Download BIO 191 - final exam Multiple Choice Q's 100% Verified and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 191 - final exam Multiple Choice Q's 100% Verified An unlearned behavior directly linked to a stimulus that is carried to completion once initiated and is essentially unchangeable is _____. 1. one that requires parental teaching 2. operant conditioning 3. a conditioned response 4. not species specific 5. a fixed action pattern - ANSWERa fixed action pattern =Fixed action patterns are genetically determined behaviors that are stereotypic and species specific. They are not modified through learning, and they occur independent of prior experience. Animal communication involves what type of sensory input? 1. olfactory 2. tactile 3. visual 4. auditory 5. All of the above are correct. - ANSWERall of the above are correct =All senses are used in varying degrees to communicate with other individuals. A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called _____. 1. imprinting 2. instinct 3. prenatal influence 4. conditioning 5. associative learning - ANSWERimprinting =Imprinting is learning that is limited to a sensitive period in an animal's life and is generally irreversible. Bees can see colors we cannot see, and they can detect minute amounts of chemicals we cannot sense. Unlike many insects, bees cannot hear very well. A biologist would probably give which of the following as the ultimate explanation for their poor hearing? 1. This is an example of altruism. 2. Bees are too small to have functional ears. 3. If a bee could hear, its highly programmed brain would be overwhelmed with information. 4. If bees could hear, the noise of the hive would be overstimulating. 5. Hearing may not contribute much to a bee's reproductive success. - ANSWERhearing may not contribute much to a bee's reproductive success =Either better hearing did not arise in the bee lineage or, if it did, better hearing did not increase reproductive success. Every morning a graduate student turns on the light in the laboratory and then feeds the fish in the aquarium. After a couple of weeks of this routine, the graduate student notices that the fish come to the surface to feed as soon as the lights are turned on. The behavior of the fish is a result of _____. 1. imprinting 2. cognition 3. positive phototaxis 4. classical conditioning 5. instinct - ANSWERclassical conditioning =This is learning to associate an arbitrary stimulus (the light) with reward (the food) or punishment. Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? 1. They are limited to invertebrate animals. 2. They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals. 3. They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 4. Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 5. They are expressed in most individuals in a population. - ANSWERThey are expressed in most individuals in a population. A female zebra finch reared by a father with a red feather taped to his head will select a mate with a similar ornament over an unornamented male. What are plausible ultimate explanations for this behavior (i.e., why it occurs in the context of natural selection)? *SELECT ALL THAT APPLY:* 1. A female zebra finch learns to recognize suitable mates by observing her father. 2. A female zebra finch that chooses a mate that resembles her father is more likely to reproduce successfully. 3. Zebra finches are able to perceive ornamentation on other birds. - ANSWERA female zebra finch that chooses a mate that resembles her father is more likely to reproduce successfully. 1. population density 2. a time interval 3. carrying capacity 4. per capita population growth rate 5. total number of individuals in the population - ANSWERper capita population growth rate =The growth rate of a population is represented by r, which is equal to per capita birth rate minus per capita death rate. The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____. 1. community 2. biotic potential 3. carrying capacity 4. niche 5. survivorship - ANSWERcarrying capacity =Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that a particular environment can comfortably support with little increase or decrease over a relatively long period of time. Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations? 1. interspecific competition 2. predation 3. flooding 4. emigration 5. intraspecific competition - ANSWERflooding =Density-independent factors are unrelated to population size. Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population. 1. zero population growth 2. positive feedback 3. population dynamics 4. negative feedback 5. metapopulations - ANSWERnegative feedback =As populations grow, these factors may act to increase mortality or slow reproduction, thus slowing population growth. Select the correct statement about the global carrying capacity for the human population. 1. The global carrying capacity for the human population is limitless because technological advances allow food supply to keep up with global population growth. 2. It is impossible to calculate the global carrying capacity for the human population. 3. Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita. - ANSWERestimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita =Read about the concept of an ecological footprint, the aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates. A population's carrying capacity __________. 1. generally remains constant over time 2. may change as environmental conditions change 3. can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model 4. increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases 5. can never be exceeded - ANSWERmay change as environmental conditions change According to the logistic growth equation dN/dt=rmaxN(K−N)/K, __________. 1. the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N approaches K 2. population growth is zero when N equals K 3. the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero 4. the population grows exponentially when K is small 5. the birth rate (b) approaches zero as N approaches K - ANSWERpopulation growth is zero when N equals K Which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity? 1. Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances. 2. Moderate levels of disturbance generally act to reduce species diversity within a community. 3. In many biomes, periodic disturbances may eliminate the dominant plants. - ANSWERmany species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances =Some biomes are characterized by periodic natural disturbances, and many species have evolved to cope with or benefit from environmental perturbation. Read about disturbance and terrestrial biomes. Consider a population whose growth over a given time period can be described by the exponential model: dN/dt = rN. Select the correct statement about this population. 1. A population with an r of 0.1 will decrease over time. 2. A population with a positive value of r will grow exponentially. 3. A population with an r of 0 will have no births or deaths during the time period under consideration. - ANSWERA population with a positive value of r will grow exponentially. =If the per capita rate of increase r > 0, the population is growing exponentially. Read about the exponential population growth model. Select the correct statement about the factors that limit the growth of a population. 1. Density-dependent factors are biotic; density-independent factors are abiotic. 2. If a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth. 3. The most important factor limiting population growth is the scarcest factor in that area. - ANSWERif a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth =Once a factor limiting population growth becomes more available to a population, population growth will increase. According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. 1. environmental habitat 2. ecological niche 3. biome 4. territory 5. range - ANSWERecological niche =The competitive exclusion principle states that when the populations of two species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other species. Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship? 1. no effect ... benefit 2. benefit ... harmed 3. benefit ... benefit 4. benefit ... no effect 5. harmed ... harmed - ANSWERbenefit...harmed =The predator eats (a benefit), and the prey is eaten (a harm). the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of: 1. facultative commensalism. 2. resource partitioning. 3. mutualism. 4. Batesian mimicry. 5. character displacement. - ANSWERresource partitioning Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? 1. a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp 2. a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf 3. two species of rattlesnakes that both rattle their tails 4. two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern 5. two species of moths with wing spots that look like an owl's eyes - ANSWERtwo species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? 1. a butterfly that resembles a leaf 2. an insect that resembles a twig 3. a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake 4. a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish 5. a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment - ANSWERa nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? 1. eye color in humans 2. colors of an insect-pollinated flower 3. a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf 4. green color of a plant 5. the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs - ANSWERthe brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? 1. competition 2. parasitism 3. facilitation 4. mutualism 5. commensalism - ANSWERparasitism Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? 1. Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present. 2. Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently. 3. Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community. 4. Interaction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species. 5. Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. - ANSWERinteraction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) 1. herbivore. 2. resource partitioner. 3. pathogen. 4. mutualistic organism. 5. keystone species. - ANSWERkeystone species Which of the following is part of conservation biology? 1. evolutionary biology 2. physiology 3. ecology 4. molecular biology and genetics 5. All of the choices are correct. - ANSWERall of the choices are correct The single greatest current threat to biodiversity is _____. 1. introduced species 2. global warming 3. habitat destruction 4. reduced genetic variability 5. overexploitation - ANSWERhabitat destruction =The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources implicates habitat destruction in 73% of its designations of species as extinct, endangered, vulnerable, and rare. Estimates of current rates of extinction 1. indicate that we have reached a state of stable equilibrium in which speciation rates equal extinction rates. 2. indicate that rates may be greater than the mass extinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period. 3. suggest that one-half of all animal and plant species may be gone by the year 2100. 4. suggest that rates of extinction have decreased globally. 5. indicate that only 1% of all of the species that have ever lived on Earth are still alive. - ANSWERindicate that rates may be greater than the mass extinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis? 1. the incursion of a non-native species 2. high rate of extinction 3. decrease in regional productivity 4. climate change 5. increasing pollution levels - ANSWERhigh rate of extinction Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because 1. the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates. 2. more animals than ever before are going extinct. 3. most current extinctions are caused by introduced species. 4. current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity. 5. None of the options are correct. - ANSWERthe rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that 1. only endangered species are vertebrates. 2. an endangered species is closer to extinction. 3. threatened species are endangered species outside the U.S. borders. 4. endangered species are mainly tropical. 5. a threatened species is closer to extinction. - ANSWERan endangered species is closer to extinction According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is 1. chemical pollution of water and air. 2. global climate change resulting from a variety of human activities. 3. stratospheric ozone depletion. 4. alteration or destruction of the physical habitat. 5. overexploitation of certain species. - ANSWERalteration or destruction of the physical habitat