Bio 2050 Lecture Exam 1: Homeostasis, Anatomy, and Physiology, Exams of Biology

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Homeostasis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ The ability of an organism to maintain constant internal environment What are the three components of a feedback loop? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ receptor, control center, effector Anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ study of the structure and form of body parts Physiology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ study of the function of body parts Gross/ macroscopic anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to unaided eyes Microscopic anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ examines that structures that cannot be seen by the naked eyes Cytology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ study of body cells and their internal structure Histology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ study of tissues Systemic anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ studies the anatomy of each functional body system Regional anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ examines all of the structure in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

Surface anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Focuses on both superficial anatomic makings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them Comparative anatomy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species Embryology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ studies developmental changes occuring from conception to birth control center - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector effector - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus positive feedback - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the variable is intensified. more more more receptor - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the body structure that detects changes in variable, which is a substance or process that is regulated What occurs when the body is out of the homeostasis? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Homeostatic imbalance may lead to a state of disease. Disease and cellular malfunction can be caused in two basic ways: by deficiency or toxicity. Deficiency occurs when beneficial pathways are blocked and cells lack adequate quantities of vitamins or minerals. Toxicity occurs when cells have an excess of a toxin that poisons the cell. negative feedback - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ when a variable (stimulus) triggers a counter response in order to come back to a set point Organs are composed of multiple tissue types. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ True

Tissues are composed of multiple cell types. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ True Pathology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease Tissues are composed of multiple organ types. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ False Respiratory system - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ allows gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between cells and the environment. Includes trachea and lungs Endocrine System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, which regulate development, growth and metabolism; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestibe processes, and control reproductions. Digestive System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products. Cardiovascular System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Consists of the heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products. Lymphatic System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Fights infection. Includes lymphatic vessels which permeate the body. Reproductive System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Allows the production of offspring and produces female and male sex cells and hormones. Includes ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (breasts), penis, and testes.

Urinary System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. Includes kindney and bladder. Integumentary System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss. Muscular System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract Skeletal System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Provides support and protection, site of hemophoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle sites for muscle attachments. Nervous System - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands and responds to sensory stimuli. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory. What are the four types of membrane junctions? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions Which of the following sequences of biological organization is accurate from most specific to most broad a) Macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ b) organelle, cell, macromolecule, tissue, organ c) organ, cell, macromolecule, tissue, organ d) macromolecule, cell, organelle, tissue, organ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ a What are membrane junctions? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ proteins between cells

Tight junctions - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ impermeable junctions prevent molecule from passing through the intercellular space. found in skin and stomach Desmosomes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ proteins that hold cells together; side to side, there for strength and protection Hemidesmosomes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Holds cell and basement membrane together in order to prevent epidermis from falling apart Gap junctions - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ gap between cells that allow ions like sodium to pass through; FAST IMMEDIATE COMMUNICATION. FOUND IN THE HEART Someone that studies the progressive changes that cancer cells undergo would best be considered a(n): - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ e. Pathologist The stomach has a simple squamous lining and numerous gastic pits and mucous glands." This statement would be most likely made by a(n): - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ e. Anatomist A podiatrist specializes in the foot, including the nerves, muscles, bones, nails, and skin in this area. What specific form of gross anatomy have they studied to perform this job? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ c. Regional What organ system transports hormones, ions, and nutrients around the body? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ b. Cardiovascular Tissue - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ groups of similar cells that perform a common function Organ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function

Femur is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Skeletal System Heart is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Cardiovascular System and Muscular System Brain is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Nervous System Skin is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Integumentary System Pituitary Gland is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Endocrine System Lungs is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Respiratory System Stomach is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Digestive System Spleen & Appendix is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Lymphatic system and Immune System Uterus is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Female Reproductive System Kidney is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Urinary and Endocrine System Biceps Brachii is found in which body system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Muscular System

Kidney is found in what two systems? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Digestive & Endocrine System True or False: Within the body, all atoms combine to form molecules. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ False, atoms such as chloride, magnesium, sodium can be ions without bonding to form molecules. True or False: Within the body, all molecules in the body can be found inside cells. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ False, ions float outside of cells, such as in the blood plasma. What is the difference between desmosomes and hemidesmosomes? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Desmosomes hold cells together side to side, while hemidesmosomes holds cell up and down, to connect them to the basement membrane What is dynamic equilibrium? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ when there is no concentration gradient and molecules are equal throughout, THERE IS NO NET MOVEMENT What are two forms of passive transport? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ osmosis and diffusion What is passive transport? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ when molecules move from a high to low concentration, energy is not required to move them What is active transport? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ when molecules move from a low to high concentration, in which energy (ATP) is involved What are two examples of active transport? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Sodium potassium pump, endocytosis and exocytosis Sodium potassium pump - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ moving sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient

In the plasma membrane of cells, found in nerve cells Endocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ when cells take in molecules What are the three types of endocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ take in large materials like food Pinocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ take in small materials or a liquid Receptor-mediated endocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ only takes in certain types of materials, ie cholesterol Sac is already there sitting and waiting with receptors, when enough of the cholesterol molecules comes in it will bind with the receptor Exocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ cells remove waste and other materials What is the difference between a vesicle and vacuole? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ a vesicle is a small sac of plasma membrane, while vacuole is a big sac of plasma membrane Concentration gradient - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ when you have a different amount of molecules in one area to another where are tight junctions found? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ skin and stomach What is Glycocalyx composed of? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glycoproteins(carbohydrate + proteins) , glycolipids (carbohydrates + lipids)

What is the function of the Glycocalyx? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ cell identification, covers the cell, allows body to determine self from foreign Distinguish between interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the watery stuff of blood it's on the outside of the cell, some of this plasma gets pushed out of the blood vessels, it's gonna be in between the cells (interstitial fluid), most of this stuff gets sucked back into lymphatic vessels (lymph) What are the two major types of negative feedback - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ body temperature and blood pressure What are the receptors for body temp? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Sensory nerve endings in skin (Sensory receptors) What are the receptors for blood pressure? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic arch Where is the control center for blood pressure? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ medulla oblongata in the brain Where is the control center for body temp? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hypothalamus What do the effectors do when body temp is too high? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Blood vessels in skin dilate; sweat glands secrete sweat What do the effectors do when body temp is too low? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Blood vessels constrict; skeletal muscles shiver to generate heat What do effectors do when blood pressure is too high? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Blood vessels: increase in diameter

Heart: rate decreases; less forcefully What do effectors do when blood pressure is too low? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Blood vessels: constrict Heart: pumps more forcefully, increase Solutions - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ solute (anything) + solvent (water)