BIO 121 FINAL EXAMS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS, Exams of Nursing

Download BIO 121 FINAL EXAMS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 121 FINAL EXAMS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED RATIONALES ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024 ALREADY GRADED A+ GUARANTEED PASS 100% If you start with one nucleus containing 46 chromosomes at the end of one round of mitosis, how many nuclei will there be? How many chromosomes will there be per nucleus? Two nuclei & 46 chromosomes each Where are the two chromatids of a chromosome attached to each other? At the centromere What are homologous chromosomes? Chromosomes with the same genes in the same order In meiosis, when does synapsis occur? In prophase I Which of the following is the most common for a human male? XX or XY? XY One nucleus contains 14 chromosomes prior to meiosis. After meiosis is completed, how many nuclei are there and how many chromosomes per nucleus are there? There are 4 nuclei after complete meiosis and 7 chromosomes per nucleus Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that... Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Meiosis and fertilization are part of the life cycle of what kinds of organisms? All sexually reproducing organisms Two dice are rolled simultaneously; what are the chances that both will show 6? 1/36 To get this you square the 6 Which process is responsible for the fact that any one chromosome you contribute to a gamete is a mix of chromosomes from your two parents? The process of crossing over The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many genetically different gametes. What is the major reason for this? Different possible arrangements of chromosomes early in meiosis An organism that is homozygous for a particular gene has what? Has two copies of the same allele of that gene The allele for red flowers is dominant while the allele for white flowers is recessive. You have a red- flowered plant of unknown genotype. You perform a test cross and about half of the F1 progeny are red and about half are white. What is the genotype of the red-flowered parent? By crossing Rr x rr you get half Rr and half rr The answer is Rr What are the chances of a carrier homozygous recessive and a homozygous not afflicted couple having a baby with cystic fibrosis? By crossing Cc x CC you get... CC: 50% Cc: 50% indicating that the chance of this couple having a baby with the disease is 0% You cross a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant, and all the F1 individuals have pink flowers. You can conclude: Incomplete dominance A man was born with 6 fingers on each hand and 6 toes on each foot. His wife and their daughter have the normal number of digits. Extra digits is a dominant trait. What fraction of this couple's children would be expected to have extra digits? 50% of their children will be expected to have this trait In the pedigree on the test, does alkaptonuria appear to be caused by a dominant allele or by a recessive allele, or is there not enough information to determine whether the disorder is recessively or dominantly inherited? This trait is caused by a recessive allele Consider the locus that codes for carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells. What is an example of codominance? IAIB What causes Down Syndrome? An error during meiosis What kinds of herbal teas are there? Bergamot Jasmine Chamomile Echinacea Hibiscus Mint When does the witch hazel plant flower? In the fall What is proven about house plants? People who live around house plants have a mortality rate x12 lower than those who don't live with plants How are plants incorporated into dinners? Meat: animals ate plants Herbs and spices Potato, beans, peas, carrots How do developing countries use plants? Food, shelter, tools, ceremony, fire, toys What is true about Southern Mexico? 80% of their thoughts are about plants What is a summary of our use of plants? We rely on hundreds of species of plants Food: direct and indirect Plants: clean up contaminants Medicine Oxygen: from photosynthesis What are annuals? Biennials? Perennials? Annuals: complete their life cycle in a year or less (seed, seeding, plant within a year) Biennials: require two growing seasons Perennials: live for many years (shrubs, trees) In plants, what do shoots rely on? Water and minerals absorbed by the root system In plants, what do roots rely on? Sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system What are apical meristems? Perpetually embryonic, located at the tips of roots and shoots and in the axillary buds of shoots A dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip What is primary growth? When apical meristems elongate shoots and roots (growth in length) growth occurs just behind the root tip, root tip covered by a root cap (protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil What are nodes? Where branches from off of stems What are internodes? In-between nodes on the stem What is the vascular cambium? A meristem that produces secondary growth that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem What is the cork cambium? A meristem that produces secondary growth and replaces the epidermis with cork, which is thicker and tougher What is secondary growth? Growth in diameter The secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium Characteristic of gymnosperms Secondary xylem accumulates as what? Wood, and consists of cells that carry or carried water, and fibers. -early wood, formed in the spring, has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery -late wood, formed in late summer, has thick walled cells and contributes more to stem support What are the functions of modified stems? Asexual reproduction & store food and water On a cactus, stems are flattened and photosynthetic functioning like what? Functioning like leaves What is a rhizome? An underground stem, more or less horizontal; leafy shoot and roots sprout in new location ie: hammonasset marsh What is a stolon? Branches that grow out over the ground; produces roots and shoots in new location Do leaflets have axillary buds? No, the axillary bud only forms where there is a new leaf off of the stem What are some functions of leaves? Tendrils (advantageous bc tendrils grow up towards the sun & avoid predators) Spines (cacti spikes) Floatation devices Store water Bulbs (onion containing leaves surrounding a short stem) Feed and/or house animals Absorption of water (spanish moss via hairs that coat stem) Bud scales Color attracts pollinators Carnivore (traps on plants, i.e. pitcher plant) Asexual reproduction What are stomata? The microscopic holes in the epidermis of leaves that allow gas exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf What are spongy mesophyll? Life cycles with dominant diploid phase Well-developed roots and leaves Flagellated sperm and so they are usually restricted to moist environments Xylem cells are strengthened by what? Lignin and provide structural support Phloem consists of living cells and distributes what? Sugar, amino acids, and other organic products Xylem conducts most of the what? Water and minerals and includes dead cells Evolution of roots Roots are organs that anchor vascular plants they enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients form the soil What are club mosses? Lycophytes, surviving species are small herbaceous plants. Club mosses have vascular tissues and are not true mosses The ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns grew to great heights during what period? The carboniferous period, forming the first forests. The decaying plants of these carboniferous forests eventually became coal Seeds Changed the course of plant evolution; plants that make seeds became the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems A seed consists of a "baby plant" (_____) in a "box" (protective coat) with its "lunch" (nutrients) Embryo What two kinds of plants are there? Gymnosperms: the "naked seed" plants, including conifers Angiosperms: the flowering plants What is common to all seed plants? Reduced haploid phase Two kinds of spores, male and female Ovules Pollen: eliminated the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals Pollen and production of sperm Male spores develop into pollen grains, the male haploid phase Pollination is the transfer of pollen - in gymnosperms, to the vicinity of the ovules - in angiosperms, to the stigma of the flower If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female ovule The evolutionary advantage of seeds A seed develops from the whole ovule Review: a seed contains an embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat Seeds provide an evolutionary advantage over spores: - they may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination What are gymnosperms? Seeds not enclosed by ovaries Three groups: Cycads Ginkgo Conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood Cycads Large cones and palm like leaves Thrived during the mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today Ginkgo biloba A single living species, has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree Conifers By far the largest group of gymnosperms Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round The pine tree is the diploid phase and produces male and female cones Male cones are small and produce pollen grains (haploid phase) The familiar larger cones contain ovules (haploid phase). Ovules, if fertilized become seeds What are angiosperms? Seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits Are the most widespread and diverse of all plants Originated at least 140 million years ago What are monocots? Flowers with 3 or 6 petals What are dicots? Flowers with 4 or 5 petals Coevolution between angiosperms and animals Most flowering plants have adaptations that attract animals that pollinate or disperse seeds Many animals have adaptations that help them find and consume nectar and fruit. Consuming fruit often results in dispersal of seeds by animals Coevolution: the joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other The angiosperm lifecycle The pollen grain is the male haploid phase, produced within the anthers The female haploid phase, the embryo sac, developed within an ovule Pollination In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma pollination can be by wind, water, bee, moth, and butterfly, fly, bird, bat or water Double fertilization Occurs right after one pollen tube discharges two sperm into the ovule One sperm fertilizes the egg Many kinds of plants are asexually reproduced form plant fragments called cuttings A twig or bud can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or variety Stock provides the root system Scion grafter onto the stock What is an example of nutritional quality of plants improving? Golden rice, a GM variety being developed to address vitamin A deficiencies among the world's poor What is the most inclusive category of classification? Domain What cells are smaller than the cells of your body and lack nuclei? Prokaryotic cells What results when there is differential success in survival and reproduction? Evolution What are specialized membrane-bound compartments? Organelles What is a community? Different species living together What are polar covalent bonds? The chemical bonds in a water molecule between oxygen and hydrogen What is nitrogen fixation? Conversion by bacteria, bacteria that may be on the roots of legumes, of a common component of the air into something useful to organisms What is one of the several eukaryotic kingdoms? Fungi What is composting? The stacking up of plant scraps, when you let them rot, and then use the material in the soil around veggies and/or flowers What is an example of science moving forward as a result of a surprise, a discovery that a researcher was not looking for? The discovery of amino acids was a surprise to scientists as they were combining organic molecules found in the surroundings and amino acids formed as a result, proving that they occur spontaneously If you were to design an experiment testing the benefit of a vitamin, half of the participants would be given the vitamin and the _____ group would be given ______ Control & placebo How does science differ from art, religion and philosophy? By limiting its inquiry to the observable and measurable Consider this segment of a food web: snails and grasshoppers eat tomato plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The shrew occupies what trophic level? Secondary and tertiary consumer What are three functions of proteins? Movement (work horses of life) Oxygen carrying Structure What are the main decomposers in an ecosystem? Fungi & bacteria There is mercury in seafood. The seafood having the highest concentrations of mercury are where in the food chain? At the top of the food chain What is one lesson from the pyramid of numbers? Eating grain-fed beef is an inefficient means of obtaining the energy trapped by photosynthesis What is a population? The members of one species that inhabit a particular area at a given time How does carbon in the air get into organic molecules? Photosynthesis If the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere was 300 parts per million (ppm) in 1950 and will be 400 ppm in the year 2020, what percent increase will have taken place? And what is the formula to determine this? Formula: difference/original x 100 100/300 x 100 = 33 What are two ways that carbon is released into the atmosphere? 1. Cellular respiration 2. Burning of wood & fossil fuels What is noteworthy or interesting about the nitrogen cycle? The nitrogen cycle begins with living organisms and their organic states & decomposers break those organisms down once they are dead to turn the nitrogen in them to an inorganic state. Finally, plants take up that nitrogen & return it to an organic state Morphine can dock on a brain receptor normally serving as a dock for a natural brain chemical named endorphin. This best demonstrates what? That shape determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another What is one calorie? The amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of liquid water by 1 degree Celsius Name a chemical functional group Hydroxyl OH Amino NH3 What are the four major groups of large organic molecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids How many molecules of water are needed to completely breakdown a polymer that is 8 monomers long? One molecule less than there are monomers. In this case, 7 molecules Name a disaccharide or name a monosaccharide Disaccharide: lactose- milk sugar Name the storage polysaccharide of plants or the storage polysaccharide of animals Plants: starch Animals: glycogen What is the main idea of using DNA or proteins as "tape measures" of evolution? DNA and proteins are very long and coiled and if unwound could resemble a tape measure. Each amino acid would indicate similarities between organisms over time and creates a lineage of which organisms are closely related to. In which, humans and gorillas are only one amino acid different which tells us that we are not that distantly related in evolutionary time What kinds of bonds do animal lipids have? The nucleus A healthy cell is hypertonic, surrounded by a hypotonic solution. What kind of cell is it most likely? A plant cell Imagine a "U-Tube" shown in class. The water levels are the same in side A and side B prior to pouring some salt into side B. The selectively permeable membrane allows the passage of the solvent but not the passage of the solute. What will happen immediately after the salt, which dissolves easily is poured into side B? Water moves from side A to side B What is active transport? Moves something against its concentration gradient If a paramecium swims from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, what does it's contractile vacuole do? Becomes less active At equilibrium, describe the flow of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane Water moves in both directions across the membranes at equal rates Which of the following molecules cross easily through biological membranes without the help of a protein? Oxygen What happens during cotransport? A membrane protein, a cotransporter, transports two different solutes, one down its concentration gradient and the other against its concentration gradient What is the first law of thermodynamics? Energy cannot be created or destroyed Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. What is an example of potential energy? A brick on the top shelf of a closet What is feedback inhibition? The end product of a metabolic pathway, when abundant, shuts down the metabolic pathway by binding to an enzyme crucial to a step early in the pathway How does ATP generally energize a cellular process? By transferring a phosphate group to another molecule What are some facts about enzyme inhibitors? Have been used by terrorists Are used to kill bacteria Attach to the enzyme changing its shape and blocking the active site If you have two curves on a graph representing the activation energy and one is higher and one is lower, which curve represents the reaction when there is no enzyme to help along the reaction? The curve that is higher, activation energy is higher in this case In a graph measuring optimal temperature for two enzymes, what measurement is on the (Y) axis? Rate of reaction: faster is higher and slower is lower Most enzymes are ____ and names of enzymes end in ____ Proteins & "ase" If electrons are donated to a molecule, the molecule receiving the electrons are...? Reduced remember LEOGER Loss Electron Oxidized Gain Electrons Reduced What are some products of glycolysis? Pyruvate & two ATP per glucose molecule catabolized Most of the ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration is most directly a result of what? A proton gradient made by the electron transport chain What are two facts about ATP synthase? Joins ADP and P to make ATP & is powered by the passage of protons through an enzyme down the protons' concentration gradient Which metabolic process or pathway is common to both fermentation and aerobic respiration? Glycolysis Where do most of the electron carrier (NAD+/NADH) molecules become reduced? In the citric acid cycle Most of the carbon dioxide released during aerobic cellular respiration is released during what? The citric acid (Krebs) cycle What is fermentation used to make? ATP in cells of our leg muscles when we spring starting from resting Beer & yogurt What is endosymbiosis? Name an organelle that is almost certainly of endosymbiotic origin When one organism engulfs another and the organism engulfed lives in the other as they both benefit from the arrangement. Because they both benefit, this gets passed down from generation to generation through evolution. The nucleus if an organelle of endosymbiotic origin Where are the light-harvesting pigments of photosynthesis located? In the thylakoid membrane What is the correct sequence of the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? H2O --> electron transport chain --> NADPH --> sugar/food During the calvin cycle a special enzyme attaches a carbon atom from an inorganic molecule (usually CO2) on to an organic molecule. This process is called _____ and the enzyme that does this is named _____ Carbon fixation & rubisco Why is oxygen given off during photosynthesis? Water molecules are split by an enzyme Light that is visible to humans occupies what part of the electromagnetic spectrum? A small portion in the middle What do the light reactions of photosynthesis produce? NADPH & ATP The enzyme that grabs carbon to add it into an organic molecule during the calvin cycle can also grab ____ if CO2 is scare Oxygen C4 metabolism is primarily a ____ adaptation that reduces _____ Spatial & photorespiration In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in what phase? Prophase What is true of the two chromatids of one chromosome? which of the following groups has the common name club fungi, has complete cross-walls, and includes puffballs, mushrooms, wheat-rust, and smut fungi? Basidiomycota in which of the following groups of fungi are asci contained within within a specialized fruiting structure (ascoma)? (includes molds, parasites such as the Dutch elm disease fungus, and epicurean delights such as morels and truffles) Ascomycota which characteristic does not link the green algae with land plants? protected embryp the plants classified as embryophytes include land plants although the earth is estimated to be 4-5 billion years old, and although life first appeared a little less than 4 billion years ago, land plants did not appear until about ______ years ago. 400-500 million several important adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants to allow the successful colonization of land. which change is not one of those? evolution of a carbohydrate storage molecule which evolutionary adaptation to land is not shared by all land plants? water transport by xylem nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants, most likely because they lack an efficient system for conducting water and minerals a universal feature of the life cycles of land plants is alternation of generations between haploid gametes and diploid sporophytes all land plants produce _____ by mitosis and ____ by meiosis gametes; spores how can nonvascular plants survive without true roots, stems, and leaves? both a and b they are small enough to allow minerals to diffuse through their bodies they live in moist habitats within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the ____, in nonvascular plants it is the ______ sporophyte, gametophyte the ____ are the most ancient surviving land plant lineage liverworts which group has gametophytes that are green, leaflike layers that lie flat on the ground? liverworts which group has a gametophyte that is a branched, filamentous structure and has many species that contain hydroid cells? mosses hornworts are the sister clade to the vascular plants fossil vascular plants can be recognized by the presence of tracheids two hundred million years ago, dinosaurs were Earth's dominant animals, and _____ were Earth's dominant vegetation. gymnosperms which group exhibits basal growth, are sometimes called the scouring rushes because of the silica deposits in their cell walls, and have simple leaves that form distinct whorls around the stem? horsetails which group is not classified as a gymnosperm? anthocerophytes when strolling through a botanical garden, you come upon an area full of plants with cones and needle- like leaves, this section of the botanical garden is dedicated to the conifers which group is characterized by fruits, flowers, endosperms, and highly reduced gametophytes? angiosperms the repeating unit from which the shoots of flowering plants are constructed is called a phytomer grasses and orchids are examples of monocots roses and other broad-leaved flowering plants are examples of eudicots the property of totipotency is important to plants because it enables a plant to repair environmental or herbivore damage in emrbyogenesis, the first mitotic division of the zygote forms two daughter cells that follow different developmental paths during the later stages of plant embryogenesis, as the three tissue systems develop, the shape of the plant changes to express a radial axis and a cylindrical form an organized group of cells with common features, working together as a structural and function unit is a(n) tissue the three tissue systems of a vascular plant, which form during embryogenesis and develop into all plant organs and cell types are the ____ tissue systems dermal, vascular, and ground in all flowering plants, the outer covering, or epidermal layer of cells arises from which tissue system? dermal which specialized structures enable gas exchange and allow water to move in and out of the plant? stomata in addition to permitting gas exchange, stomata allow water to evaporate from plant cells. this suggests that a plant, in order to maximize photosynthesis without dehydrating, would typically keep its stomata open during daylight and closed at night the presence of many _____ in a plant root allows the root to take up large quantities of water and dissolved nutrients root hairs a major function of ground tissue in plants is photosynthesis which type of structure is not composed of ground tissue? xylem collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells differ in that collenchyma cells have unevenly thickened cell walls the vascular system in plants is most analogous to which animal system? genetic screens of mutants suppose that seedless raspberries have been discovered in a mutant screen and commercialized. what plant hormone could be added to the developing fruits to make them grow larger to the normal size of the seeded fruit? gibberilins in promoting normal germination ( and also in brewing, when production of sugars for alcoholic fermentation is desired ) gibberilins mobilize stored foods which part of the grass seedling is sensitive to light? the tip of the coleoptile which sequence represents the correct order of events that cause auxin to move in a polar direction in a plant system? proton pumps in the cell membrane acidify the cell wall space, auxin picks up a proton in the acidic cell wall space, the non-ionized auxin passively diffuses across the cell membrane into the cell, the auxin loses a proton in the more basic cytosol, and the ionized auxin is transported out of the cell by an efflux carrier located only at the base of the cell the movement of auxin in plants is said to be "polar," which means that auxin is primarily transported in only one direction in the plant auxin polar transport goes from shoot tip to root tip auxins are plant hormones that affect cell expansion apical dominance is most strengthened by auxin production it was discovered recently that both auxin and gibberellins have specific protein receptors which, when bound by hormones, inactivate certain gene expression repressors in the nucleus which plant hormone stimulates axillary buds to grow into branches? cytokins a plant's bushiness is promoted by a _____ ratio. low auxin to cytokinin if a mutant plant were created that lacked the receptor for ethylene, its leaves would be unable to undergo abscission in the fall which plant hormone is a gas? ethylene an unripe lemon that is placed in a paper bag with an apple will ripen: its skin will yellow, it will soften, and it will produce the characteristic lemon odor. which plant hormone released by the apple causes this effect? ethylene phototropin is a blue-light receptor all of the following are plant hormones except phytochrome the protein pigment phytochrome is thought to allow plants to detect photoperiod because it can be converted into two different forms, depending on the specific wavelengths of light that it absorbs phytochrome has the capacity to absorb red light absorb far-red light bind to transcription factors act as a protein kinase all of the above auxin and phytochrome resemble each other in that both affect gene expression