BIO 2050 Exam 2 Study Guide: Cell Structure and Transport, Exams of Biology

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BIO 2050 Exam 2 Study Guide(CH. 5, 6,

7, 8) questions with answers

what does amphipathic mean? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hydrophilic+hydrophobic what are the two parts of phospholipids? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hydrophilic, hydrophobic regions plasma membrane maintains _____________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ homeostasis(by being selectively permeable) this type of membrane transporter binds to and transports specific molecules - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carrier describe primary active transport - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ uses energy of ATP how do protons and molecules move - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ protons: high to low conc. molecules: low to high conc. differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ prokaryotes: no nucleus, don't synthesize sterols, DNA is housed in nucleiod, smaller eukaryotes: nucleus, transcription and translation are separated, larger what organs are in a plant cell but not an animal cell - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ chloroplasts, cell wa,, plasmodesmata, vacuole

what groups make up eukaryotes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ animals, plants, fungi, protist what two groups make up prokaryotes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ archaea, bacteria what is the most abundant. biological material in nature - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ cellulose what does a vacuole do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ absorb water(not the same as a contractile vacuole) what is the force exerted by H2O pressing against an object and provides structural support - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ turgor pressure what does a contractile vacuole do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ takes excess water and expels it what is lower solute concentration inside cell, cell lyses/bursts - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hypotonic what is higher solute concentration on outside of cell, water leaves by osmosis, cell shrinks - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hypertonic many cells maintain size and composition using ________ ________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ active transport primary vs. secondary - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ primary: uses chemical energy of ATP secondary: uses potential energy of electrochemical gradient what type of active transport is the movement of molecule is driven by movement of protons and not ATP directly - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ secondary active transport

-what's the type of transport that's an uphill movement of substances against concentration gradient and requires energy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ active transport example of active transport - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ sodium potassium pump how can water move in and out of cell? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. passive transport

2. passively move by simple diffusion
3. aquaporins(specific protein channels) transfer water molecules what is the movement of solvent across selectively permeable membrane(high to low water concentration) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ osmosis this type of membrane transporter provides opening between inside and outside of cell within which certain molecules can pass - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ channel what are the two types of membrane transporters - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ channel, carrier difference between facilitated and simple diffusion - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ facilitated diffusion-molecules move by diffusion through membrane transporter and bypasses lipid bilayer simple diffusion-molecule moves directly through lipid bilayer what is the random movement of molecules from high to low concentration

• ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ diffusion what does passive transport involve? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ diffusion

what are the two groups of membrane proteins? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. integral

2. peripheral these type of proteins..
3. permanently associated with cell membranes
4. cannot be separated from membrane - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ integral these type of proteins...
5. include most integral membrane proteins
6. span entire lipid bilayer
7. contain 3 regions: two hydrophilic regions, 1 hydrophobic region that spans membrane - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transmembrane protein these type of proteins...
8. temp. associated with lipid bilayer or int. membrane proteins through weak noncovalent interactions
9. easily separated from membrane - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ peripheral why do lipids associate with each other? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ van der waal forces b/t their fatty acid tails do unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes(leads to kinks) do unsaturated or saturated fatty acids have a tighter structure? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ saturated what are the components of cholesterol? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. hydroxyl group(-OH)-hydrophilic

2. 4 carbon rings w/ hydrocarbon chain-hydrophobic 4 functions of membrane proteins - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. transporters-move stuff across membranes
3. receptors-allow cell to receive signals from environment
4. enzymes-catalyze chemical reactions
5. anchors-attach to proteins, maintain cell structure/shape at low temperatures, does cholesterol inc. or dec. membrane fluidity? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ increase(prevent phospholipid packing) with temperatures in a cell, why does cholesterol decrease membrane fluidity? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ rigid cholesterol ring structure w/ fatty acid tail reduces mobility of phospholipids the longer the fatty acid, is there more or less mobility? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ less are the phosphate head groups hydrophilic or hydrophobic, and non polar or polar? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hydrophilic, polar describe saturated fatty acid - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -lack double bond -straight structure -tight packing describe unsaturated fatty acid - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -1 or more double bonds -kinks in phospholipids -reduces tightness are the fatty acid tails nonpolar or polar, and hydrophilic or hydrophobic? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hydrophobic, nonpolar

what are the components of a phospholipid structure? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glycerol backbone attached to phosphate group and 2 fatty acids what three things are membranes composed of? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lipids, proteins, carbs what happens as a result of phospholipids having hydrophilic and hydrophobic components? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ spontaneously form structures such as micelles and bilayers when placed in an aqueous environment does the polar head group of the phospholipid carry a charge? if so, positive or negative? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes-the phosphate group is the neg. charged polar head what does a phospholipid consist of? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glycerol backbone attached to a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids do the fatty acid tails carry a charge? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ no- uncharged, non polar what does it mean by membranes are fluid? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ membrane components are able to move laterally in the plane of the membrane membrane fluidity is influenced by what 3 things? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. length of fatty acid chains

2. presence of carbon carbon double bonds n fatty acid d chains
3. amount of cholesterol what membrane would be more fluid at low temperature? One with a high degree of fatty acid saturation, or one with a high degree of desaturation? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ high degree of desaturation

these proteins are permanently associated with cell membranes and cannot be separated from the membrane experimentally without destroying the membrane itself - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ integral membrane protein these proteins are temporarily associated with the lipid bilayer or with integral membrane proteins through weak non covalent interactions. They are easily separated from the membrane by simple experimental procedures that leave the structure of the membrane intact - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ peripheral membrane proteins these proteins span the membrane - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transmembrane proteins what does selective permeability result from? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ combination of lipids and proteins that make up cell membranes are membranes readily permeable to protons, yes or no? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ no-they have selective permeability Give an example of how protons and membranes interact - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ sodium potassium pump what is the movement of molecules by diffusion and the random movement of molecules - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ passive transport the movement of water across a membrane in response to differences in solute concentration is known as ____________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ diffusion If a membrane separates a solution of 1M glucose in the left side of a beaker to a solution of 0.1M glucose on the right, which way does the water go? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the water will move to the 1M glucose on the left side

passive transport can occur by the - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ diffusion of molecules directly though the plasma membrane9simple diffusion) or be aided by protein transporters(facilitated diffusion) can water pass through membranes by facilitated diffusion? if so, how? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes-protein channels known as aquaporins transport water molecules what moves molecules from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration and requires energy? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ active transport what do primary active transport use? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ energy stored in ATP what do secondary active transport use? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ energy stored in electrochemical gradient Does the sodium/potassium pump function by using ATP? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes What is the result of the action on the pump? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell(within cells, sodium is kept at concentrations much lower than in the exterior environment. the opposite is true of potassium) Describe the change in charge on the membrane if 3 Na+ ions are pumped out for every 2 K+ ions are pumped in - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -more positive charges leaving the cell than entering it -more pos. charge builds up outside the cell than the inside what do prokaryotic cells lack? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ nucleus prokaryotic cells include __________ and __________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bacteria, archaea

are prokaryotes smaller or larger than eukaryotes? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ smaller what do eukaryotic cells have? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ nucleus, organelles what 4 groups are eukaryotes? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ animals, plants, fungi, protists what is the nucleus enclosed by? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ double membrane called the nuclear envelope what does the nucleus house? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ genome packaged into chromosomes in regards to the central dogma, name an important type of molecule that is exported out of the nucleus - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ what Is continuous with outer nuclear envelope? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ endoplasmic reticulum what does the endoplasmic reticulum manufacture? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ proteins and lipids for use by cell or for export out of cell why is the rough ER called the rough ER? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ complexes in the ER what do the complexes in the ER do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ synthesize lipids and proteins how does the smooth ER differ from the rough ER? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ smooth ER-appears smooth because it lacks ribosomes. it's the site of fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis

rough ER-looks rough because it's studded with ribosomes. synthesizes transmembrane proteins the Golgi apparatus communicates with the endoplasmic reticulum by ________ ________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transport vesicles what are small membranes enclosed sacs that transport substances within a cell or from the interior to exterior of the cell - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ vesicles what are 2 places where proteins are produced? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. free ribosomes in cytosol

2. membrane bound ribosomes on rough ER what is the smooth ER the site of? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis what does the rough ER synthesize - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transmembrane proteins, proteins in interior of organelles, proteins for secretion what is the interior of the ER caleld - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lumen unlike the nucleus, what is the ER - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ complex network of tubules and flattened sacs what two things is the ER involved in - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ protein and lipid synthesis what defines the boundary of the nucleus - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ nuclear envelope what is the site of RNA synthesis and houses genome? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ nucleus

what does the endomembrane consist of? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles Consider proteins that are targeted to be secreted from the cell. What organelle MUST the secreted protein go through? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ what break down macromolecules like proteins to simpler compounds that can be used by the cell? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lysosomes recycling of cell material occurs in what organelle - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lysosome What is a signal sequence and what is its function? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -amino acid sequences -allow proteins to be recognized and sorted Is a protein destined to be an enzyme dissolved in the cytoplasm (cytosol) typically made with a signal sequence? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ no- they have no signal sequence when are proteins that are synthesized on free ribosomes sorted? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ after translation when are proteins that are synthesized on ribosomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum sorted? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ during translation proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are often sorted by means of a - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ signal sequence proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are destined for what 4 things - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ cytosol, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus

proteins synthesized on ribosomes on rough ER have a signal sequence that's recognized by a - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ signal recognition particle Proteins synthesized on ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum have a signal sequence that is recognized by a signal-recognition particle. these proteins end up as - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transmembrane protein, in interior of various organelles, or secreted what harnesses energy from chemical compounds for use by both animal and plant cells - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mitochondria what harness the energy of sunlight to build sugars? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ chloroplasts Name a piece of evidence suggesting that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic symbionts - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ what does the Golgi apparatus do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ modifies proteins and lipids produced by ER and is sorting station as they move to final destination what does lysosome do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ break macromolecules down what does peroxisome do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ involved in metabolic reactions-breakdown of fatty acids and synthesize phospholipids what does mitochondria do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ harness energy for cell what does chloroplast do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ convert sunlight energy to chemical energy

what does plasmodesmata do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ connect neighboring cells what does vacuole do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ contribute to structure by maintaining turgor pressure what is a jelly like internal environment - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ cytosol organisms can be grouped according to their - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ source of energy what obtains energy from the sunlight - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ phototroph what obtains energy from chemical compounds - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ chemotroph What organisms use CO2 (inorganic carbon) as a carbon source? Name an organism that must use organic molecules as a carbon source - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -autotrophs use inorganic carbon as a carbon source. EX: cyanobacteria -heterotrophs use organic molecules as carbon source. EX: animals what is the set of reactions that break down molecules and release energy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ catabolism what is the set of reactions that build molecules and require energy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ anabolism Name a molecule that is made as a result of catabolism - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ sugars(carbs can be broken down into this)

Name a molecule that is made as a result of anabolism - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carbs(sugar builds up and forms carbs) what is a form of potential energy held in the bonds of molecules - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ chemical energy Name a molecule that stores lots of chemical energy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carbs, lipids, proteins(they have weak covalent bonds so a lot of energy is needed to stay intact) Name a molecule produced in cells from which no chemical energy can be obtained (a tough one I know) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ what does the first law of thermodynamics state - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ energy cannot be created or destroyed what does the second law of thermodynamics state? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ there is an increase in entropy in the universe over time What form of energy do you think of when you think of the 2nd law of thermodynamics....? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ potential energy what is the amount of energy available to do work - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Gibbs free energy what are 3 thermodynamics parameters that define a chemical reaction - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Gibbs free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S) what reactions are spontaneous (ΔG < 0) and release energy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ exergonic what reactions are non-spontaneous (ΔG > 0) and require energy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ endergonic

what is an exergonic reaction that drives many endergonic reactions in a cell - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hydrolysis of atp Consider substrate-level phosphorylations described in Chapter 7. Is the synthesis of ATP coupled to a spontaneous exergonic reaction? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes-the spontaneous exergonic reaction drives the non spontaneous(endergonic) reaction-hydrolysis of ATP drives formation of glucose 6-phosphate from glucose what do enzymes do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ reduce activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed what happens during catalysis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ substrate and product form a complex with enzyme in catalysis, what stabilize the complex - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transient covalent bonds and/or weak noncovalent interactions True or false: the enzyme active site is always composed of amino acids closely positioned in the protein's primary structure - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ false an enzyme is highly specific for its _______ and for the types of reaction it catalyzes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ substrate what reduce the activity of enzymes and can act irreversibly or reversibly - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ inhibitors what do competitive inhibitors do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bind enzyme at active site, blocking substrate binding True or false: If a competitive inhibitor is present, the effect of the inhibitor can be overcome by adding a large excess of substrate. If so why, in not, why not? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ true- if there's a lot more

substrate than inhibitors, and since substrates compete with inhibitors for the active site of an enzyme, substrates will have a better chance at binding to the active site of an enzyme than the inhibitor will since it outnumbers it what do allosteric inhibitors do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bind enzymes at sites other than active site, resulting in change in their shape and activity where are allosteric enzymes found? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ near start of metabolic pathway or crossroads of multiple pathways what is an organism that makes their own organic carbon using inorganic carbon as starting material - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ autotroph what is an organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules and rely on other organisms for organic forms of carbon - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ heterotroph what is the degree of disorder called? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ entropy is the hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic reaction? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ exergonic exergonic reactions are - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ spontaneous and release energy endergonic reactions are - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ non spontaneous and require energy during cellular respiration, what happens? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ sugar molecules like glucose are broken down in presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

can a cell extract any more energy from carbon dioxide? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ no what are the two ways ATP is generated during cellular respiration - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. substrate level phosphorylation

2. oxidative phosphorylation what's the difference between these substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? which one is used exclusively in fermentation? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -substrate level phosphorylation: a phosphate group is directly transferred to ADP to form ATP without involving another molecule - no middle man -oxidative phosphorylation: nutrients or chemicals provide the energy to transfer a phosphate group to ADP and produce high energy ATP with help of the electron transport chain-has a middle man -oxidative phosphorylation is used exclusively in fermentation in oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons are what? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transferred from one molecule to another what is the loss of electrons? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ oxidation what is the gain of electrons? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ reduction what molecule is the major biological electron carrier? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ NADH, FADH2(NAD+ and FAD) what do electron carriers do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transfer electrons to an electron transport chain, which harness the energy of these electrons to generate ATP what is established by electron transport that is required for the synthesis of ATP? why does it require a membrane? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔

what are the four stages of cellular respiration? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. glycolysis

2. pyruvate oxidation
3. citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation what is a series of 10 reactions in the cytoplasm in which glucose is oxidized to pyruvate? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glycolysis for each molecule of glucose broken down during glycolysis, what happens

• ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH is produced are the ATP made via oxidative phosphorylation or substrate level phosphorylation? If there is oxygen present, what happens to the NADH? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ ATP are made via both methods, but mostly by oxidative phosphorylation. If there is oxygen present, the NADH breaks down to NAD+ and H+ what does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA result in? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ production of one molecule of NADH and one molecule of carbon dioxide during respiration, is the CO2 produced utilized by the cell in any way? what happens to the NADH? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ where does pyruvate oxidation occur? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mitochondrial matrix what processes in respiration occur in the cytosol(Cytoplasm) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glycolysis where does the citric acid cycle take place? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mitochondrial matrix

T/F: if organic molecules can be oxidized to CO2, that has to mean that the cell has a citric acid cycle - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ true The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is completely oxidized in the _________ ______ ____ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ citric acid cycle a complete turn of the citric acid cycle results in what? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ production of 1 molecule of GTP(which is converted to ATP), 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH what are citric acid cycle intermediates? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ starting points for synthesis of many different organic molecules name a type of molecule directly synthesized from citric acid cycle intermediate - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carbon dioxide what two molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ NADH, FADH in the electron transport chain, electrons move from - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ one membrane bound enzyme to the next coupled to electron transport, what else is happening? why is this important in making ATP? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ how many complexes make up the electron transport chain - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 4 in the electron transport chain, what do complexes 1 and 2 do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -accept electrons from NADH and FADH2. -The electrons are transferred from these 2 complexes to coenzyme Q If cyanide blocks complex IV function, what happens to electron transport? Proton gradients? ATP synthesis? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ electron transport chain won't work- no ATP will be generated

what is the transfer of electrons through the ETC coupled with? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ movement of protons across inner mitochondrial membrane into inter membrane space the buildup of protons in intermembrane space results in what? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ proton electrochemical gradient, which stores potential energy the movement of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through the F0 subunit of ATP synthase is coupled with what? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ formation of ATP, a reaction catalyzed by the F1 subunit of ATP synthase what is the end product of glycolysis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ pyruvate pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is processed differently in the - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ presence and absence of oxygen in the absence of oxygen, what does pyruvate do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ enters one of several fermentation pathways in lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lactic acid in ethanol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethanol during fermentation, NADH is oxidized to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ NAD+, allowing glycolysis to proceed if you're growing E Coli on glucose, about how much carbon is oxidized in catabolism, and how much is retained for new cells(anabolism) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔

the book says that you get 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Given that you need carbon to make new cells is that not really true? Explain.. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ what is a good electron donor - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glucose what is a good electron acceptor - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ oxygen in the first step of cellular respiration, what happens - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate and energy->ATP what happens in the second step of cellular respiration - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, producing reduced electron carriers and releasing CO2 what happens in the third step of cellular respiration-Citric Acid/Kreb's Cycle - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ acetyl group is oxidized to CO2 and energy->ATP and reduced electron carriers what happens in the fourth step of cellular respiration-oxidative phosphorylation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ reduced electron carriers donate electrons to ETC and lots of ATP is produced what is the most common fuel molecule - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glucose is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ anaerobic how does oxygen affect pyruvate oxidation? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ pyruvate can still be further oxidized to release more energy, first to acetyl-CoA then to a series of reactions in citric acid cycle

what 2 things does citric acid cycle produce? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ ATP, reduced electron carriers what does the electron transport chain do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ transfers electrons, pumps protons electrons donated by NADH enter through - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ complex 1 electrons donated by FADH2 enter through - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ complex 2 what accepts electrons from both complexes 1 and 2 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ coenzyme Q(CoQ) when oxygen is present, what happens to the pyruvate in glycolysis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters citric acid cycle, resulting in production of ATP and reduced electron carriers to fuel ETC what happens to pyruvate when oxygen isn't present - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ pyruvate is metabolized along diff. pathways what extracts energy from glucose in absence of oxygen - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ fermentation what type of fermentation occurs in animals and bacteria - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lactic acid fermentation what type of fermentation occurs in plants and fungi - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ ethanol fermentation for each molecule go glucose broken down during glycolysis, what is produced - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ net gain of 2 ATP's and two NADH's

the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA results in - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ production of one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 in citric acid cycle, the acetyl group of acetyl CoA is - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ completely oxidized what complex reduces oxygen to water - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 4 in photosynthesis, what is oxidized? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ water in photosynthesis, water is oxidized, which releases - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ oxygen in photosynthesis, what is reduced - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced, forming - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carbs water is extremely hard to oxidize- removing electrons from it takes a lot of energy. why has evolution shaped photosynthesis so water is the sole electron donor? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ photosynthesis consists of what 2 sets of reactions, and what happens in these 2 sets - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. Calvin cycle-carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbs

2. light harvesting reactions-ATP and NADPH are generated to drive Calvin cycle in eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place in - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ chloroplasts

in eukaryotes, the Calvin cycle takes place in the - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ stroma in eukaryotes, the light harvesting reactions take place in the - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ thylakoid membrane what are 3 steps of Calvin cycle? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. addition of CO2(carbs)

2. reduction
3. regeneration how did Calvin and benson discover these molecules in Calvin cycle? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ supplied radioactively labeled CO2 to unicellular green alga chlorella then plunged the cells into boiling alcohol, thereby halting all enzymatic reactions. the carbon compounds produced during photosynthesis were thus radioactively labeled and cold be identified by their radioactivity describe first step of Calvin cycle - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. add CO2 to 5 carbon sugar RuBP. It's catalyzed by enzyme rubisco, considered most abundant protein on earth. 6-carbon compound breaks down into two 3 carbon compound describe second step of Calvin cycle - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 2. donation of phosphate group to 3 carbon compounds by ATP followed by reduction by NADPH to produce 3 Caron triode phosphate molecules. some are exported from chloroplasts to cytosol, where they are used to build larger sugars describe third step of Calvin cycle - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ regeneration of RuBP from five 3 carbon triose phosphates how many RuBP are made from five 3 carbon triose phosphates(carbs)? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 3 what is visible light absorbed by? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ chlorophyll

why is chlorophyll green? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ it's poor at absorbing green wavelengths what transfer absorbed light energy to the reaction center? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ antenna chlorophyll molecules where are reaction centers located - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ within pigment protein complexes known as photosytems how many photosystems are there? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 2 what photosystems generate oxygen as byproduct? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ photosystem 2 can oxygen be a waste product of photosynthesis process - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes how is the photosynthetic electron transport chain initiated? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ special chlorophyll molecules in reaction center transfer excited state electrons to electron acceptor molecule what is electron donor - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ water what is final electron acceptor - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ NADP+ the linear transport of electrons from water to NADPH requires the energy input of - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 2 photosystems what does photosystem 2 do - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ pull electrons from water, resulting in production of oxygen and protons on lumen side of membrane