BIO 200 FINAL EXAM|| 2024 LATEST UPDATE|| CORRECT QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS||100% VERIFIED, Exams of Biology

Download BIO 200 FINAL EXAM|| 2024 LATEST UPDATE|| CORRECT QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS||100% VERIFIED and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 200 FINAL EXAM|| 2024 LATEST UPDATE|| CORRECT QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS||100% VERIFIED Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria exist on the root nodules of legumes and in the soil. b. Ammonification is the process by which ammonium ion (NH4+) is released from decomposing organic compounds. c. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates (NO3-) into nitrogen gas (N2). d. Nitrification is the process by which nitrites (NO2-) are converted to ammonium ion (NH4+). - ANSWER d. Nitrification is the process by which nitrites (NO2-) are converted to ammonium ion (NH4+). The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be... a. single-celled plants b. large animals such as dinosaurs c. insects d. prokaryotes - ANSWER d. prokaryotes Microbial mats... a. are the earliest forms of life on Earth b. all of the above c. obtained their energy and food from hydrothermal vents d. are multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea - ANSWER d. are multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere were a. anaerobic organisms b. hydrothermal organisms c. all of the above d. cyanobacteria - ANSWER d. cyanobacteria The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of.... a. prokaryotic cells b. viruses c. all cells d. eukaryotic cells - ANSWER d. eukaryotic cells Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells? a. bacteria and fungi b. archaea and fungi c. bacteria and archaea d. protists and animals - ANSWER d. protists and animals Plants use carbon dioxide from the air and are therefore called _____. a. producers b. decomposer c. carbon fixers d. consumer - ANSWER a. producers Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____ a. auxotrophs b. chemotrophs c. phototrophs d. lithotrophs - ANSWER b. chemotrophs What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? b. spore c. sporophyte d. sperm - ANSWER c. sporophyte What seedless plant is a renewable source of energy? a. horsetail b. club moss c. sphagnum moss d. fern - ANSWER c. sphagnum moss How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil? a. Mosses fix nitrogen from the air. b. Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen. c. Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil. d. Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen. - ANSWER d. Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen. Which of the following statements is true? a. A basidiocarp is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus. b. Karyogamy results directly in the formation of mycelia. c. A basidium is the fruiting body of a mushroom producing fungus, and it forms four basidiocarps. d. The result of the plasmogamy step is four basidiospores. - ANSWER a. A basidiocarp is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus. Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi? a. chitin b. starch c. glycogen d. cellulose - ANSWER a. chitin Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell? a. chloroplast b. nucleus c. Golgi apparatus d. mitochondrion - ANSWER a. chloroplast The wall dividing individual cells in a fungal filament is called a a. thallus b. hypha c. mycelium d. septum - ANSWER d. septum During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains a. all septated hyphae b. all haploid nuclei c. both mating types d. none of the above - ANSWER c. both mating types The most primitive phylum of fungi is the ________. a. Chytridiomycota b. Ascomycota c. Glomeromycota d. Zygomycota - ANSWER a. Chytridiomycota Members of which phylum establish a successful symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees? a. Ascomycota b. Glomeromycota c. Basidiomycota d. Deuteromycota - ANSWER b. Glomeromycota Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? a. The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. b. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte. c. Sporangia produce haploid spores. d. The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte. - ANSWER b. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte. The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups? a. red algae b. brown algae c. angiosperms d. green algae - ANSWER d. green algae Alternation of generations means that plants produce: a. only haploid multicellular organisms b. only diploid multicellular organisms c. only diploid multicellular organisms with single celled haploid gametes d. both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms - ANSWER d. both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height? a. alternation of generations b. sporopollenin c. waxy cuticle d. tracheids - ANSWER d. tracheids What characteristic of Charales would enable them to survive a dry spell? a. sperm with flagella What type of data is primarily used to determine the existence and appearance of early animal species? a. embryological development data b. morphological data c. molecular data d. fossil data - ANSWER d. fossil data Monotremes include: a. koalas b. platypuses c. bandicoots d. kangaroos - ANSWER b. platypuses The time between 542-488 million years ago marks which period? a. Silurian period b. Ediacaran period c. Cambrian period d. Devonian period - ANSWER c. Cambrian period Which of the following statements about common features of chordates is true? a. Humans are not chordates because humans do not have a tail. b. Vertebrates do not have a notochord at any point in their development; instead, they have a vertebral column. c. The dorsal hollow nerve cord is part of the chordate central nervous system. d. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits become the gills. - ANSWER c. The dorsal hollow nerve cord is part of the chordate central nervous system. Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals? a. specialized tissues b. development into a fixed body plan c. asexual reproduction d. heterotrophic nutrient sourcing - ANSWER c. asexual reproduction Flies are_______. a. hexapods b. chelicerates c. crustaceans d. arachnids - ANSWER a. hexapods Which of the following statements about insects is false? a. Insects have both dorsal and ventral blood vessels. b. Insects have a developed digestive system with a mouth, crop, and intestine. c. Insects have spiracles, openings that allow air to enter. d. The trachea is part of the digestive system. - ANSWER d. The trachea is part of the digestive system. Which of the following statements about the anatomy of a mollusk is false? a. Mollusks have a radula for grinding food. b. The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle. c. A digestive gland is connected to the stomach. d. The digestive system includes a gizzard, a stomach, a digestive gland, and the intestine. - ANSWER d. The digestive system includes a gizzard, a stomach, a digestive gland, and the intestine. Crustaceans are _____. a. parazoans b. ecdysozoans c. nematodes d. arachnids - ANSWER b. ecdysozoans Which of the following statements about diploblasts and triploblasts is false? a. The mesoderm gives rise to the central nervous system. b. Animals that display bilateral symmetry are triploblasts. c. Animals that display radial symmetry are diploblasts. d. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract. - ANSWER a. The mesoderm gives rise to the central nervous system. Which of the following is not an anthropoid? a. lemurs b. humans c. apes d. monkeys - ANSWER a. lemurs Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? a. plant cells b. bacterial cells c. fungal cells - ANSWER d. protist cells The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _____. a. saline b. mesohyl c. blood c. water - ANSWER c. water Which of the following is part of a clade believed to have died out, leaving no descendants? a. Paranthropus robustus b. Australopithecus africanus c. Homo erectus d. Homo sapiens sapiens - ANSWER a. Paranthropus robustus c. vascular tissue d. dermal tissue - ANSWER a. meristematic tissue Which of the following is the major site of photosynthesis? a. apical meristem b. phloem cells c. xylem cells d. ground tissue - ANSWER d. ground tissue Stem regions at which leaves are attached are called ________. a. internodes b. lenticels c. nodes d. trichomes - ANSWER c. nodes Which of the following cell types forms most of the inside of a plant? a. parenchyma cells b. collenchyma cells c. sclerenchyma cells d. meristem cells - ANSWER a. parenchyma cells Tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube cells, and companion cells are components of ________. a. vascular tissue b. dermal tissue c. ground tissue d. meristematic tissue - ANSWER a. vascular tissue. The primary growth of a plant is due to the action of the ________. a. apical meristem b. lateral meristem c. vascular cambium d. cork cambium - ANSWER a. apical meristem Which group of invertebrates is most closely related to vertebrates? a. arthropods b. echinoderms c. cephalochordates d. urochordates - ANSWER c. cephalochordates Until recent discoveries suggested otherwise, animals existing before the Cambrian period were believed to be: a. small and radially symmetrical or asymmetrical b. mobile and ocean-dwelling c. small and soft-bodied d. large and non-motile - ANSWER c. small and soft-bodied The nematode cuticle contains _____. a. glucose b. chitin c. nerve cells d. skin cells - ANSWER b. chitin Members of Chondrichthyes differ from members of Osteichthyes by having a ________. a. bony skeleton b. two sets of paired fins c. jaw d. cartilaginous skeleton - ANSWER d. cartilaginous skeleton Eccrine glands produce ________. a. scents b. sweat c. milk d. lipids - ANSWER b. sweat Which of the following is an example of secondary growth? a. increase in length b. increase in root hairs c. increase in leaf number d. increase in thickness or girth - ANSWER d. increase in thickness or girth Secondary growth in stems is usually seen in ________. a. dicots b. neither monocots nor dicots c. both monocots and dicots d. monocots - ANSWER a. dicots Roots that enable a plant to grow on another plant are called ________. a. prop roots b. aerial roots c. adventitious roots d. epiphytic roots - ANSWER d. epiphytic roots The ________ forces selective uptake of minerals in the root. a. endodermis b. root cap c. pericycle d. epidermis - ANSWER d. epidermis a. hibernation b. turgid c. normal sleep pattern d. estivation - ANSWER d. estivation Which type of epithelial cell is found in glands? a. squamous b. transitional c. cuboidal d. columnar - ANSWER c. cuboidal Which type of connective tissue has the most fibers? a. bone b. cartilage c. loose connective tissue d. fibrous connective tissue - ANSWER d. fibrous connective tissue Which type of connective tissue has a mineralized matrix? a. fibrous connective tissue b. bone c. cartilage d. loose connective tissue - ANSWER b. bone The cell found in bone that breaks it down is called an ________. a. osteoclast b. osteoblast c. osteocyte d. osteon - ANSWER a. osteoclast The cell found in bone that makes the bone is called an ________. a. osteon b. osteocyte c. osteoclast d. osteoblast - ANSWER d. osteoblast Plasma is the ________. a. matrix of blood b. fibers in blood c. cell fragment found in the tissue d. cell that phagocytizes bacteria - ANSWER a. matrix of blood The type of muscle cell under voluntary control is the ________. a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. visceral muscle d. cardiac muscle - ANSWER a. skeletal muscle The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus is the a. dendrite b. axon c. cell body d. glial - ANSWER c. cell body When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will: a. increase muscle activity to generate heat b. experience a drop in its body temperature c. add fur or fat to increase insulation d. wait to see if it goes lower - ANSWER a. increase muscle activity to generate heat Which is an example of negative feedback? a. lactation during nursing b. lowering of blood glucose after a meal c. blood clotting after an injury d. uterine contractions during labor - ANSWER b. lowering of blood glucose after a meal Which method of heat exchange occurs during direct contact between the source and animal? a. conduction b. radiation c. evaporation d. convection - ANSWER a. conduction The body's thermostat is located in the ________. a. medulla d. homeostatic receptor c. vasodilation center d. hypothalamus - ANSWER d. hypothalamus The cell found in bone that makes the bone is called an ________. a. osteon b. osteocyte c. osteoclast d. osteoblast - ANSWER d. osteoblast Plasma is the ________. a. matrix of blood b. fibers in blood c. cell fragment found in the tissue a. intracellular fluid b. extracellular fluid c. none of the above d. blood plasma - ANSWER b. extracellular fluid Cells in a hypertonic solution tend to: a. none of the above b. shrink due to water loss c. swell due to water gain d. stay the same size due to water moving into and out of the cell at the same rate - ANSWER b. shrink due to water loss The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at ________. a. 1000 mOsm b. it is not constantly maintained c. 300 mOsm d. 100 mOsm - ANSWER c. 300 mOsm The gland located at the top of the kidney is the ________ gland. a. pituitary b. thymus c. thyroid d. adrenal - ANSWER d. adrenal Active transport of K+ out of the cells of Malpighian tubules ensures that: a. water follows K+ to make urine b. osmotic balance is maintained between waste matter and bodily fluids c. both a and b d. neither a nor b - ANSWER c. both a and b Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found in ________. a. mammals b. flatworms c. arthropods d. cnidaria - ANSWER b. flatworms BUN is ________. a. an indicator of blood volume b. blood urea nitrogen c. an indicator of blood pressure d. blood uric acid nitrogen - ANSWER b. blood urea nitrogen Human beings accumulate ________ before excreting nitrogenous waste. a. uric acid b. urea c. nitrogen d. ammonia - ANSWER b. urea The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule a. results from active transport. b. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. c. usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule. d. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. e. is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred. - ANSWER b. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from a. Bowman's capsule. b. the glomerulus. c. the collecting duct. d. the loop of Henle. e. the proximal tubule. - ANSWER c. the collecting duct. Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long a. distal convoluted tubules. b. proximal convoluted tubules. c. glomeruli. d. Bowman's capsules. e. loops of Henle. - ANSWER e. loops of Henle. The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human kidney does not normally include a. glucose. b. plasma proteins. c. dissolved gasses. d. amino acids. e. ions - ANSWER e. ions A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that a. they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. b. they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. c. they store the body's excess fats. d. they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle. e. they have membranes of varying permeability to water. - ANSWER a. they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would a. come to a complete halt. a. only the endodermis. b. both the xylem and the phloem. c. both the xylem and the endodermis. d. only the phloem. e. only the xylem. - ANSWER b. both the xylem and the phloem. Active transport involves all of the following except a. pumping of solutes across the membrane. b. transport of solute against a concentration gradient. c. specific transport proteins in the membrane. d. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. e. hydrolysis of ATP. - ANSWER d. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by a. level of active transport. b. negative charges in the cell wall. c. water potentials. d. ATP levels. e. prevailing weather conditions. - ANSWER c. water potentials. An open beaker of pure water has a water potential (Ψ) of a. -0.23 MPa. b. 0.0 (zero). c. -0.0000001 MPa. e. +0.23 MPa. f. +0.07 MPa. - ANSWER b. 0.0 (zero). Which of the following has an effect on water potential (Ψ) in plants? a. physical pressure b. water-attracting matrices c. dissolved solutes d. osmosis e. All the above affect water potential - ANSWER e. All the above affect water potential If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is a. -0.75 MPa. b. +0.15 MPa. c. -0.42 MPa. d. -0.15 MPa. c. +0.75 MPa. - ANSWER d. -0.15 MPa. The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would a. be from the sucrose solution into the tissue. b. occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue. c. be impossible to determine from the values given here. d. be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal. e. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution. - ANSWER e. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution. Water flows into the source end of the phloem because a. sucrose has been transported out of the phloem by active transport. b. sucrose has been actively transported into the phloem, making it hypertonic. c. sucrose has diffused into the phloem, making it hypotonic. d. water pressure outside the phloem forces in water. e. the companion cell of the phloem actively pumps in water. - ANSWER b. sucrose has been actively transported into the phloem, making it hypertonic. Which of the following does not involve active transport across membranes? a. the movement of K+ across guard cell membranes during stomatal opening b. the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the symplast c. the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next d. the movement of mineral nutrients into cells of the root cortex e. the movement of mineral nutrients from mesophyll cells into xylem cells - ANSWER c. the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells? a. establish ATP gradients b. eliminate excess electrons c. assist in active uptake of water molecules d. pressurize xylem transport e. maintain the H+ gradient - ANSWER e. maintain the H+ gradient Which cells are responsible for the movement of photosynthates through a plant? a. sieve-tube elements (phloem), companion cells b. tracheids, vessel elements c. vessel elements, companion cells b. tracheids, companion cells - ANSWER a. sieve-tube elements (phloem), companion cells Which of the following statements is false? a. Water potential decreases from the roots to the top of the plant. b. Negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the xylem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf. c. Water enters the plants through root hairs and exits through stoma. d. Negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the phloem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf. - ANSWER d. Negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the phloem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf. a. three capillary beds. b. five capillary beds. c. one capillary bed. d. two capillary beds e. four capillary beds - ANSWER d. two capillary beds Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? a. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation b. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit c. pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit d. right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle e. right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation - ANSWER b. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans a. would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. b. would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta. c. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. d. is a major contributor to heart attacks. e. would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. - ANSWER c. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart a. are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart. b. are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart. c. are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. d. prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. e. are found only on the right side of the heart. - ANSWER d. prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because a. they live without need for oxygen. b. countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. c. nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. d. they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. e. they do not produce carbon dioxide. - ANSWER c. nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because a. water is less dense than air. b. water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume. c. gills allow only unidirectional transport. d. gills collapse in air. e. gills have less surface area than lungs. - ANSWER b. water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume. Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize a. endocytosis. b. active transport. c. osmosis. d. diffusion. e. blood pressure. - ANSWER d. diffusion. Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange a. in the alveoli of their lungs. b. in their specialized external gills. c. across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes. d. across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton. e. in their specialized internal gills. - ANSWER c. across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes. Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because a. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. b. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. c. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. d. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. e. the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. - ANSWER a. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of a. carbon dioxide b. nitric acid. c. oxygen. d. nitrogen. e. carbon monoxide. - ANSWER a. carbon dioxide The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is a. the metarterioles. b. the veins. c. the capillaries. d. the arterioles. e. the arteries - ANSWER c. the capillaries. The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because a. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. b. the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. a) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels b) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels c) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo d) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels e) male gametophyte → female gametophyte → sepals → petals - ANSWER d) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels In some angiosperms, other floral parts contribute to what is commonly called the fruit. Which of the following fruits is derived mostly from an enlarged receptacle? a) pea b) raspberry c) apple d) pineapple e) peach - ANSWER c) apple All of the following are primary functions of flowers except a) pollen production. b) photosynthesis. c) meiosis. d) egg production. e) sexual reproduction. - ANSWER b) photosynthesis. Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is false? a) The sporophyte is the dominant generation. b) Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers. c) Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the stigma of a carpel. d) The food-storing endosperm is derived from the cell that contains two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus. e) Flowers produce fruits from the ovaries. - ANSWER b) Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers. In flowering plants, pollen is released from the a) anther. b) stigma. c) carpel. d) filament. e) pollen tube. - ANSWER a) anther. In the life cycle of an angiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid? a) megaspore b) generative nucleus of a pollen grain c) polar nuclei of the embryo sac d) microsporocyte e) both megaspore and polar nuclei - ANSWER d) microsporocyte Where does meiosis occur in a flowering plant? a) petals b) sepals and ovule c) endosperm d) pollen tube e) megasporocyte and microsporocyte - ANSWER e) megasporocyte and microsporocyte Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces? a) meiosis → fertilization → ovulation → germination b) fertilization → meiosis → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm c) meiosis → pollination → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm d) growth of pollen tube → pollination → germination → fertilization e) meiosis → mitosis → nuclear fusion → pollen - ANSWER c) meiosis → pollination → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm Which of the following would be considered a multiple fruit? a) apple b) strawberry c) raspberry d) pineapple e) corn on the cob - ANSWER d) pineapple What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms? a) The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue. b) A triploid zygote is formed. c) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed. d) Two embryos develop in every seed. e) The antipodal cells develop into the seed coat. - ANSWER c) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed. Which of the following vegetables is botanically a fruit? a) potato b) lettuce c) radish d) celery e) green beans - ANSWER e) green beans Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination? a) dioecious b) monoecious c) complete