BIO 182 ASU EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM 2024: Complete Exam Questions with Verified Answers, Exams of Nursing

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BIO 182 ASU EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM 2024

NEWEST 2 VERSIONS (VERSION A AND

VERSION B) COMPLETE ACCURATE

EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED

VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT

ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+

VERSION A

What is a point mutation (substitution)

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. Most likely to lead to a beneficial new function compared to other mutations.

What is DNA Polymerase and what is its function?

DNA Polymerase is a protein which comes from DNA and reads, copies, and proof reads DNA. If there is a mutation in the DNA the DNA Polymerase would be responsible for not correcting it during proof reading.

What does three nucleotides make?

A codon which would be transcribed from DNA to mRNA and then translate mRNA to an Amino Acid which are combined with other Amino Acids to make a protein.

What is a Insertion mutation (gene)?

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are inserted into a gene. This results in all the nucleotides after that being pushed down the line, completely changing the sequence.

What is a deletion mutation?

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene. This results in the nucleotide sequence being completely messed up.

Mutation rates evolve based on two variables?

Mutation rates evolve according to the benefit of variation and the cost of tinkering with proteins.

True or False #20: In a rapidly changing environment, a population would likely benefit from more frequent mutation.

true

What is a dominant allele?

when one copy of an allele determines the phenotype of the individual

What is a recessive allele?

when two copies of an allele determines the phenotype of the individual

What is a Heterozygous (hybrid)?

what is a silent mutation?

A Silent Mutation is a change in a nucleotide of a codon, but no change in the Amino Acid coded for which doesn't hurt or benefit the protein.

True or False #21: A point mutation in the third position of a codon is more likely to change the structure of the protein synthesized from the gene.

false

Why did the genetic code evolve?

The genetic code evolved to minimize the effect of each mutation on the phenotype.

True/False: Opposition to irrational numbers was based on evidence that such numbers cannot exist.

False; (No direct evidence for or against irrational numbers was used to oppose the idea. A religious belief based on faith was used instead.)

True/False: Opposition to irrational numbers stemmed from a worldview involving naturalistic evolution.

False

what were the ideas of Lamarck

Lamarckism, a theory of evolution based on the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime—such as greater development of an organ or a part through increased use—could be transmitted to their offspring.

How does natural selection operate as a mechanism of evolutionary change?

The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural selection. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the traits to increase in frequency over generations.

Apply the idea of natural selection to understand how populations of bacteria become immune to antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population

Dominant traits are expressed, recessive traits are hidden (unless there is only recessive traits - tt)

What is sex-linked inheritance?

Inheritance that may result from a mutant gene located on either the X- or Y-chromosome.

What is the Chi-square test?

checks whether a distribution is significantly different than an expected or theoretical distribution

What is RNA replication?

RNA replication is the process by which new copies

of genome-length RNAs are made

how do codons work in DNA replication?

one codon (three nucleotides) contains the info for a specific amino acid

What are silent mutations?

have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

What are non-silent mutations?

Nonsynonymous mutations change the protein sequences and are frequently subjected to natural selection

Most organisms share some features like...

Even the most desperate organisms share some features, suggesting that the single, nine random process generated diversity.

True or False #1: biodiversity on earth will likely decrease in the near future.

True! Fingerprints of human activity, spread of an invasive species, Rapid change and global climate, habitat destruction, Deforestation

What are the Three World Views?

1. Natural Evolution - Evolution by natural process2. Theistic Evolution - Evolution guided by God3. Creation - Species created by God

True or False #3: Scientists believe in Evolution even though they currently lack evidence for the theory.

All species created in six days, Earth is 6,000 years old, species fixed, extinctions from catastrophe. Leading Biologist/ Paleontologist who championed this science/theory/belief Georges Cuvier (1769- 1832).

True or False #5: Darwin's worldview when leaving England would best be described as Creationism.

True! Based on the fact that Creationism was the dominant world view at his place and time and that he was studying for religious life.

What did Charles Lyell contribute to science in the context of Darwinian Evolution?

Charles Lyell believed in the old earth ideologies and slow and gradual change. (Old Earth theory - billions and billions of years old)

What do Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell, and Alfred Wallace have in common?

They all believed in natural selection and came up with theories about it.

Darwin's Theory when leaving England? After leaving England?

Darwin abandoned a theory of Creationism for a theory of evolution that better explained his observations about life.

True or False #6: Darwin could not have proposed natural selection without abandoning the idea of creation.

False. Theistic Evolution could have been his world view.

What book did Darwin write?

On the Origin of Species

What are phenotypes?

physical traits

True or False #7: Natural Selection occurs whenever some individuals reproduce more than others.

False! Not the only element that you need. The offspring has to be similar to parents (heritable).

What are the necessary conditions of Natural Selection?

1. Heritable Variation
2. Differences in Reproduction

How does natural selection occur?

Natural Selection occurs whenever heritable phenotypes cause some individuals to reproduce more than others.

True or False: Both Wallace and Darwin adopted a worldview described as either naturalistic evolution or theistic evolution.

True

True or False #8: Artificial selection requires heritable variation in a trait.

True!

What did Darwin breed to display artificial selection?

Pigeons

What does artificial selection do?

Artificial Selection confirms the potential for populations to evolve through natural selection.

True or False #9: Populations stopped evolving after twenty-five generations, likely because no genetic variation in lethal temperature remained.

True

What is Stochasticity?

unpredictable variation

What are the two ingredients are necessary for Natural Selection?

1. Phenotypic Selection - Some phenotypes reproduce more than others.2. Genetic Response - these phenotypes are at least partially heritable.

True or False #9: According to the model of Blending Inheritance, a mom with Red eyes and a Dad with white eyes would produce a mixture of offspring: some with red eyes and some with white eyes.

False, it would be a blend of the two, so pink.

What did Hugo de Vries (1848-1935) contribute to science in the context of Darwinian Evolution?

Hugo de Vries brought up the idea of mutation. New genes could pop-up from mutations to provide the necessary genetic variation for Natural Selection.

What would blending inheritance lead to?

Blending Inheritance would lead to a decrease in genetic diversity/variation. (Not a realistic theory for what is really occurring)

True or False #10: According to the theory of blending inheritance, a mating between a plant that produces round peas and a plant that produces wrinkled peas would result in offspring that produces slightly wrinkled peas.

True

What is genetic variation?

What is codiminance?

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (spotted cows e.g.)

What is probability?

likelihood that a particular event will occur

Will you ever get exactly 75% Dominant phenotype (genotype - AA or Aa) and 25% recessive phenotype (genotype - aa) with a two heterozygote parents (Aa)?

No, because there will always be discrepancy/imperfection is due to random events.

True or False #12: If two heterozygotes mate to produce two offspring, the chance that both offspring are homozygous recessive equals 50%.

False!

What is a P-Value?

The probability of the observed deviation from the what we expect or a greater deviation, when the model is correct. (Due to sampling error not the model, because the model is correct)

What does a statistical test do?

A statistical test estimates the probability of obtaining a certain deviation from predictions based on sampling errors.

1. Why is the yellow pea a dominant allele?
2. Why is the green pea recessive?
3. The yellow pea contains Pheide a Oxygenase (PAO), an enzyme that breaks down green color chlorophyll. And it allows for the production of functional pheide a oxygenase.
4. The green peas are recessive alleles, because they have a nonfunctional pheide a oxygenase that does not break down the green color chlorophyll.

True or False # 13: If a heterozygote (Aa) makes enough enzymes to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygotes (AA) can, these genotypes would have the same phenotypes.

True! In this situation half as much enzymes can still do it, but may take more time. (Enzymes bind to substrate but never are used up)

How does dominance work?

Dominance results from biochemical process involving enzymes associated with the gene.

True or False #14: If a heterozygote (Aa) makes some enzymes, but not enough to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygote (AA) can, all genotypes would have the same phenotype (AA=Aa=aa).

false

True! The males only have one "X" chromosome which means that the mutation on the "X" would be more likely to express the particular allele.

What are sex linked traits in humans?

Example:When the female has recessive alleles and the male has a dominant allele, only female offspring will have the recessive phenotype.

What did Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) do for science?

Fisher put together Mendelian genetics and Darwinian Natural Selection and married the two. He put them together mathematically in a way that argued that you could take alleles that create continuous traits and could cause these traits to evolve by natural selection. Additive Model of Genetics; i.e. Height

True or False #18: A trait with heritability of 25% can evolve more rapidly than trait with a heritability of 50%.

False! Natural Selection requires two things: 1) Phenotypic Selection and 2) Heritability. The more heritability your have the more likely that the trait can evolve.

Thousands of genes contribute to ________ heritable variations?

Effects of many alleles sum to cause continuous heritable variation. (This is why we have the appearance of "blending", because we do inherit a "blend" of different combinations of the hundreds of alleles from our two parents that contribute to one trait.)

What is a trait?

A characteristic of an organism that varies genetically

How do you describe Phenotype?

A description of an organisms appearance or behavior

What is a mutation?

An error in the sequence of nucleotides when copying DNA

What are alleles?

A form of a gene that affects the way the organism looks or behaves

What are genotypes?

A set of alleles that affects the way the organism looks or behaves

How do you describe a Locus?