BIO 201- Midterm Exam Study Guide -with 100% verified solutions 2024.docx, Exams of Nursing

Download BIO 201- Midterm Exam Study Guide -with 100% verified solutions 2024.docx and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 201- Midterm Exam Study Guide -with 100% verified solutions 2024 Tutor verified What is the difference between "anatomy" and "physiology"? anatomy is when you learn about the structure of body parts, physiology is when you study the functions and relationship of the body part List the levels of organization from simplest to most complex. Subatomic Particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms Atom: tiny particles that make up elements (hydrogen, carbon) Molecule: particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose) Macromolecule: large particles consisting of molecules (D N A, protein) Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome) cell The basic unit of structure and function in living things Tissue A group of similar cells that perform the same function. organ group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions System A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal. Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state Metabolism All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism positive feedback mechanism the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated negative feedback mechanism feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end human life depends on what 5 environmental factors water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure identify the parts of a basic homeostatic mechanism receptors: provide info on specific stimuli in the internal environment control center: includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be effector: such as muscles or gands which elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment locations of the major body cavities visceral layer Inner layer, covers organs parietal layer outter layer, lines the internal surface of the body wall Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body mucous membrane Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. cutaneous membrane skin Three types of muscle tissue skeletal, cardiac, smooth the functional cell in nervous tissue is called a glial cells Identify the two basic layers of the skin and give the basic tissues found in each. epidermis and dermis. epithelium dominates the epidermal layer and connective tissue dominates the dermis. Describe the composition of the epidermis. Which layer undergoes mitosis? stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum. The stratum basal and granulosum undergoes mitosis. melanocytes package the melanin in vescicles in narrow projections from the cell. nearby keratinocytes eat these melanin rich tips and position the melanin over the side of the neucleus facing the light. What is cyanosis and what causes it cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin in the small blood vessels supplyong those areas How can blood vessels affect skin color? Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues 3 types of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma Explain the ABCD rule. The ABCD rule describes the appearance of the most serious form of skin cancer, melanoma. The "A" is for asymmetry. In melanoma, the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match. The "B" is for border irregularity. In melanoma, the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations. The "C" is for color. In melanoma, the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds). The "D" is for diameter. In melanoma, the spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser). Name the two basic layers found in the dermis. pappilary dermis and reticular dermis How are fingerprints formed? A person's fingerprints are formed when they are a tiny developing baby in their mother's womb. Pressure on the fingers from the baby touching, and their surroundings create what are called "friction ridges", the faint lines you see on your fingers and toes. Label the parts of a nail. Name the muscle associated with hair follicles. arrector pili muscles sebaceous glands microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals distinguish between merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands. Merocrine-coil in deep dermis,duct in dermis,pore at surface. Salts and wastes (urea and uric acid), no odor, respond to elevated temperature / exercise. Forehead, neck, back Apocrine- ducts terminate into hair follicles. Secretion content oil and cellular debris, odor at secretion. Respond to stress/emotion. Armpit, groin Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone. What are trabeculae? They are little beams, that create space for and support bone marrow. They are less organized that osteons. They can be seen in spongy bone, which has a delicate structure arranged in an irregular pattern of tiny columns called trabeculae. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow. red bone marrow Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow; yellow bone marrow some white blood cells develop in yellow marrow. The color of yellow marrow is due to the much higher number of fat cells. intramembranous ossification process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue endochondrial ossification process of bone formation What are sutures? immovable joints name the two divisions of the skeleton axial and appendicular What are the atlas and axis? C1 and C2 Describe 3 types of fibrous joints. sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. Name 6 types of synovial joints and give examples. Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball-and-socket identify the types of joint movements. Synarthrotic—immovable. Amphiarthrotic—slightly movable. Diarthrotic—freely movable. Identify various types of joint disorders. Sprains: Tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation. Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, from overuse or stress. Arthritis: Inflammation, swelling, and pain in a joint. Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease. Osteoarthritis: degenerative, most common type, occurs with aging. Lyme arthritis: caused by Lyme disease, passed through tick bite. Distinguish between types of arthritis. osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis What are bursae? Sacs of fluid located in-between the bones of the joint and tendons that hold the muscles into place. Give the location of a meniscus. in between the femur and the tibia