a low- er-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.: false
113. What is the function of the left ventricle?: It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.
114. Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?: Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
115. Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole?: The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
116. Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?: The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
117. Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?: a decrease in pH
118. Together, the respiratory and circulatory systems function to supply tissues with the required to complete cellular respiration while removing the produced as a by-product of this

18 / 23 process.: oxy- gen; carbon dioxide

119. Blood returns to the heart via the .: pulmonary veins
120. From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the .: left atrium
121. From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the .: right atrium
122. From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the .: inferior vena cava
123. Which of the following does not promote oxygen release from hemoglo- bin?: A decrease in temperature
124. Explain how each parameter in Fick's law of diffusion is reflected in the structure of the mammalian lung.: 1. Lungs increase the temperature of the air and are moist to allow greater solubility of gases. ( increasing k )target 1 of 4 2.The epithelium of alveoli is thin. ( small D )target 2 of 4 3.Constant delivery of deoxygenated blood to alveoli maintains a steep partial pressure gradient, favoring diffusion of oxygen into the body. ( P P1 is high )target 3 of 4

19 / 23 4.Alveoli present a large surface area. ( large A )

125. Frog lungs have a smaller relative surface area for gas exchange than mammalian lungs. How do frogs compensate for this difference?: Frogs also obtain oxygen via diffusion across the skin.
126. True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut.: true
127. True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.: false
128. Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood?: Alveolus
129. Which barrier(s) must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs?: epithelial cells. extracellular fluid. capillary wall.
130. True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemo- globin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues.: false
131. How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs?: As bicarbonate ions (HCO3 ).
132. Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin

20 / 23 interac- tion is true?: The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules.

133. Mo st carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs .- : as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
134. By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from be- coming too .: acidic
135. In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues .: combined with hemoglobin
136. Voice sounds are produced by the .: larynx
137. The primary functions of the are to warm, filter, and humidify air.: nasal cavity
138. Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans .: would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
139. An increase in blood carbon dioxide content causes hemoglobin to

21 / 23 .: release more oxygen molecules

140. Fick's law of diffusion describes the factors that influence the diffusion of respiratory gases across biological membranes like gills and lungs. Diffusion rate = k × A × (P 2 - P 1)/D. Natural selection is LEAST likely to act upon which variable in Fick's law?: k
141. To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross .: five membranes: into and out of the cell lining the lung, into and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin
142. Urea is .: the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
143. Which of following is NOT a way that closed circulatory systems use to move the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues?- : All of these are methods used to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
144. Which of the following statements regarding surface area and volume in animals are correct?: A chihuahua has a higher surface area to volume ratio than a great dane. As an animal grows, its volume

22 / 23 increases more rapidly than its surface area.

145. For each of the following, explain how structure relates to function: absorptive sections of the digestive tract; capillaries; beaks of Galapagos finches; fish gills.: Beaks of Galapagos finches have sizes and shapes that corre- late with the type of food each species eats. Absorptive sections have many folds and projections that increase their surface area. Fish gills contain thin, flattened structures with a large surface area, which facilitates the exchange of gases and wastes. Capillaries have a high surface area because they are thin and highly branched, making the exchange of substances more rapid.
146. Tissues functioning together make up .: organs
147. During cleavage, the number of cells , while the size of individual cells .: increases; decreases
148. Which of the following provides the best example of the adaptive rela- tionship between form and function?: Rabbit species native to hot regions have longer limbs and ears than those native to cold regions
149. During gastrulation, : three germ

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150. Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tis- sue layers during .: gastrulation
151. Gastrulation is an important event in early embryonic development. Which of the following is NOT a result of gastrulation?: the formation of spe- cialized adult tissues
152. Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of .: water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills
153. Th e large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates .- : absorption
154. Cytoplasmic determinants help organize what aspect of the embryo?: - body axes
155. What is present in arterioles that is NOT present in capillaries?: circular smooth muscle cells